I-flock yokubusa kwentando yeningi, nokho indlela amavota ahunyushelwa ngayo ezihlalweni noma emahhovisi alolonga kakhulu imiphumela yezombangazwe. Isimiso esivamile emhlabeni wonke, okokuqala-muva-kanye (FTPP), sivame ukuveza abanqobi abanosizo olungaphansi kweningi, ishiya abaningi abavoti benomuzwa wokuthi ukukhetha kwabo kuyalahlwa, futhi bangahlola ukubusa kwabo okungahlangani. Ekuphenduleni, abameleli abangcono bezimiso zokuvota ezingcono futhi baveze imiphumela engcono. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso eziningana ezinjalo, ngokugxila kakhulu kuRhange-Voced Cover (RCV), futhi bahlola izinzuzo zabo, izinzuzo, izinselele, izinselele, izinselele, nezinhlelo zangempela.

Ukuqonda Ukusetshenziswa Okukhethekile

I-Ranked Choice Voling — ebizwa futhi ngokuthi i-runoff votion (IRV) esheshayo lapho isetshenziselwa ukhetho lwe-winner eyodwa — ivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe izikhundla ezikhethekile: okokuqala, okwesithathu, njalonjalo-njalo. Ngokungafani ne-FPTPPP, lapho ukudweba umvoteli oyedwa kuphela kwenza noma ikuphi okunye ukukhetha okungadingekile, i-RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba baveze imibala egcwele ethandayo. Umgomo ukukhetha umuntu oyala ukuba ivoti eningi yemisebenzi ngemva kokulahla, kuqinisekisa ukusekelwa okukhulu kunezinto ezivamile ezingenziwa.

Indlela Ukukhetha Okusebenza Ngayo

Inqubo ye-RCV isebenza ngemijikelezo. Ngobusuku bokhetho, wonke amavoti okuqala abalwayo. Uma umbhexeshi ethola amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-50 alawo mavoti okuqala, bawina ngokuqondile. Uma kungekho ofika kulowomnyango, ozovota ngevoti yokuqala embalwa kakhulu eqeshiwe iyasuswa. Ibhola ngalinye elinesivoti sokuqala esikhishweyo njengesinqumo sokuqala lidluliselwa kulowo mfundi olandelayo obekwe phakathi kwalabo abasemncintini. Lenqubo iphinda ngokuphinda — ukususa ivoti ephansi kakhulu yokuvota ne-pentififi egcinayo — kuze kube yilapho oyedwa ephethe ivoti enkulu kakhulu yevoti emzuleni wokugcina.

Cabangela isibonelo esilula: abameleli abathathu — u-Alice, uBob noCarol — basebenzela umphathi-mameya. Amavota angu-10 000 ayaphoswa. U-Alice u-4, u-4, u-Bob unengu-4,4,3 500 (35%), uCarol uno-3 300 (23%), akakho uCarol okhishwe. Ku Carol abangu-300, 1.1, u-Bob njengohlu lwesibili no-1, u-100 u-Alice Alice. Lokho kwenaniwenengqikithi yabazocela ukuvota: manje uno-539,53%) no-59,79% (47%) no-Bob uno-19, u-Ahlov. Kukhetho olufana no-FPPPPPP, u-Alice wazuza ngo-42 kuphela, kodwa ngaphansi kwe-RCV ku-OV ku-Onke u-O ku-O ku-O ku-cosse.

Izinzuzo Zokuzikhethela Okukhethekile

Ukucwaninga nokuhlangenwe nakho kuye kwaveza izinzuzo eziningana eziyinhloko ze - RCV:

  • Ukwaneliseka okukhulu kovoti kanye nemiphumela enciphisiweyo. Amavoter angasekela intando yawo yeqiniso ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokuthi amavoti azosiza ekukhetheni abazakwabo abambalwa abathatha ibhanana. Lokhu kuthinta kakhulu izinhlanga ezifuna ukuvota lapho umvoti omncane angakhipha khona amavoti kumbonisi omkhulu ongaphansi kwe-FPTPP — owaziwa ngokuthi “i-opiler” yemiphumela.
  • Incazelo yomkhankaso ongcono. Ngoba abazobhapathizwa badinga amavoti wesibili nowesithathu avela kubasekeli babanye abazobhapathizwa, bakhungethwe ukuba baqhube imikhankaso esekelwe ekhonjweni kunokuba bahlasele abaphikisi. Amasu ayingozi abeka engozini yokuphuma kwenye indawo abavoti besabili.
  • Imiphumela eminingi emelelwayo. Abaphumelele kukhetho lwe-RCV ngokuvamile basekelwa iningi labavoti emzuzwaneni wokugcina, hhayi nje ubuningi. Lokhu kungandisa ukufaneleka nokugunyaza kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe.
  • uvoti okhulisweyo. Okunye ukuhlola kuye kwathola ukuthi i-RCV corretates nge-partistan ephezulu, ikakhulukazi okhethweni lwendawo olungelona ipartis, njengoba abavoti benomuzwa wokuthi lokho abakuthandayo kuboniswa ngokuqonde ngokwengeziwe.

Ukuze kutholakale ukwaziswa okujulile okunenzuzo ye-RCV, inhlangano engaphartian Fairvote ikhipha imibiko yaminyaka yonke mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-RCV kanye nokwaneliseka komvoti.

Ezinye Izimiso Zokuthutha Imishini

I-RCV akuyona kuphela inguquko ye-elevotor. Ezinye izimiso eziningana zinikeza izindlela ezihlukene zokungavumelani nokukhetha kovoti.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwezincwadi

Ku-Vuselvise Voting, abavoti bangakhetha (“ukuqinisekisa nge”) noma yiliphi inani lababezombangazwe abanezimo ezivumela ukuphumelela kakhulu. Kulula ukuqonda nokubala; amabhola angafakwa ngesandla. Isimiso sikhuthaza abavoti ukuba basekele iqembu elibanzi labazofundela ukuvotelwa, elingakhetha ukuvumelana kwesivumelwano. Kusukela ekuthatheni kwabo eFargo, omunye, noma bonke — kanye nomfundi onezimvume eziningi. Kusukela ekuthatheni kwabo eNyakatho Dakota ngo-201818, u-Occiov Vogist usebenziselwe ukuthunywa kwedolobha nokhetho lweqembu lesikole. Ukuhlolwa kwe-202020 kwe-EFLT [FLT:] u-Evolution kwathola ukuthi eFargo, eqo, ekhishwe kakhulu futhi kukhishwe leso simiso sancitshiswa kakhulu.

Ukugqama kwephuzu

Iqoqo licela abavoti ukuba balinganisele umvoti ngamunye ngesilinganiso — ngokwesibonelo, u-0 kuya ku-0 noma u-0 kuya ku-10 — kunokuba akhethe i-denal noma akhethe eyodwa kuphela. Umfundi onengqikithi yenani eliphakeme kakhulu (noma isilinganiso senani) uphumelele. Lendlela ivumela abavoti ukuba baveze amandla okukhetha, hhayi nje ukuhleleka. Abagxeki baphawula ukuthi abavoti bangawandisa ngokusemthethweni amamaki abo abawathandayo nawawahle kakhulu kwabanye, kodwa basekela ukuthi ingenye yezimiso ezichaza kakhulu. Ezinye izinhlelo zesayensi ezisikisela i-Revoting ziveza imiphumela ngokwaneliseka okukhulu. Isetshenziswa ngokhetho olumbalwa lwenhlangano futhi icatshangelwa kwamanye amadolobha.

