Isingeniso: Ukuzalwa Kwenkululeko YaseMelika

I-Anti-Federalist yamiswa ngo-December 15, 1791, iSigqebhezana samaLungelo sisalokhu siyisici esiqinile senkululeko yaseMelika. Lezi zinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi eMthethweni womthetho-sisekelo wazalwa ngezimpikiswano ezinamandla phakathi kwamaFederali nama-Federalist. Abalwisi-Fedalist babesaba ukuthi uMthetho-mthetho omusha wanika uhulumeni ophakathi amandla amakhulu kakhulu, ushiya izakhamuzi zisengozini yokucindezelwa. Ukugcizelela kwazo eziqinisekisini ezibhaliwe zenkululeko yabantu ngabanye kwaholela ekuthatheni iBhibhele i-Refesterstions. Kubafundisi nabafundi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda lokhu kuseyisifundo nje emlandweni esiwusizo emalungelweni akhona wonke amaMelika namuhla. Lesi sihloko sihlola isiqinisekiso ngasinye esisekelwe ekujuleni kobuningi, ukunikeza isihluthulelo somlando, ukunikeza izincazelo ezingokomthetho, nokuqondisa komthetho, ukunikeza iziqondiso ezingoko zanamuhla, noma ukukufundisa lokhu kufundisa isivikelo esibalulekile.

Umlando: Okwenza Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Sidingeke

UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala, owasayinwa ngo-1787, awuhlanganisanga incwadi yamalungelo. Izihambeli eziningi, kuhlanganise noJames Madison, ekuqaleni zazikholelwa ukuthi kwakungadingekile ngoba uhulumeni kahulumeni wayengowombuso olinganiselwe, obalalwe. Nokho, inqubo yokuhlukanisa yaveza ukukhathazeka okujulile komphakathi. Izwe elinjengoVirginia ne New York lawugunyaza uMthetho-sisekelo kuphela ngemva kokuthembisa ukuthi izivumelwano zamalungelo ziyokwenezelwa ngokushesha. UMadison ngokwakhe wafaka izivumelwano, edwetshwe kakhulu ku-Virginia Declaraction of Rights ne-Inglash Bill of Rights of 1689. Lomlando ugcizelela ukuthi i-Bill of Rights ayizange ichazwe ngemva kokucalula i-Roctive kodwa ukulahla okuyinhloko okwenza ukuba i-Union ibe nokwenzeka. Ungafunda imibhalo yokuqala [FLC:] i-National [FLD] [F1]

ISichibiyelo I: Inkululeko Eyisihlanu

Ngokulindelekile iSichibiyelo Sokuqala siyinkululeko edumile, evikela inkululeko eyisisekelo emihlanu eyakha isisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika. lenkululeko ayiphelele; izinkantolo ziye zavumela imingcele enengqondo, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuvamile isebenzisa izindinganiso eziphakeme ngaphambi kokuba ivumele ukulinganiselwa kukahulumeni.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ayivikeli nje kuphela amagama akhulunywayo kodwa futhi isho amazwi angokomfanekiso, njengokushisa ifulege (i-Texas v. Johnson, 1989). Ihlanganisa inkulumo yezombangazwe, inkulumo yobuciko, futhi ngisho nenzondo, uma nje ingagqugquzeli isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo (Brandenburg v. Ohio, 1969). Izikole zinendlela ethile evimbela ukukhuluma kwabafundi okuphazamisa ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo inqubo yemfundo (Tinker v. Des Moines, 1969).

Inkululeko Yezindaba

Lokhu kuvikela kuvimbela uhulumeni ekuhloleni imithombo yezindaba kusengaphambili (ukuvinjelwa kwe-palmor). Izenzakalo zezwe eziphawulwe njenge-New York Times Co. v. United States (1971] yavimbela uhulumeni ekuvimbeleni ukunyatheliswa kwePentagon Papers. Izindaba azigonyelwe emithethweni yokuhlala, njengemithetho ye-libral, kodwa zijabulela isivikelo esikhulu ekubekeni izikhulu zomphakathi ukuba ziphendule.

Inkululeko Yenkolo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqukethe izigaba ezimbili zenkolo: Ukumiswa kukaClaus (ukugunyazwa kukahulumeni ogunyaza inkolo) ne - Free Execlerosie Claus (ukuvikela ilungelo lokusebenzisa ukholo lwakho). INkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ukuthi izikole zomphakathi azinakuhola imithandazo (Engel v. Vitale, 1962) naleyo esho ukuthi ayinakuyihlasela imikhuba engokwenkolo ukuze ithole imithwalo ekhethekile (ISonto Lakwami Balu Aye v. Hialeah, 1993).

