Ukucwasana Ngeminyaka Emsebenzini: Inselele Engokomthetho Ephikelelayo

Ubandlululo lweminyaka luseyinye yezindlela zobandlululo ezibikwa kakhulu kodwa ezisakazekile emsebenzini. Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka esivikelo esingokomthetho, izisebenzi esezikhulile ziyaqhubeka zibhekana nemingcele enzima ekuqasheni, ekukhushuleni, ekukhokheleni, nasekuqedeni izinqumo. I-U.U.U.U.U.U.S.S.Actrought Opportod Commissions (EOC) ithola amashumi ezinkulungwane zeminyaka ekhokhwanywa ukucwasa unyaka ngamunye, nezinzuzo zemali ezifinyelela amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka. Lezibalo zigcizelela iqiniso elisangulukisayo: ubandlululo akusona isikhawu sesikhathi esidlule kodwa impikiswano eqhubekayo edinga ukuqapha, ukuqapha okungokomthetho, nesenzo esingokomthetho.

Abaqashi bangayilimaza imiphumela yezimali nedumela yokucwasa ngokubhekana ngeminyaka. Izisebenzi, ukuqonda igebe lomthetho nokufunda ezicabeni eziphumelelayo kungasho umehluko phakathi kokwamukela ukungalungi nokuvikela amakhambi afanelekile. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukumangalelwa okuphawulekayo kobudala, sisusa izici eziwusizo ezaholela ekunqobeni, futhi sinikeza isiqondiso esingalungiseka kunoma ubani oweqa lomthetho oyinkimbinkimbi wemisebenzi.

Umsebenzi Ongokomthetho Owehlisa Ukucwasa Kweminyaka

Ngaphambi kokuba kuhlolwe amacala athile, kubalulekile ukuqonda isisekelo esingokomthetho esenza ukuba lokhu kumangalelwa kube nokwenzeka. E-United States, umthetho oyinhloko kahulumeni onqabela ukucwaswa kweminyaka yobudala yi-Age Discivation in Observation Act (ADEA) ka-1967. i-ADEA ivikela abantu abaneminyaka engu - 40 noma ngaphezulu abangase bakhethe imisebenzi ngenxa yobudala. Umthetho usebenza kubaqashi abanezisebenzi ezingu - 20 noma ngaphezulu, kuhlanganise nohulumeni bendawo, izinhlangano zemisebenzi, nezinhlangano zezisebenzi.

I - ADEA inqabela ukucwaswa nganoma isiphi isici semisebenzi, kuhlanganise nokuqasha, ukudubula, izabelo zomsebenzi, ukukhushulwa emsebenzini, ukukhishwa emsebenzini, ukuqeqeshwa, izinzuzo, nanoma isiphi esinye isimo somsebenzi.

Ngaphandle komthetho kahulumeni, amazwe amaningi anemithetho yawo siqu yokucwasa yobudala enikeza isivikelo esibanzi, izikhawu eziphansi zezisebenzi, noma imithetho emide yokulinganiselwa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-California Fair Working and Howation Act (FEHA) ivikela izisebenzi zanoma imuphi umkhakha futhi isebenza kubaqashi abambalwa abasebenza. Ukuqonda ukuhlanganiswa kwemithetho kahulumeni ne-ohulumeni kuyisici esibucayi kunoma iliphi icebo lokukhetha okuphumelelayo.

Imithetho Ephawulekayo Yokucwasana Enkathini Edlule Eyashintsha Ukuma Okungokomthetho

Amacala alandelayo amelela ezinye zezindlela zokunqoba eziphawulekayo ezingokomthetho ekulweni nokucwaswa kobudala.