Izindlela Zokuxuba

Izindlela zomncintiswano ziwumkhaya wezimiso ezigxile ekuqhathaniseni ngokulandelana. “Umnqobi we-condorcet” ungumlandeli ozonqoba wonke omunye umdwebi ngokulingana ngekhanda nekhanda. Ngaphansi kwendlela yeConvencet, uma ikhona, banqoba. Uma kungekho mnqobi we-Condorcitet obizwa ngokuthi “indida expont"), izinhlobonhlobo zemithetho ehlukanisayo esetshenziswayo — njengendlela ye-Rhanked Millines noma i-Schulze. Lezi zindlela zidunyiswa kakhulu yi-evolute yoelective (umpempempe eqinisekisa ukuthi owina uyamukeleka kakhulu; zisetshenziswa ngenani lezinhlangano, kuhlanganise neWmediadiactive Foundation ye-ortment. Ngencazelo ebanzi ye-Contective, [Fortectiveology]] [Fogther]]

Ukusakaza Ikhwelo

STAR (Score Khona - zenzakalelayo i-Recouff) ixubene ne-Puney- Runoff. Abavota balinganisela umjoli ngamunye kusukela ku-0 kuya ku-5. Abathathi abathatha isilinganiso esiphezulu kakhulu behamba phambili behamba ngokuzihambela; kuleyo ngqungquthela, ibhola ngalinye elifakwe phezulu phakathi kwababili lithola leyo voti. Umfundi ngevoti enkulu efanisiweyo eqhumisa i-coffwin. THAR uhlanganisa ukuvuleka kwezibalo zezibalo zezibalo zemidlalo kanye nesiqinisekiso seningi sokuphuma. Iye yasetshenziswa engxenyeni embalwa yokhetho bendawo futhi ikhuthazwa yizinhlangano ezifana ne-[FLD [FF: 0]

Isilinganiso SeBorda

Kuhlelo lweBorda Count, abavoti banezikhundla, futhi amaphuzu anikezwa asekelwe esikhundleni — umz., ukuzikhethela kokuqala kuthola [n amaphuzu (lapho n[FLT]]n inani labazofuna idipotimente], 2 [ukhetho luyinani labazothatha ] n [[[FLT]], njalonjalo. Umfundi onengqikithi kakhulu uwini uyaphumelela. uBorda usetshenziswa kukhetho oluthile lwephalame (um, Naru, Slovenia) nakukhetho lwezikhulu emiphakathini eminingi yezemfundo. Nokho, kuthambekele ekuhleleni lapho izingozi engcono encipheneyo elinganayo, ubuthakathaka obulinganayo.

Umsindo owodwa odluliswayo (STV)

STV iklanyelwe izigodi eziningi. Abavoti banezigaba eziningi. Isilinganiso (inani elincane lamavota adingekayo ukuze bawine isihlalo) sibaliwe. Abadlulayo abadlula isilinganiso bakhethwa, futhi amavoti asele adluliselwa kwezinye izintando ezilandelayo. Lenqubo iyaqhubeka, ngokukhishwa, kuze kube yilapho zonke izihlalo zigcwalisiwe. I-STV iqinisekisa ukuthi iqembu eliveza ukulingana — ithi, ama-30% abavota (ngezintando ezinqunyiweyo) angakhetha cishe ama-30% ezihlalweni. Isetshenziswa kukhetho lwesizwe lwe-Australianhlalo nokhetho basendaweni yokhetho e-Ireland naseNew Zealand. [[FLT:] i-Equal Society [FFF:0] egcwele imithombo yenguquko [FLT]

Ukuhlola Izifo: Izindlela Ezisetshenziswayo

Ukukhetha Okukhethekile E - United States

ISan Francisco iye yasebenzisa i-RCV emahhovisi amadolobha kusukela ngo-2004, futhi abavoti babika njalo ukuthi baqonda kakhulu futhi banelisekile. Ngo-2022, i-San Francisco yavota yavuma isilinganiso esithile sokwandisa i-RCV kukhetho lwezikole. IMinneapolis neSt Paul, Minnesota, iye yasebenzisa i-RCV kukhetho lukamasipala kusukela ngo-2009 no-2020, ngokulandelana kwayo; ucwaningo lwe-Yunivesithi yase-Minnesovia lwathola ukuthi i-RCV yandisa ukwahlukahlukana kwabafuniswa nokukhangisa okungakhiqinileyo. I-maine yaba yizwe lokuqala lokukhetha kwe-RCV ngo-RCV ngo-201818 (kuhlanganise nokhetho oluvamile). Kukhetho lukamongameli wama-20202020, i-Maine, isigodi yesifunda sesibili sasetshenziswa ekuboneleni i-RC, ukuqonda okokuqala kokhetho lokuqala lokuqala lokuqala lokuqala.

