Ukuqonda Imibala Ehlukahlukene

Ukukhethwa kuyisici esiyinhloko sesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi esimelela abameleli, sinikeza izakhamuzi inqubo ehlelwe kahle yokukhetha abaholi bazo nesimiso somphakathi. Kunokuyisenzakalo esisodwa, inqubo yokukhetha ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokhetho, ngayinye ifeza injongo ehlukile. Kusukela kukhetho oluphezulu olunquma isikhulu esiyinhloko sesizwe esiphethe kuvoti yesikole sendawo, ukuqonda lezizinhlobo ezinika abavoti amandla okuhlanganyela ngokwenzuzo enkulu. Le siqondiso esinwetshwayo sidlulela ngalé kwemisuka emfundweni eyisisekelo yokuhlola uhlobo ngalunye lokhetho, izimiso zokhetho ezibusayo, nezinselele zanamuhla ezithonya indlela esivota ngayo.

Ukuhlanganyela ngolwazi kudinga okungaphezu kokwazi nje ukuthi uzovela nini kulokhu kuhlola. Kudinga ukuqaphela ukuthi kungani kubizwa okhetho oluthile, indlela abafuna ukukhethwa ngayo, nokuthi izakhamuzi ezisebenzisa amandla ngokuqondile zingasebenzisani ngama-apendium. Lesi sihloko sinikeza leso sisekelo, sihlomisela abafundi ukuba basebenzise noma isiphi isiteshi abahlangana naso.

Ukukhetha Okuvamile – Ukukhetha Abameleli Bokugcina

Ukhetho oluvamile luwuhlobo lokhetho olujwayelekile nolusakazwa kabanzi. Luyenzeka ezindaweni ezizinzile [1] Ngokuvamile njalo eminyakeni emibili, emine, emihlanu, noma eyisithupha − ukugcwalisa amahhovisi abaphathi abaphetheyo namagunya e-province ezwe, ezwe, ezwe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nasemazingeni asendaweni. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, ukhetho lukamongameli luba njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine ngoMsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovember, kuyilapho okhetho lwe-Comcomganicational mater lwenzeka njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili.

Phakathi nokhetho oluvamile, abavoti bakhetha phakathi kwabazohlomela ukumiswa kweqembu labo kakade ngezinqubo eziyinhloko noma ze-caucus (noma abafuna ukuzimela abafanelekela ngesicelo). Amahhovisi ase-colot angahlanganisa:

  • UMongameli noma uNdunankulu (oncike esimisweni sezombangazwe)
  • Amalungu esishaya - mthetho sezwe (iSishaya - mthetho, iPhalamende, uDaw, njll.)
  • Ababusi boMbuso nezikhulu zikahulumeni
  • Ama - mayor, amalungu omkhandlu wedolobha, nezinye izikhulu zendawo
  • Izikhulu zokwahlulela emazweni lapho abahluleli bekhethwa khona

Ngokuvamile okhetho oluvamile luphawulwa ngomvoti omkhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zokhetho, nakuba ukuvota kuhluka kakhulu ngokwezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, I-IDEA International of Worldwide ibonisa ukuthi amazwe avota ngokuphoqelelwe, njenge-Australia ne Belgium, ahlale ebona ukuvota ngaphezulu kuka-80%, kuyilapho ezizweni ezivota ngokuzithandela ezinjenge-United States, ephendulela kukhetho lukamongameli ezindaweni ezingu 60% futhi ehle awehla afinyelela ku-40% noma ngaphansi kwemiphakathi.

Umphumela wokhetho oluvamile unquma isiqondiso sesimiso sikahulumeni segama elizayo, silenza libe isinqumo esiwumphumela omkhulu kakhulu esingase siwezwe umvoti. Ezimisweni zephalamende, ukhetho oluvamile lungabangela futhi ukushintsha kukahulumeni ngokuqondile ngokwengeziwe, njengoba iqembu noma umfelandawonye othola izihlalo eziningi cishe ubumba igatsha eliphethe.

