Intela yendawo yakha isisekelo sezimali emiphakathini e-United States, izimali eziqondile ezikoleni, emigwaqweni, ezinkonzweni eziphuthumayo, nasemazindlelweni omphakathi ezixhomeke kuzo zonke izinsuku. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlobana phakathi kwalokho okukhokhayo ezintela zendawo nalokho okuthola ezinkokhisweni zomphakathi kuyisihluthulelo sokwenza izinqumo eziqondile njengomvoti, umninikhaya, noma umnini webhizinisi. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuthi intela yazo ihlelwe kanjani ($) kanye nokuthengwa kwazo okuhilelekile ("ne) zingasekela kangcono izimiso ezivumelana nezingako eziphambili zomphakathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zentela yendawo, izinkonzo ezisekela izinselele, intela yendawo, kanye nomphumela obanzi wezentengozo zomphakathi.

Iyini Intela Yendawo?

Intela yendawo ikhokhwa ngokwenani, amadolobha, izifunda, nezinye izinjongo ezikhethekile zohulumeni. Zinikeza umthombo oyinhloko wenzuzo eqondisweyo yalezindawo, ukunezela kwezwe nemali kahulumeni. Imali kanye nokuxubana kwentela yendawo kuyahlukahluka kuye ngomthetho kahulumeni, izimo zezomnotho, kanye nokuvota. Ngokwe- Foundation[, ohulumeni bendawo baqoqa imali eyizigidi eziyisigidi zemali engqikithi ngo-2021, ngokuncintisana kwentela etholakala cishe ngo-40%.

  • [ Intela efanelekile[ – Umthombo omkhulu wentela yendawo ezweni lonke, ngokuvamile ekhokhwa ezindaweni nasempahleni, ngezinye izikhathi. Izinga lokulinganisela libekwa ngenani elingu $100 noma u-R1000.
  • intela [-Ithengwa esitolo sezinto nezinye izinkonzo. Izifundazwe eziningi zivumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba benezele isilinganiso sabo phezu kwesilinganiso sikahulumeni. Amazinga entela yendawo angadlula i-4% emahhovisi entela ephezulu (umz., iChicago, iDolobha laseNew York).
  • Izintela zeholo zasendaweni [ - Kaningi zikhokhwa ngeholo elizuzwe edolobheni noma esifundeni. Lezi zivamile ezifundeni ezinjenge-Ohio, iPennsylvania, ne-Indiana, lapho omasipala bebeka khona amazinga abo siqu, ngokuvamile phakathi kwe-1% ne-3%.
  • Intela yezemali - A percenta yentela kugesi, igesi yemvelo, amanzi, nezinkonzo zokuxhumana. Intela yezemali ivame ukusetshenziswa ukuxhasa izinkonzo ezithile ezinjengezibani zasemgwaqweni noma izisekelo zamanzi.
  • Intela yezentengiselwano [ - ihlanganisa izintela ezinkulu, intela yebhizinisi, nentela yamalungelo omsebenzi. Amanye amabhizinisi entela emadolobheni asekelwe ekukhokheni iholo noma inani lezisebenzi.
  • [ Intela yokuzihambela [ - Intela ezihlalweni zasehhotela, ezindlini zokuqasha imoto, nasezidlelweni zokudlela. Ngokuvamile zigcinelwa ukuthutha noma izikhungo zomhlangano.

Izinhlobo Zezinkonzo Zomphakathi Zisekelwa Intela Yendawo

Intela yendawo inikezwa ezinkonzweni zomphakathi eziningi, eziningi zazo ezingabonakali kuze kube yilapho zingasathandeki. Ngezansi kusephulwa okuningiliziwe kwezigaba ezinkulu, nezibonelo zendlela lezi zinkonzo ezithinta ngayo ukuphila kwansuku zonke.