Smith v. TechCorp (2010): Umzila Wokufundisa

UJohn Smith, unjiniyela we-software oneminyaka engu-55 ubudala noneminyaka engaphezu kwengamashumi amabili ehlolwa ngendlela ekhethekile, wanqanyulwa phakathi nokulungiswa kabusha kwenkampani. I-techCorp yathi ukudingwa kwalokhu kusekelwe ekuncipheni okungokomthetho kwejubane (RF) eliqhutshwa yizimo zezomnotho. Nokho, uSmith waphawula indlela ekhathazayo: cishe zonke izisebenzi ezazikhethelwe ukubulala zazineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50, kuyilapho izisebenzi ezincane ezinezimfanelo ezifanayo noma ezingaphansi zazigcinwa noma zabelwa ngokushesha ezinyanzelweni ezintsha.

Iqembu lomthetho uSmith lahlanganisa icala eliphoqelelayo lisebenzisa ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi i-RIF yahlasela izisebenzi ezineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50. Zabuye zathola ama-imeyili angaphakathi lapho abaphathi bakhuluma khona ngokukhula nge "izisebenzi ezingontaka" no "ukungenisa imibono emisha. Inkantolo yathola ukuthi i-TechCorp'’s i-seculotice yabe izaba izabalo lokukhetha abantu ngeminyaka yobudala. Ijaji lejaji lanika u-Smith imali eyizigidi ezingu-R2,3 ngemuva, iholo elingaphambili, nezingozi ezingokomzwelo. Inkantolo yayala futhi u-techCorp ukuba isebenzise ukuqeqeshwa okunemba okunelisayo kokukhetha kobandlululo lwezelapha nokulungisa i-RIF ukuze ihlanganise izinhloso, ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi.

Isihluthulelo sokuthatha indawo: Iziyalezo ne-RIF ziyizindawo ezivamile zokucwasa ngokukhetha iminyaka. Uma ukwehla kwamandla kuthinta izisebenzi ezindala ngokungenakulinganiswa, izinkantolo zizakuhlolisisa ngokuseduze ukulunga komqashi. Ubufakazi bezibalo kanye nokuxhumana ngaphakathi kungaba amathuluzi anamandla okudalula izaba.

Johnson v. Retail Giants (2015): Ukuthuthukisa

UMary Johnson, umphathi wesitolo oneminyaka engu-62 ubudala oneminyaka engu-18 yenkonzo eRetail Giants, wayeye wadlula njalo izisulu zokudayiswa futhi wathola ukuhlolwa okuvelele. Lapho isikhundla somqondisi wesifunda singasekho, uJohnson wafaka isicelo futhi waqiniseka ukuthi uqinisile. Umsebenzi wanikezwa udokotela oneminyaka engu-34 ubudala nonolwazi lwezobumenenja kanye nerekhodi likaJohnson ayelibheka njengelomthunja.

Johnson wafaka icala lobandlululo nge-EEOC futhi kamuva wamangalela i-EE-Egrain ngokuthi iRetail Giants yayinendlela yokudlulisa izisebenzi esezikhulile ukuze zikhushulelwe izisebenzi ezisencane. U-Discove wembula ukuthi inqubo yokunyuselwa kwenkampani incike kakhulu emithethweni esekelwe emithethweni esekelwe, njengo "ukufaneleka kwe-oral" kanye "amandla amasha," ayesetshenziswa ngokuguquguqukayo. Abameli bakaJohnson banikeza ubufakazi bokuthi umphathi wenkampani eqeshile washo ukuthi isidingo sokuzi"iqembu labaqondisi besifunda elino"uthoba elino-"uthoipher ."

Ijaji lakhokhela uJohnson ama - dollar ayizigidi ezingu - 1,8 (amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu - 1,2) ekulimaleni, kuhlanganise neholo elilahlekile nezinzuzo, kanye nemali elahlekile engu - R5 500 000 enxephezelweni. Inkantolo futhi yafuna ukuba iRetail Giants isebenzise inqubo ehleliwe enezilinganiso ezicacile, eziqondile nokugada okuqhubekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe imiphumela engenakuguquguquka.