Ilungelo Lokuhlangana Nesicelo

AmaMelika anelungelo lokubuthana ngokuthula ngenxa yokubhikisha, ukumasha, nemihlangano. Lelilungelo liyisikhathi, indawo, nendlela ebekelwe imingcele, kodwa imingcele esekelwe ekuqukethe ibhekene nokuqashelwa okuqinile. Ilungelo lokucela livumela abantu ukuba bacele izinguquko kuhulumeni, kusukela ekufuneni izinguquko zendawo kuya ezinguquko zesizwe zemithetho.

ISichibiyelo II: Ilungelo Lokuthwala Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sithi: “I-Militia, njengoba idingekile ekulondekeni kukaZwe elikhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha futhi bathwale Izikhali, ngeke lishaywe.” Emlandweni weMelika, lokhu kulunga kwachazwa njengelungelo elihlangeneyo eliboshelwe inkonzo yobubushiqela. Nokho, ku-Divolution of Columbia v. Hellar [2008] [iNkakhulu], iNkantolo ephakeme yaqaphela ilungelo lokuba nebhamu lomuntu lokuzidubula ngenkani ekhaya. Iminyaka emibili kamuva, [[FLT:] [FLD [FDonald v]].[FOLD] [FLT] [20] [20]) isivikelo esibhekisele ezigabeni zezekelele. Namuhla, impova yemithetho yemithetho ephakathi kwe-Gronsonsole.

ISichibiyelo III: Amasosha Ahamba Ngezikhungo

ISichibiyelo sesithathu senqabela uhulumeni ukuba aphoqelele abaninimakhaya ukuba bahlalise amasosha ngesikhathi sokuthula ngaphandle kwemvume yabo. Lokhu kulungisa kwakuyimpendulo eqondile kuMasadi aseBrithani alwayo. Nakuba kungavamile ukuba kuthathwe iSichibiyelo sesithathu, umoya weSiphendu sesithathu uqinisa isimiso sokuthi ikhaya liyindawo engcwele yomuntu siqu engenazo iziphazamiso zezempi. Isivikelo salo esiphansi kakhulu, . . ."Isivikelo salo esingaphansi kweSiphendulo sesine (empempelesi yeGanci (ementmentmentment) i-jurispurence).

ISichibiyelo IV: Ukufuna Nokuchitha

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela izakhamuzi “ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nasekuqubukeni.” Ngokuvamile, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kumelwe kuthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe cishe entweni engenzeka ngaphambi kokuhlola ikhaya noma umuntu. Isivumelwano kumelwe sichaze ngokukhethekile indawo okumelwe kuphenywe kuyo nezinto ezizothathwa. Emakhulwini eminyaka, izinkantolo ziye zaqopha ngaphandle: ukuphenya, ukuphenya okusobala, izimo ezisobala, nokuhlola okwenzekayo ukuze kunqandwe. Ukubusa komthetho we-devary, okumiswe e-v. [Ohiouc.[FLT] [1961] [19] [191], kuvimbela ubufakazi obutholakalayo ekuhlolweni okungekho emthethweni ekusetshenziswe enkantolo. Enkathini yokulinganisa, iNkakhulu yeNkakhulu yenze i-temfastein, ifuna ukuvikelwa kwe-makhale, idinga ukugcinwa kwemininingwane ye-data (R.Calmial.), kudinga ukuving.

ISichibiyelo V: Amalungelo Ecala Lobugebengu

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu siqukethe isivikelo esiningi kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu, ngamunye onomsuka ojulile emthethweni wesiNgisi ovamile nokuhlangenwe nakho kwamakoloni.

Icala Elikhulu

Emacala amakhulu noma adumile, umshushisi kahulumeni kumelwe aqale ngokumangalela okukhulu kwabahluleli ngaphandle kokuba axoshelwe. Imibuso eminingi ayidingi ukuba kube namajaji amakhulu ngenxa yobugebengu bukahulumeni, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yakholelwa ukuthi lelilungelo alihlanganisiwe nemibuso.