Ukuvunyelwa Kwesizwe EFargo

Fango, North Dakota, wamukelwa ngo-2018 uVumelaniswe ngo-Voting ngo-2018 ngenxa yokuvunyelwa kwakhe kanye nokhetho lwe-offary yedolobha nebhodi lesikole. Ngokombiko ka-2022 ovela kumphathi wedolobha, umvoti e-Fargo’s Fargo’s coptates wathola amaphuzu ayishumi uma eqhathaniswa nesimiso sangaphambili. Inani labafuna ukuvota landa, futhi zonke izinhlanga zanqunywa yizimvume eziningi — akukho khetho oluphumayo olwaludingeka, kuvinjelwe izindleko zokuphatha idolobha. Ukuhlolwa okwenziwa abacwaningi baseDuke University kwathola ukusekelwa okukhulu phakathi kweFargo Coptation.

Ukubuka Imidlalo Ephakeme E - Eugene, e - Oregon

Ngo-2021, idolobha lase-Eugene, e-Oregon, laba nesilinganiso sokuthatha i-STAR Voting ukuze ikhethe idolobha. Nakuba isilinganiso sehluleka kakhulu, sasekela 48%, sabonisa isithakazelo esikhulayo. Abameleli be-STAR Voting bakhomba emandleni alesi simiso okuveza abanqobi ngokusekela okukhulu kuyilapho begwema ubunkimbinkimbi bokuvota. Okwamanje, idolobha lama-CoralGable, eFlorida, liye lacabangela i-STRAR Voting enqubweni yayo yokuhlola.

Izinselele Zezimiso Ezihlukile Zokuthutha Imali

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zazo, izimiso zokuvota ezihlukile zibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu zokuthola nokusebenzisa izingane zokutholwa.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokuqonda Imishini

Abavoter abajwayele ukuphawula nje omunye umvoti bangase bathole abazobhapathizwa abaphezulu noma babafake isilinganiso esididayo. Amaphutha — njengokugxumagxuma ezikhundleni, ukuthatha isigaba esisodwa kabili, noma ukusebenzisa amaphawu angaphezu kwelilodwa ohlu — angenza izingxenye ze-bolot. Kukhetho lokuqala lwe-RCV lwaseSan Francisco, cishe izinombolo ezingu-5% zabaphathi babenezikhundla ezingaphezulu noma izikhundla ezingenakudluliselwa. Imikhankaso yemfundo kanye nomklamo ocacile kunganciphisa lezindaba, kodwa kudinga ukutshala izimali. UNobhala wezwe we-Maine u-State waqala uhlelo olusheshayo ngaphambi kokhetho lokuqala lwe-RCVV, kuhlanganise nama-colotte, amavidiyo, namahholo, okwasiza ukunciphisa amaphutha.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwendlela Enengqondo Nezobuchwepheshe

Ama-collet anezigaba adinga i-software kanye nemishini engasingatha imijikelezo yokuvota. Abadayisi abaningi bemishini yokuvota banikeza izimiso ze-RCV-acce, kodwa ama-rever kungadingeka ukuba kulungiswe i-accompation okanye izivumelwano. Ama-gassion amancane angathola izindleko ezinqandayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufiphala kwemithetho ethile ye-algoric thayithic ephula imithetho ye-optic (umz., ezindleleni ze-Condorcet) kungaphakamisa izikhalo zokukhanya. I-otablettes ezibala i-ovotes ze-ovotes ezinkulu azisebenzi, ngakho ukuncishwa kobuchwepheshe kunyusa isidingo semicimbiso eyingozi yokuhlola izinhlelo ze-mibangemuva.