Isihluthulelo sokuthatha indawo: Izinketho zokuphakamisa zingafihla ubandlululo lweminyaka. Abaqashi kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi izinqumo zokunyusela zisekelwe ezicini ezingcono, ezikhokhelwayo zomsebenzi, nokuthi izisebenzi ezindala zinikezwa ukucabangela ngokufaneleyo ngamathuba entuthuko.

I-Active Opportunity Commission v. BNSF Railway Co. (2013): The Systemtatic Barrier

Lelicala lekilasi lenzeka ngokumelene neBNSF Railway Company lathi i-EOC yatshela ukuthi izisebenzi zesitimela eziphoqelelwe ngokungemthetho, ezikhokhelwa kakhulu ziphoqelelwe ukuba zithathe umhlala-phansi futhi zenqaba ukuzibuyisela njengengxenye yokucwaswa kobudala. Icala lalihilela abantu abangaba ngu-300 ababezisholo ababesusiwe noma benqatshelwa ukuphinde bancishwe ngenxa yobudala babo. I-EEOC yanikeza ubufakazi bokuthi i-BNSFF yalondoloza inkambiso "yo" yokuhlasela izisebenzi ezindala ngokuzilahla futhi zithathelwa isikhundla sezisebenzi ezincane, eziholayo.

Icala elixazululwe izigidi ezingu - 1,5 zamaRandi, iBNSF ivuma ukunikeza usizo oluphawulekayo lokulungisa, kuhlanganise nomsebenzi othembisa ukubuyisela izisebenzi ezithintekile, ukubuyiselwa kwezinzuzo, nokuqeqeshwa okugcwele kwezisebenzi zempahla nabantu nabaphathi bemithetho yobandlululo. Isivumelwano futhi sadinga iBNSF ukuba isebenzise isimiso esingathathi hlangothi, esinenjongo sokwenza izinqumo futhi uthobele ukugadelwa kwe-EEOC isikhathi esiyiminyaka eminingana.

Isihluthulelo sokuthatha indawo: i-EEOC inegunya nengcebo yokulandela amacala obandlululo onyaka ngenxa yamaqembu amakhulu ezisebenzi. Uma imikhuba yomqashi ithinta izisebenzi eziningi, indlela yokuthatha isigaba ingaholela emakhambini amakhulu nasezinguqulweni zezemboni.

Hazen Paper Co. v. Biggins (1993): Ukuxhumeka kwePension

Lelicala leNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. lakhuluma ngecala eligxekayo lokuhlukanisa phakathi kobudala nezinzuzo zempesheni. UWalter Biggins, isisebenzi esineminyaka engu-62 esineminyaka ecishe ibe yi-10 sisebenza eHazen Paper Company, laqedwa ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuba inzuzo yempesheni yakhe ifakwe. IBigni yathi u-Bigni uxoshiwe ukuze athole izinzuzo zempesheni, okungaba ukwephulwa kwe-ADEA.

INkantolo Ephakeme yaveza ukuthi nakuba ukunqanyulwa okubangelwa ukuhlawulwa kwempesheni kungebona ubufakazi obuqondile bokucwaswa ngeminyaka, kungasetshenziswa njengobufakazi benhloso yobuqaba uma izenzo zomqashi zisekelwe emibonweni ebanzi ngezindleko zezisebenzi esezikhulile noma umkhiqizo. INkantolo yacacisa ukuthi i-ADEA ivimbela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ebuntwini ngokwabo, hhayi ezicini ezingase zivumelane nobudala. Lomehluko uyaqhubeka ubalulekile ekutheni i-tective translations thirector.

Isihluthulelo: Abaqashi abanakusebenzisa izindleko zempesheni noma uhlelo njengebhaxa lokuqeda izisebenzi esezikhulile. Nakuba i-ADEA ingakwenqabeli ngokuqondile ukucwaswa okusekelwe esimweni sempesheni, ukuziphatha okunjalo kungaba ubufakazi obunamandla bokukhetha iminyaka yobudala.