Imfundo

Intela yendawo iwumthombo omkhulu kakhulu wezemfundo osekelwa ezikoleni zomphakathi zeK-12 ezisezindaweni eziningi, ezithasiselwa ngosizo lwezwe neminikelo kahulumeni. Ngokwe- Urban Institute [, ohulumeni bendawo banikela cishe ku-45% yengqikithi yemfundo echithwayo ezweni lonke, nokuhlukahluka okukhulu phakathi kwezifunda. Imiphakathi enezimpahla eziphakeme ingaveza imali eyengeziwe kumfundi ngamunye, kuholele ekususeni intela. Intela yendawo isekela futhi iminikelo yomphakathi, ukufinyelela kwezinhlelo zobuchwepheshe, kanye nezinhlelo zomphakathi ngokuqeqeshelwa imisebenzi yemisebenzi kanye nezifundo zabantu abadala.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi

Iminyango yomlilo, ukugcinwa komthetho, izinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo (EMS), kanye nezikhungo zokuthumela zithembele kakhulu emalini ekhokhwayo yendawo. Izikhungo eziningi zomlilo zikhokhwa ngentela yempahla. Amaphoyisa emadolobheni anjenge Los Angeles neChicago adla ingxenye enkulu yemali kamasipala (ngokuvamile 25% noma ngaphezulu). Ukuphepha komphakathi kuhlanganisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho, ukuhlola, kanye nemisebenzi yokuqondisa izimo eziphuthumayo. Ezindaweni ezingenayo isibhedlela esinikezelwe, intela yendawo ingasiza ekusekeleni izingozi zempi.

Izakhiwo Nezokuhamba

Intela yendawo ikhokha ekwakheni nasekulungiseni imigwaqo, amabhuloho, imizila yebhayisekili, izibani zasemgwaqweni, izingcingo zezimoto, nezimiso zokuthutha umphakathi. Ohulumeni besifunda banomthwalo wemfanelo weminyango yasemaphandleni ne-arterial, kuyilapho amadolobha ephatha imigwaqo yendawo. Ezindaweni eziningi, amavoti agunyaziwe, intela yezentengo yezindawo zokuthutha abantu (umz., eAtlanta, eSeattleattle, eDenver). Izimiso zokukhucushiwa nezokukhucutha ngokuvamile zisekelwa ngenhlanganisela yenkokhiso yentela yenkongo yomsebenzisi kanye nentela yentela evamile, kodwa izibo ezinkokhelo zezindawo zivamile ezikhokhwanywa ngemisebenzi emikhulu yezeko yezenhloko.

Izinkonzo Zempilo Nezabantu

Iminyango yezempilo yasesifundazweni, izinkonzo zempilo, izibhedlela zomphakathi, nemithola-mpilo yomphakathi ithola izimali zendawo. Emazweni lawo kuye kwanda iMedicaid, iminikelo yendawo ihlanganisa ingxenye engekho yezezimali. Izindawo eziningi futhi zixhasa ngezimali izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle njengezindawo zokusiza ngokuhlala, izindawo zokuhlala ezingenamakhaya, izikhungo zokudla, izinkonzo zokuvikela izingane, nezikhungo ezikhulelayo ngokukhokhwa kwempahla okuhlawulweyo noma ngokukhokhwa kwezimali ezivamile.

Amapaki, Ukuzijabulisa, Nesiko

Amapaki omphakathi, amankundla emidlalo, izikhungo zomphakathi, amadamu okubhukuda, kanye nezindlela kuxhaswe kakhulu yintela yempahla nezohwebo. Amanye amadolobha abeka intela ehlukene “entela” noma“imali yokuzisebenzela” ezikweletini zenzuzo. i-orminities /museum, ukwenza izindawo zobuciko, ama-zoo, nengadi ze-biotical, zivame ukuthola ukusekelwa kwemisebenzi kanye nentela yendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, i- i-Down of Denver inikezela ingxenye yentengiso yayo yentela yobuciko nezobuciko, izimali zezinhlangano zezezimali njenge Denver Art Art Museum nezobuciko bendawo.

Ukuhlanzeka Nezinkonzo Zendawo Ezungezile

Ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu, ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwemfucumfucu, ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu eyingozi, ukugawulwa kweqhwa, nokulawulwa kwamanzi anesiphepho kuvame ukuhlanganiswa nentela yendawo noma intela yomsebenzisi. Omasipala abaningi bafaka lezi zikweletu “ezingakhokhelwanga” ezifakwa ezindlekweni zanyanga zonke. Imisebenzi yendawo ezungezile enjengokugada izinga lomoya, ukuvikela okusheshisiwe, nokulawula izitshalo ezihlala ezihlala ezindaweni ezithile ikhokhelwa ngentela yempahla yesifunda.

Umphumela Wentela Yendawo Ethuthukisiwe Emphakathini

Izintela zendawo zenza okungaphezu kokugcina izinkonzo eziyisisekelo ziqhubeka, zilawula iqoqo lezezomnotho nezenhlalo. Izimiso ezihlelwe kahle zentela zingakhanga ukutshala imali, ukuthuthukisa inzuzo yempahla, nokuqhosha komphakathi.