Ukukhethwa Okuvamile Ezimisweni Ezihlukene Zezombangazwe

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akuyona yonke idemokrasi ephatha ukhetho oluqondile lwenhloko kahulumeni. Ephalamendeni (umz., iUnited Kingdom, Canada, iNdiya), izakhamuzi zivotela amalungu ephalamende, kanye nomphathi kahulumeni (umfundisi) okhethwe yiqembu noma umfelandawonye ophethe. Ezimisweni zobumongameli (umz., i-United States, Brazil), ivotela ngokuqondile kokubili isishaya-mthetho nomongameli ngokwezimboni ezihlukene. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kuyisihluthulelo sokuchaza imiphumela yokhetho emhlabeni wonke.

Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko — Ukukhetha Abancintisanayo

Phambi kokhetho oluvamile lumane lulinganiselwe kunomvoti oyedwa, okhetho oluyinhloko lunquma ukuthi ubani ozomelela iqembu lezombangazwe emncintiswaneni wokugcina. Izindawo zomgede ziyisici se-United States, nakuba kukhona umehluko kwamanye amazwe (ngokwesibonelo, iFrance isebenzisa iziteshi ezivulekile zamaqembu ezithathelwa umgomo wobumongameli). Inqubo eyinhloko yandisa ukungenela kwentando yeningi ngokuvumela amalungu esigaba sobupolitiki nehele futhi, kwezinye izimo, abavoti abazimele ukuba babe nezwi elikhethwe yi-prezi.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana eziyinhloko, futhi imithetho yazo ithinta ngokuphawulekayo owina ukukhethwa:

  • Open Prime : Noma yimuphi umvoti obhaliwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ulungu weqembu, angavota noma yimuphi umkhakha weqembu. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukulinganisela kodwa kufaka izingozi “ekuvoteni” lapho amalungu eqembu elimelene naye ezama ukupholisa isikali kulowo ongcono kakhulu.
  • I-Primedis ezivalekile: Abavoti kuphela ababhaliswe neqembu elithile abangahlanganyela kulomkhakha oyinhloko. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi umnumee uveza imibono yabaqotho beqembu kodwa angaholela kubantu abeqisa kakhulu njengabavoti abayinhloko bathambekele ekubeni baqonde kakhulu.
  • Semi-Valed Prime : Amalungu eqembu abhaliswe ngokubhaliwe kanye nabavoti abangabhaliswanga bangahlanganyela, kodwa abavoti ababhaliswe nomunye iqembu abakhishwa. Lemizamo yokulinganisela ukuhlanganisa nobuqotho obubodwa.
  • Nonpartisan Blanket Primites: Isetshenziswa kwezinye izifundazwe zase-U.S. (umz. California, Washington), bonke abavoti bavela ebhokisini eliyinhloko elilodwa, futhi abavoti ababili abaphezulu baqhubekela phambili kukhetho oluvamile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyini isigaba. Lesimiso ngezinye izikhathi singaphumela ekubeni abathathi-mzameli ababili abancintisanayo ekwindlani elilodwa.

Okwenza Ubugebengu Bubaluleke

Izenzo zobugebengu ziye zakhula njengoba ukuhola kweqembu kuye kwancipha futhi abazothatha i-ocestrations ngokuya bephendukela ekufuneni iziteshi eziphambili eziqoqa imithombo yezindaba. Unyaka ka 2016 no-2020 umongameli wase-U.Unyaka ka-2020 u-primbial primriaries, ngokwesibonelo, bafaka izimpawu zokubukisa abasekeli abazama ukuphumelela kakhulu ekulungiseni kabusha amapulatifomu abo. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi “ukungahleleki kwemidanti” futhi kukhuthaza izimpikiswano ngokwanda okungokokungena phambili, ukuvota okuvamile, izibalo zabavoti abaqalayo (ngokuvamile,) futhi iziboshelwa kakhulu, futhi nokungaphezulu kakhulu kwe-Rocendic, futhi okungaphezulu kakhulu (ccan) kuveza ithonya elikhulu kakhulu endaweni yezombangazwe. Lesi senzakalo saziwa ngokuthi“ ukuvikelwa kwemiba okungamthetho omba ombangamele ububanzi"""""" futhi kubhebhebhexa izimpikiswano ngokwanda ngokukhula, njengangokwabantu abavulekile.