Izindlela Ezivamile Zomthetho Ophumelelayo Wobandlululo Lweminyaka

Ukuhlola lezi zenzakalo nezinye eziphumelelayo kwembula izihloko eziningana eziphikelelayo ezigxeka noma ubani oveza ukucwaswa kobudala.

Ubufakazi Obungokwezibalo Bomphumela Ongalingani

Olunye uhlobo olukholisa kakhulu lobufakazi ezicabeni zokucwasa kwasebekhulile ukuhlaziya izibalo okubonisa ukuthi ukwenza umqashi izinqumo kuthinta ngokungenakulinganiswa izisebenzi ezikhulile. Izinkantolo zivame ukwamukela ubufakazi bezibalo obubonisa ukuthi izisebenzi esezikhulile zaqedwa, zadluliswa ukuze zikhushulelwe, noma ezinye zincishwa isilinganiso esingaphezulu kakhulu kunesazontanga yazo. Abameli bamabhukwana bavame ukusebenza nofakazi abangochwepheshe kwezezomnotho noma izibalo ukuze banikeze ukuhlaziywa kokwaziswa okugunyaza.

Ubufakazi Obuqondile Bobu - animis Obungokwenkathi

Ukuxhumana ngaphakathi, kuhlanganise ama-imeyili, imisebenzi, nezitatimende eziqoshiwe, eziqukethe ulimi lobudala noma izinkenene zemibono eguquguqukayo kungaba yisinqumo. Ukuphawula nge "isikole esidala" ukucabanga, "igazi elisha," "izisebenzi ezingafundile" kunganikeza ubufakazi obuqondile benhloso yokungaqondi kahle. Ngisho namazwi alulazwa abaphathi noma abenzi besinqumo angalulaza izizathu ezingokomthetho zomqashi ezishiwo ngesenzo esinzima.

Imibono Ephambene Phakathi Komthetho Nenqubo

Abaqashi abaningi baye babhala imithetho enqabela ubandlululo futhi ikhuthaza ithuba elifanayo. Nokho, abaqaphi abaphumelelayo bavame ukubonisa igebe phakathi kwalezi zimiso ezishiwoyo nemikhuba engokoqobo. Ngokwesibonelo, inkampani ingase ithi isebenzisa amamaki asebenzayo ukuze ikhiphe izinqumo kodwa, ngokomthetho, ithembele ekuhloleni abaphathi abangaphansi kwemibono esengozini yokucwaswa. Ukubonakalisa lokhu kuguquguquka kungaba namandla.

Ukwelapha Abaqashi Abafanayo Abatholakalayo

Izinkantolo zinikeza isilinganiso esiphawulekayo sobufakazi bokuthi izisebenzi ezisencane ezisendaweni efanayo zaphathwa kahle kune-paltiff endala. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukubonisa ukuthi izisebenzi ezisezincane zazigcinwa phakathi nokukhishwa kwemisebenzi, zithola ukukhushulwa kwemisebenzi okwanqatshelwa izisebenzi esezikhulile, noma zanikezwa izinhlelo ezingcono kakhulu zokusebenza. Ukwakha ukuhlaziya okuqinile kudinga ukuqinisekiswa okucophelelayo kwezisebenzi.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokwakha Isimo Esiqinile Sobandlululo Olusenkathini Edlule

Besebenzisa izifundo zokuquliswa kwamacala ngokuphumelela, abantu abakholelwa ukuthi baye babandlululwa ngenxa yobudala kufanele bathathe izinyathelo ezilandelayo ukuze bavikele amalungelo abo futhi bakhe indaba ephoqelelayo.