Amabhizinisi Nemisebenzi Ehlazisayo

Izinkampani zicabangela izinga lezemfundo yomphakathi, ukuphepha, nemfundo yomsebenzi lapho zinquma ukuthi izotholakalaphi noma zinwebe. Isikhungo esiqinile sentela sivumela idolobha ukuba lifake imali ebhajweni, imigwaqo ehlala kahle, nezinkonzo ezivumayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukucwaninga kwezeNtlango kubonisa ukuthi nakuba isilinganiso sentela sisemthethweni, izinga lenkonzo yendawo linethonya elikhulu ezinqumweni zezebhizinisi zenkampani ezithembele ezingeni eliphezulu. Ngokuphikisana nomthetho, izinkonzo zomphakathi ezingaxhaswanga kahle zingavimbela abaqashi futhi ziqhubele izakhamuzi ezikhungweni zomakhelwane.

Ukusakaza Izindinganiso Zempahla

Izinkonzo zomphakathi eziphezulu ezilinganayo zifakwa ezingeni eliphezulu lezeziko lezindlu. Izindawo ezisezindaweni ezinezikhungo eziphezulu, amapaki anezinga eliphezulu, kanye namazinga aphansi obugebengu okulawula amanani aphezulu. Ukuhlola kweLincoln Institute of Land Policy kwathola ukuthi ukwanda okuvamile kwemali esetshenzwa umphakathi (ekhuliswe yintela yempahla) kuhlangene nenani lempahla elingu-2-4%. Lokhu kwakha umjikelezo omuhle: ukuhlola okukhulayo kuveza intela engeziwe ngaphandle kwesilinganiso, intuthuko eqhubekayo yezimali.

Ukuthuthukisa Izinga Lokuphila

Ngaphandle kwezomnotho, intela yendawo isekela izinkonzo ezenza umphakathi ube nendawo enhle yokuhlala. Imoto ehambayo, imigwaqo ehambayo, amaphoyisa asabelayo, nezindawo zomphakathi ezikhululekile yimiphumela eqondile yokuqoqa imali esebenzayo yendawo. Inzuzo engcono yokuphila ihlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwekhabhoni enciphile kakhulu ezindaweni zomphakathi ezihamba kahle, ukuxhumana okuqinile nomphakathi ezipaki ezisezingeni eliphezulu, kanye nemiphumelo engcono yempilo evela emitholampilo efinyelelekayo nasezithandweni zokudla.

Ingxenye Ekhuthazayo Yomsebenzi Wesibonda

Lapho izakhamuzi zibona imiphumela engokoqobo evela kuR9, , inkundla entsha esheshayo, ukusabela okuphuthumayo, kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba zihlanganyele okhethweni lwendawo, zihlanganyele emihlanganweni yomphakathi, futhi zibe nezisebenzi zokuzithandela. Izinyathelo zokubonisa ngale ndlela zibonisa ukuthi i - dollar ngayinye isetshenziswa kanjani (njenge ] ivula amatheku okusetshenziswa kwemali [)) angaqinisa ukwethembana nokulandisa. Ukuthembisa okukhulu ngokuvamile kuholela ekusebenziseni imali esetshenziswayo kanye nokuhlela izinqumo.

Izinselele Ekukhokheleni Intela Kwendawo

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo, izimiso zentela zendawo zibhekana nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezingase zinciphise ukusekela komphakathi, ukulinganisela, nokusebenza kahle.

Ukungalingani Nokushiyeka

Intela eziningi zendawo zibuye zihoxiswe − zithatha ingxenye enkulu yemali eholwayo ezakhamuzini eziphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, intela yentengo, ngokwesilinganiso esikhulu, ithinta labo abachitha ingxenye enkulu yemali yabo ezintweni ezikhokhwayo. Intela yempahla ingaba umthwalo owengeziwe kubakhulu abakhokhelwayo noma abaninizo bezindlu ekuqapheleni izindawo ngokushesha. Eminye imiphakathi inciphisa le ntela ngokuyithenga ngentela, ukukhulula intela ekhaya, noma isilinganiso esilinganiselwe, kodwa intuthuko ihlala ingekho. Umehluko ekuthengeni kwemali ekhokhwanywa phakathi kwezindawo ezicebile nezesikole ezimpofu ezikhokhelwayo. . .Njengosi yentela ehlala ikhona ikhona ngenxa yokukhokhwasa intela ezindaweni eziphansi.