Ukumelana Nezombangazwe

Izikhulu zikahulumeni namaqembu amisiwe ngokuvamile amelana nokuguqulwa kokuvota ngoba i-FPTP ilondoloza inzuzo yabo. Labo abazuza ezihlalweni eziphephile noma ezingxenyeni ezimbili ze-duopoly bangase babheke noma yiluphi ushintsho njengosongo. E-United Kingdom, i- 2011 i-adendendium ekuthatheni i-Alter Vote (AV) — uhlobo lwe-RCV — ngokwengxenye yanqotshwa ngenxa yokuthi i-Conservative Party yaqhutshelwa umkhankaso omkhulu kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, e-U.S., i-RCV, i-gallery iye yamelana ne-RCV emazweni afana ne-Alaska kanye ne-Maine, nakuba imizamo yokuyibuyisa ngemva kokutholwa ihluleka kaningi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezindlela Ezifanele Nesimiso Semidlalo

Akukho simiso sokuvota esigonyelwe ngokuphelele ekunyatheleni imishini eqeqeshiwe. Ngaphansi kwe-RCV, abavoti bangakhetha uku- “bull” umvoti obekwe okwesibili ngokuwabeka ngaphansi ngisho kombhalisa odumile ukuze asize abangenisi bokuqala. Ku-Sceor Voting, abavoti banganikeza izilinganiso ezeqisayo ukuze bafake ithonya. Izindlela zomgunyathi zingaba sengozini “yokuthatha i-anoganic" — ukunezela abafuni ababuthakathaka bangadala imijikelezo eshintsha imiphumela. Nakuba lobuphiciko busikisela ukuthi i-mfekethi zikhona, ukuvota okuvamile, ikakhulukazi uma izimiso zichazwe kahle.

Ikusasa Lezimiso Zokusakaza Izitshalo

Umfutho wezindlela zokuvota wamuva unamandla kunanini ngaphambili. Kusukela ngo-2025, amadolobha namakhulu angaphezu kwangu-50 e-United States asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwe-RCV kukhetho lwendawo, futhi amazwe angaphezu kweshumi nambili acabangela ngentshiseko ukumiswa kwemithetho yokuvumela noma ukugunyaza i-RCV noma ezinye izinguquko. Ukwanda kwezinyathelo zenguquko ze-bolot kanye nezinhlangano zezakhamuzi — njenge- “voter Choice Act" ezizweni eziningana — kubonisa ukukhula kwesifiso somphakathi sokhetho lwentando yeningi.

Ubuchwepheshe bufeza indima. Ukuvula i-software yokuvota kanye nekhono elikhuliswe lokuhlola kwenza kube lula ukusebenzisa izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kokuthembela kubathengisi abakhokhela i-intanethi. Intuthuko emfundweni ye-inthanethi yamavoti (isib., ama-collet asebenzisanayo) asiza abavoti ukuba basebenzise i-project futhi bafake i-asethi phambi kokuhlola.

Emhlabeni wonke, amazwe anjenge-Australia (asebenzisa i-STV ku-SB yeSigele sayo ne-RCV yeNdlu) ne-Ireland (i-STV yokhetho lwe-Dáil) anamashumi eminyaka olwazi lwezimiso ezihlukile, anikeza ukwaziswa okuthatha isikhathi eside ngemiphumela yawo ekumelelweni, ekuvoti, nasekuzinziseni kukahulumeni. Lezi zibonelo zinikeza izifundo e-United States nakwamanye amazwe acabangela inguquko.

Isiphetho

Ezinye izimiso zokuvota — kusukela eRanked Chount to Stance to STAR — zinakho ithuba lokwenza okhetho lube olulungile, lukhulume ngokwengeziwe, futhi lubonise ngokwengeziwe ngokukhetha okuyiqiniso kwe-votete. Nakuba izinselele zobunkimbinkimbi, izindleko, nokumelana kwezombangazwe zisekhona, inqwaba yobufakazi obuvela ekufezekeni kwangempela kwezwe kubonisa ukuthi lezi zimiso zingandisa ukwaneliseka kwabavoti nokuhlanganyela, zinciphise umkhankaso ophambene, futhi ziveze abanqobi ngokusekela okukhulu. Njengoba izakhamuzi emhlabeni wonke zidinga ukuvuselelwa kwentando yeningi, ukuhlola nokwamukela lezindlela ezintsha akuzona nje ukulungiswa kobuchwepheshe kodwa intuthuko eyisisekelo empilweni yentando yeningi.