Khulula Konke Ngokushesha

Isisekelo sanoma yiziphi izikhangiso eziphumelelayo yimibhalo ephelele. Gcina umbhalo obhalwe kabanzi wezenzakalo zonke ezihlobene, kuhlanganise nezinsuku, izikhathi, izindawo, abantu abahilelekile, nezitatimende eziqondile ezenziwe. Gcina zonke izilinganiso zemidlalo, ama-imeyili, imisebenzi, nanoma yiziphi ezinye izingcingo ezibhaliwe ezihlobene nesimo sakho somsebenzi. Uma uthola iziyalezo noma izinkulumo okholelwa ukuthi ziyawulahla, zibhale phansi ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ngemva kokuba zenzekile.

Gcina Ubufakazi Be - electronic

Kulendawo yemisebenzi ye-minucs namuhla, ubufakazi obuningi obuvumelana nokucwaswa kobudala bukhona nge-electron. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ama-imeyili, imiyalezo esheshayo, i-data yokwenza, ne-HR amarekhodi. Qiniseka ukuthi ulondoloza lezi zinto ngokugcina amakhophi endaweni elondekile, ewumuntu siqu. Ungashintshi noma ususe noma imuphi amafayela, ukuze ukwenza kanjalo kungalimaza kakhulu ukwethenjwa kwakho kanye nokuma kwakho okungokomthetho.

Ukuqonda Isilinganiso Sokulinganiselwa

Ngaphansi kwe-ADEA, isikhathi esimisiwe sokufaka icala lobandlululo ne-EEOC ngokuvamile siyizinsuku ezingu - 180 kusukela osukwini lwesenzo sokucwasa.

Bhekana Ne - athoyizi Lomsebenzi Elinokuhlangenwe Nakho

Amacala okucwasana ngeminyaka ayinkimbinkimbi ngokomthetho nangokwesiko. Ummeli onolwazi oluthile eqenjini lokucwasa ngomsebenzi angahlola inzuzo yokufuna kwakho, aphawule izinkolelo ezingokomthetho ezifanele, aqoqe futhi alondoloze ubufakazi, futhi asebenzise izinqubo zokuqondisa nokwahlulela. Abameli abaningi banikeza ukuhlola kokuqala ngesihle futhi basebenze ngesisekelo esivumelanayo, okusho ukuthi bakhokhelwa uma uthola umonakalo.

Ihele ikhokha ngeEEOC noma i-Agency kaHulumeni

Ngaphambi kokufaka icala ngaphansi kwe-ADEA, kumelwe uqale ubhalise icala nge-EEOC noma ne-'iquator' yezemisebenzi kahulumeni. Inxusa lizohlola ukumangalelwa kwakho futhi lingazama ukubuyisa imvume. Uma inxusa lithola isizathu esinengqondo sokukholelwa ukuthi ubandlululo lwenzekile, lingase lifake icala lakho noma likhiphe incwadi ethi "ilungelo lokumangalela" ekuvumela ukuba uqhubeke necala langasese. I-EEOC inikeza imithombo ye-intanethi kanye namahhovisi endawo angasiza ngenqubo yokufaka i-past.

Ithonya Elibanzi Lemithetho Yobandlululo Lweminyaka Liyawuthinta Umthetho Womsebenzi

Ukucwasana okuphumelelayo kweminyaka kwenza okungaphezu kokunikeza amakhambi ngamanye. Zibuye ziqhube izinguquko zezimiso zemisebenzi. Izindaba eziningi ezixoxwe ngazo ngenhla zaphumela ekuhleleni izinguquko ezihlelwe yinkantolo, kuhlanganise nokuqeqeshwa okuphoqelelwe, ukubukezwa kobandlululo, ukuqashwa nokukhushulelwa kwenqubo, nokuqashwa okuqhubekayo kwe-EEOC. Lezi zinguquko zizuzisa zonke izisebenzi ngokudala izimiso zemisebenzi ezibonisa kangcono, ezibonisa ngokwengeziwe.