Umsindo Wenzuzo

Intela yendawo ingakhuphuka kakhulu phakathi nemijikelezo yezomnotho. Izintela zentela ziyancipha kakhulu lapho kuncishiswa imali. Izintela zempahla zintengantenga kakhulu kodwa zinciphisa umnotho ngeminyaka engu-1-12. Izintela ezikhokhwayo ngeholo zincipha lapho ukungasebenzi kunyuka. Lokhu kuphoqelela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba banciphise izinkonzo noma bakhuphule izinga phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho, ngokuvamile ngesikhathi esibi kakhulu. Izifunda eziningi zilinganisela ukuvumelana kwezindawo ngokulinganisela amazinga entela noma ukuvota okukhulu ukuze kukhuliswe intela ethile.

Umbono Womphakathi Nezimpikiswano Zezombangazwe

Izakhamuzi eziningi zimelene nokwanda kwentela ngisho nalapho intela ekhona yanele ukugcina izinkonzo zamanje. Lokhu kuxoxisana kuvame ukubangelwa ukungaqapheli ukuthi intela isetshenziswa kanjani. Izinyathelo ezifuna ukuba umvoti avume intela entsha zingayimisa inzuzo edingekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imingcele ebekwe uhulumeni enjenge-Fortical’s Prosition 13 (okuthi intela yempahla ekhuliswe) kanye ne-Texhator Bill of Rights ye-Colorado ziye zavimbela ukukhuliswa kwenzuzo yenkokhelo yasendaweni amashumi eminyaka, kuholela ekubekeni imingcele yokugcinwa kwemali egciniwe ehlawulwayo nehonsi.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nezindleko Zokuphatha

Ukunikeza imithetho eminingi yentela yendawo ngokwengxenye yentela yamabhizinisi asebenza ngaphesheya kwezindawo . kungabiza. Amadolobha ahlukene anemithetho ehlukene yokuhlela isikhathi, imithetho yokukhulula, nencazelo eyisisekelo. Amabhizinisi amancane angase antule imithombo yokuvumelana ngokugcwele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhokha izintela kudinga izisebenzi zendawo, i-software, nemizamo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi imali eqoqwe. Ukukhokha intela efanayo noma ukuhlanganisa intela kungenziwa ngemithetho efanayo yendawo kunganciphisa lemithwalo.

Indlela Amaphoyisa Entela Athonya Ngayo Imfanelo Yenkonzo

Ukuxhumana phakathi kwenkambiso yentela nokuhanjiswa kwenkonzo akuziqalisi − kuxhomeke endleleni izimali ezihlelwa ngayo, ezisetshenziswayo, nezisetshenziswa ngayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphawula ingxenye yentela yokuthengisa ukuthutha kuqinisekisa izibopho ezinikezelwe zemali kodwa kunganciphisa ukuhleleka kwemali. Intela yentela ilinganisela ukukhula kwemali kodwa ingacutha njengezindleko zokukhushuka. [[FLT:]] [FLT:]] [FLT] [4] imvume yokukhokha izibopho ezisemthethweni [[FLT] esemthethweni] ivumela ukuba izakhiwo eziyinhloko kodwa idiliselwe izinzuzo. [FLT] Ukuhlola kwezindawo ezingaphezulu] [FFFF] [5]

Ukuhlola Icala: Ukuqhathaniswa Kwamadolobha

Ukwehluka kwezindawo zentela kuveza imiphumela ephawulekayo. Cabangela San Jose, California, okuncike kakhulu ezintelani zempahla ngenxa ye-Proctice 13 consitistion. Inentela ephansi ngokwezinga eliqhathaniswayo (cishe 1% yenani lemali) kodwa futhi ephansi kusetshenziswa imali ephaki nasemitatsheni uma kuqhathaniswa ePolitiki, Oregon, esebenzisa intela ephakeme yempahla kanye nentela yendawo ekhokhelwayo ukuze kulondolozwe izinhlelo zayo, izikole, izikole, nezinkonzo zokungahlali. Okwamanje, [[FLT:], i-Pinxpox [FF], i-Oriceswoctive [F], intevosworce 3 [ice 3] esekela ukukhokhwawa kwentela yomphakathi futhi intela enkulu esekela intela yentela yezisebenzi zomphakathi.