I - “goodi ” Ekabili

Nokho, lesi sivikelo asimvimbeli umbusi ozimele (isimo esiwumbuso nohulumeni) ukuba amangalele ukuziphatha okufanayo, futhi asikuvimbeli ukuba kuqulwe kabusha icala ngemva kokuba ijaji lilengisiwe.

Ukuzilimaza Namalungelo EMiranda

Akukho muntu “ozophoqelelwa kunoma iliphi icala lobugebengu ukuba abe ufakazi omelene naye.” Lokhu kuveza izixwayiso ezidumile ze-Miranda (kusuka ku- Miranda v. I-Arizona, 1966), ifuna amaphoyisa ukuba azise abasolwayo ngelungelo labo lokuthula nokuba nommeli. Izimemezelo ezithathwe ngaphandle kwezixwayiso ezifanelekile aziqondakali.

Inqubo Efanele Nokuthatha

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu iSinyathelo sika-Access Claus sifuna uhulumeni ukuba alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba anciphe noma ubani ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. I-Pitas Claus inikeza izimvume “zikhokhelo zokulungisa” lapho uhulumeni ethatha impahla yomphakathi ukuze isetshenziswe emphakathini odumile. Icala lempikiswano Kelo v. City of New London[ (2005] ukusetshenziswa kwabantu" ukuhlanganisa ukuthuthukisa izomnotho, kodwa amazwe amaningi aye afaka imithetho eqinile.

ISichibiyelo VI: Sinelungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okufanele

ISiphazamiso seSithandathu siqinisekisa ummangalelwa wecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi ohlwini lwabasizi bejaji abangakhethi, ilungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nelungelo lokusiza ompendulweni ukuze avikele. Ilungelo lokululeka lachazwa ngokudume kakhulu Gideon v. Wainwr [1963], ifuna ukuba kunikezwe izimemezelo zokunikeza ummeli abamangalelwa emacaleni ayimfihlo. Lokhu kamuva kwanwetshwa kunyuselwa emacaleni amaningi lapho ummangalelwa ebophontshelwe khona (Argisteringer v Hamlin, 1972). Ikomiti yokuqunga inkantolo isebenza noma isiphi isigwebo esikhokhelo ngezinyanga eziyisithupha.

ISichibiyelo VII: Ukuvivinywa Kwangaphakathi

ISichibiyelo seSembete silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala labahluleli “kumthetho ovamile” lapho inani lempikiswano lidlula khona amaRandi angamashumi amabili (isibalo esikhulu ngo-1791). INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi leli lungiselelo lisebenza kuphela enkantolo kahulumeni, hhayi ekuwiseni izigijimi (ngaphandle kokuba umthetho kahulumeni uyinikeze). Ukulungisa futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi isahlulelo sahlulelo asiphi naleso somthetho singaphinde sihlolwe kabusha kwenye inkantolo ngaphandle kwemithetho yomthetho ovamile. Ngokwenqubo, lemithetho i-atcapete mentalcations ekunqanyulweni kwamacala angokomthetho abahluleli abahluleli. Ilungelo lokuphatha inkantolo libalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuthemba komphakathi ezimisweni zomthetho, njengoba ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinqume izingxabano, izivumelwano zezivumelwano, izivumelwano, impahla nempahla.

ISichibiyelo VIII: Isijeziso Esinonya Nesingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili eqile, inhlawulo ephakeme, nesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza “ukungalawuleki nokungajwayelekile” ukuguqula imo elandela izindinganiso zomphakathi zokuhlonipheka. Ngokwesibonelo, isijeziso sokufa sokudlwengulwa kwabantu abadala (i-Coker v. Georgia, 1977) kanye nobugebengu obenziwa yintsha (Roper v. Simmons, 2005) baye bagcinwa bengenamthetho ohlukile. Isigwebo futhi siyakwenqabela izigwebo ezingalingani, njengokufa kobugebengu obungalawulwangakhonzi (Gram v. Florida, 2010).

ISichibiyelo I - IX: Amalungelo Angenacala

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sithi: “Umthetho-sisekelo weSimemezelo sodwa, wamalungelo athile, awuzukuthathwa njengokwenqaba noma ukuhlukanisa abanye abantu.” Lokhu kulunga kwenezelwa ekunciphiseni ukwesaba ukuthi ukudwetshwa kwamalungelo athile kungasho ukuthi wonke amalungelo anikezelwe. Nakuba iSichibiyelo se-Genetic iyodwa nje kuphela kuyisisekelo esiyinhloko sesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme, sisekela ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo angalawuleki, njengalungelo lokuvikela umphakathi (Griswold v. Connecticut, 1965) kanye nelungelo lokushada (Obergefell v. Hodge, 2015). ISikhumbukiso sisikhumbuza ukuthi umthetho-mthetho awuwona umbhalo ophelele; unikeza isivikelo somphakathi ukukhuselwa.