Ngaphandle kwemithetho yenkantolo, usongo lokuzifaka enkantolo ngokwalo lukhuthaza abaqashi ukuba babukeze futhi bathuthukise imisebenzi yabo. Izinkampani ezifaka imali ekuqeqesheni ukukhula okuhlukahlukene, ekuhloleni izinhlelo eziqondile, nasemasikweni asemsebenzini ahlukene azinamathuba amancane okubhekana nokucwaswa kwemibono yokucwaswa futhi zingabi namathuba amaningi okugcina izisebenzi ezinolwazi. Icala lezentengiselwano zobudala libhalwe kahle, ngokuhlola okubonisa ukuthi amaqembu ahlukene phakathi kweminyaka asungula kakhulu, akhiqizayo, futhi amelana nezimo.

Amaqumrhu agunyaza umthetho aqaphela futhi amacala aphezulu. Ukuphikelela kokucwasa ngeminyaka kuye kwashukumisela imizamo yokuqinisa isivikelo esingokomthetho, kuhlanganise nokulungisa okuhlongozwayo kwe-ADEA kanye nokuthatha izinyathelo ezisesilinganisweni zikahulumeni zokuvala izikhala ezicathulweni nokudlulisela imfihlo ezizisebenzini ezengeziwe. Ukuqashelwa komphakathi okubangelwa ukumangalelwa okuphumelelayo kungaguqula isimo sengqondo somphakathi futhi kunciphise ukubekezelela ubandlululo olusekelwe ebudaleni.

Isiphetho

Ubandlululo lweminyaka luhlala luyinkinga enkulu nephikelelayo emsebenzini waseMelika, kodwa ukunqoba okungokomthetho okuchazwe kulesi sihloko kubonisa ukuthi ukwahlulela ngokulunga kuyafinyelelwa. Ezimweni ngazinye ezifana Smith v. TechColp kanye [[FLT] ne[FLT] Johnson v. Retail Giants [ kumthetho wokuqinisekisa izenzo zezejwayezi njengecala le-EEOC' ngokumelene ne-BNSFFRAY, lemikhankala ithole amakhambi anele ezisulu futhi inguquko eziphoqelweni zomsebezayo.

Imisebenzi evamile ekhona phakathi kwalempumelelo ibhalwe phansi, isetshenziswa ngokunenzuzo, futhi imelelwe ngomthetho. Kunoma ubani obhekene nobandlululo lwemisebenzi oluhlobene nobudala, indlela iqala ngokuqonda amalungelo akho, ukulondoloza ubufakazi, nokufuna iseluleko sochwepheshe ngokushesha. Umthetho unikeza amathuluzi anamandla okubekela inselele, kodwa lawomathuluzi aphumelela kuphela lapho esetshenziswa ngokuzivivinya nangendlela ehleliwe.

Abaqashi, okwamanje, banezisusa eziphelele zokuthatha ukucwasana ngeminyaka ngokungathi sína. Izindleko zemali zokuthola inzuzo yobudala, ukulimala, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zingashaqisa, futhi ukulimala kwedumela kungathatha iminyaka eminingi. Ukukhokha ngokungakhethi, ukuthuthukisa imisebenzi engcono nokuthuthukisa impucuko ebanzi yokuthi izisebenzi zobudala abuyona nje isibopho esingokomthetho kodwa inzuzo ephambili. Umsebenzi unamandla kakhulu uma uthola amakhono nokuhlangenwe nakho kwezizukulwane zonke.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, ingxenye ye- ye-EOC's Agespartion ikhasi inikeza imithombo ebanzi yokuhlela isigwebo nokuqonda amalungelo akho. AARP's arectivation ngokomthetho [ inikeza isiqondiso esengeziwe nokusekela izisebenzi ezindala ezibhekene nobandlululo. Ochwepheshe bezomthetho bangathola ukuhlaziywa komthetho wecala we-ADEA ngohlobo lwe-[FLT:][FLT][4] Inhlangano ye-American Bat's gatection yeSigamu semisebenzi noMthetho wemisebenzi .