Indima Yokuhlanganyela Ezakhamuzini

Izakhamuzi ezinolwazi zingahlela isimiso sentela yendawo ngokuhlanganyela ekuhleleni imali yokuhlela, ekuvoteni ezindaweni ezikhona, nasekusekeleni ukuthatha izinyathelo zokubona ngapha nangapha. Amadolobha amaningi asenezimiso zokuhlela uhlelo lokuhlela [ lapho izakhamuzi zinquma khona ngokuqondile ukunikezela ingxenye yemali ehlelelwe ukubhalisa. Ezinye zinyathelisa nge-ingosi ye-inthambi yokufaka imali kanye nezindleko ezikhona ngesikhathi sangempela. Izakhamuzi zingacindezela futhi izinguquko zentela ezidingekayo ngokwenzuzo yentela [ njengendlela eyandayo yokungahlwi ngemibandela yasekhaya ngenxa yokukhokha imali ephansi noma ukubuyisela ukuthengwa kwentela eholweni ephambili. Uma ziqonda ukuthi intela intengo yezentengo engaphandle, cishe zisekela kakhulu izindleko ezidingekayo ekulondolozeni izinkonzo ezidingekayo ezigciniwe.

Ukuthambekela Kwesikhathi Esizayo Ekuthengiseni Kwendawo

Izimo eziningana zishintsha indlela ohulumeni bendawo abakhuphula futhi basebenzise ngayo intela:

  • Umsebenzi wokuthatha intela nocingo: Nezisebenzi ezimbalwa eziya emahhovisi edolobha, intela yeholo yendawo ezikhungweni zamadolobha iyancipha, kuyilapho izindawo zasemaphethelweni nasemaphandleni zibona inani labantu elandayo emini. Amanye amazwe athuthukisa izindlela zokuhlela intela ukuze abonise ukuthi umsebenzi wezomnotho ukhona kuphi ngempela.
  • Ukuguqula intela ngokunyenyiswa: Izimo eziningi zicabangela izinguquko ekuhloleni izikepisi, izinhlelo zokwephula izifunda, nemingcele ekwandiseni kwaminyaka yonke ukunciphisa ukubuyela emuva kuyilapho kugcinwa ukuxhasa okuqinile kwezimali zezikole.
  • Izimiso zokuthatha izinqubo: amathuluzi anjengenani elikhuphukayo lentela (TIF) nezindawo zomphakathi ezisetshenziswayo kulindelwe ukukhuliswa kwentela yempahla esikhathini esizayo ukusekela izisekelo ezisezikhungweni zokuthuthukisa, ukusakaza inzuzo ebuyela emphakathini.
  • Izintela zezinkonzo ze-pigital:[ Njengoba ezentengiselwano zihamba kuyi-inthanethi, ohulumeni bendawo baphoqelela igunya ukuba lingene ezinkonzweni zentela, amashawofu, kanye nokukhangisa ngobuchwepheshe, futhi kufakwe izimemezelo zemisebenzi esemthethweni nezombangazwe.
  • Izimali zokusekela ukuqina: imiphakathi idala intela yempahla enikezelwe noma ukuthengwa kwentela yokuxhasa izindonga zolwandle, ulawulo lwesikhukhula, ukuvinjelwa komlilo, kanye nezakhiwo eziluhlaza.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlobana phakathi kwentela yendawo nezinkonzo zomphakathi kushesha futhi kulandela i-Pymotial. Imali ngayinye eqoqwe ngempahla, ukuthengisa, iholo, noma intela esemthethweni ihlanganisa izinzuzo ezingokoqobo ezinquma ukwakheka nokusebenziseka komphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuthi iminikelo yazo isekela izikole, ukuphepha, imigwaqo, nezokuzilibazisa, ziba abaphathi ababopheke ngokwengeziwe bempahla yomphakathi. Ngalesosikhathi, abenzi bezimiso babhekana nomsebenzi onzima wokuhlela izimiso zentela ezilungile, ezizinzile, nezinganele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezikhulayo. Ekugcineni, kuqinisa lokhu kuhlanganisa kudinga ukuba sobala, ukuhlanganyela komphakathi, imigwaqo, nokuzimisela ukuthuthukisa intela ezindaweni ezisebenzela umphakathi ezisebenzela umphakathi.