ISichibiyelo X: Isimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni NoMbuso

ISichibiyelo seshumi sigcinelwe izifunda (noma kubantu) yonke imibuso engaphathiswa uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe ezizweni. Lokhu kulungisa kuyisisekelo sobuzwe baseMelika. Silinganisela izinga legunya likahulumeni futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi isithi ukulondoloza ubukhosi bayo ukuze ilawule izinto ezinjengemfundo, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho wendawo, kanye nezentengiselwano zezwe. United States v. Lopez [1955] [195]), iNkantolo yashaya umthetho ovimbela izibhamu ezifundayo eduze nezikole, iphethe ukuthi idlulisa amandla entengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezomthetho futhi ihlasele ukuhlasela kwegunya. Ngokufanayo, i-FUProbius Conservetion of Busity v.[1910] [19]

Ukuhlolwa: Ukusebenzisa Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Kahulumeni

Ekuqaleni, iSipho samaLungelo sasebenza kuphela kuhulumeni kahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme eyayise-Barron v. Baltimore (1833) ukuthi izifundazwe zazingaboshelwanga yilezi zinguquko. Okwashintsha ngemva kweMpi Yomthetho yangaphakathi ngokuncishiswa kweSichibiyelo seGajiso se 1450, esihlanganisa i-Uclement yeMbukiso ka-Claus evikela “imfuno noma ukugonyelwa” ye-U.S. Izakhamuzi. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, iNkanto enziwa kancane kancane “ilungiselelo eningi yamaLungelo ngokumelene neSimende se-Gade. Namuhla, kuhlanganisa zonke isivikelo sokuvikelwa kwenkululeko yenkulumo, ukuvikelwa kwezikhali ngokungenangqondo, ukuhlolwa kwesizwe esithile kuphela nesifunda esikhona. ISiphakamende se-G. ISiphakamende se-G.

Ukufundisa Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Izimemezelo Zekilasi

Kubafundisi, ukuletha iBhili yamalungelo ekuphileni kudinga okungaphezu kokuhlela ukuhlelwa kwezindaba. Yiba nezimpikiswano ezingokomlando ezidlalwa phakathi kwabafelwayo nabalwayo abalwayo. Sebenzisa imfaniso yecala lamacala aseNkantolo Ephakeme ukuze uhlaziye indlela amalungelo alinganiswe ngayo ezithakazelweni ezincintisanayo. Memele ummeli wendawo noma umahluleli ukuba axoxe ngemiphumela yangempela. Khuthaze abafundi ukuthola izindaba zamanje ezihilela umthetho-mfashini, njengokukhuluma ngenkululeko emakolishi, ikhamera yendikimba yamaphoyisa, noma imithetho yezentethelo yezempane. Imithombo yezentengo yezomthetho yesizwe eMnyango isekelwe eSikhungweni sombuso [[FLT:]] kanye ne iprojecter [[FOy3]] inikeza indaba nenkulumo eqokozayo yezindaba zezikhulu.

Isiphetho: Ifa Elihlala Njalo Lencwadi Yamalungelo Abantu

IBill of Rights ayiyona ingxenye yomnyuziyamu; iwumthetho ophilayo oqhubeka uhlela ukuphila kwaseMelika. Kusukela ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nemfihlo yamanani kuya ekubhikisheni, lezi zinguquko eziyishumi zinikeza uhlelo lokuvikela isithunzi somuntu ngamunye kuhulumeni ngokuphaphazanyiswa. Nokho iBill of Rights inamandla kuphela njengezakhamuzi eziyiqondayo futhi ziyivikele. Njengoba ufundisa noma uhlola lezi zinguquko, khumbula ukuthi isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe silwisane nencazelo yaso kanye nendlela esisebenza ngayo. [[FLT: 0] Umbhalo ogcwele weBill of Rights utholakala ngokukhululekile, futhi izimiso zaso zihlala zibiza ukuqapha. Ngokwazi amalungelo akho, usekela isithembiso se-America.