Izinhlelo Ezikhethekile – Ukugcwalisa Amagebe Angalindelekile

Lapho isikhulu esikhethiwe siphuma esikhundleni ngaphambi kokuba siphelelwe isikhathi, kuphele (hhayi ukuphela, ukufa, ukuxoshwa, noma ukumiswa kwesinye isikhundla) kubizwa ukuba kugcwaliswe ukhetho olukhethekile. Ukhetho olukhethekile luqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zihlala zimelelwe ngaphandle kokulinda ukhetho olulandelayo oluhlelwe njalo. Zingavela kunoma yiliphi izinga likahulumeni, kusukela ebhukwini ledolobha ukuya eSigeleni sase-U.S.

Okhetho olukhethekile oludumile luye lwasusa imiphumela engokombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukhetho olukhethekile luka-2017 lweSigele sase-U.S. e-Alabama, olwabangelwa ukumiswa kukaJeff Session njengo-Attorney General, lwaphumela ekutheni uDemocrat Doug Jones awine isifunda saseRepublican. Ngokufanayo, ngo-2009, i-New York 23rd collegional commental commentationoligist ekhethekile yesithathu yahlukanisa ivoti yeRepublican, okwaholela ekuphazameni kwedemocratic eyayimela i-teparty efanekisela inhlangano ye-Tea Party.

Ngokuvamile okhetho abakhethekile baheha ukuvela phansi futhi bathonywe kakhulu izimo zendawo, ukugxila kwemithombo yezindaba, nesimo sezombangazwe ngaleso sikhathi.

Ukukhetha Kwendawo – Lapho Intando Yeningi Ihlasela Khona Ikhaya

Nakuba ukhetho lwezwe luvelele kakhulu, okhetho bendawo luthinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwezakhamuzi zansuku zonke. Ukhetho lukaMasipala nolwesifundazwe lunquma ukuthi ubani ophatha izikole, olungisa imigwaqo, onikeza amaphoyisa nezicisha - mlilo, amise imithetho yokubeka izakhiwo, futhi anakekele impilo yomphakathi. Naphezu kokubaluleka kwabo, okhetho bendawo ngokuvamile bahlulwa yizinhlomo eziphansi kakhulu zokuvota noma yiluphi uhlobo lokhetho. E-United States, ngisho nezinhlanga ezinkulu zedolobha ngokuvamile zibona ukuthi zingaphansi kwama-30%, futhi amabhodi ezokuvota esikoleni angangena ezigabeni ezingeni elilodwa.

Izimo ezivamile zendawo zihlanganisa:

  • Amalungu oMkhandlu Wedolobha Nabaqongeleli
  • Ama-mayor (kwizimiso zemeya-council) noma amamenenja wedolobha (kwizimiso zomkhandlu-manager)
  • Abaphathiswa isikole
  • Abakhomishane nabaphathi besifunda
  • Abahluleli (ezindaweni ezimayelana nokhetho lokwahlulela)
  • Abahloli bentela, abaphathi bezindaba, abameli besigodi

Isimo sokhetho lwendawo siyahluka futhi: abanye basebenzisa ama-collection bollet ngenkathi ezinye zingekho propartisan; ezinye ziqhutshwa ngesikhathi esifanayo nokhetho lwezwe noma lombuso ukuze zithuthukise (“ukhetho oluqinile”), kuyilapho ezinye zigcinwa ngezinsuku ezihlukene. [[FLT][1] Brennan Center yeJaji [ [[FLT]] iphawula ukuthi ngaphandle kwe-mdlalizo zokhetho lwendawo ithambekele ekuvulekeni phansi futhi ithambekele kakhulu ethonyeni lamaqembu ahlelileyo. Izihloko zeGropolathisi ezifuna ukuthuthukisa ukubusa komphakathi wazo zingaveza ithonya elikhulu ngokuhlanganyela kulokhu kuhlola okuvamile.

Izindlela Zokuthatha Intando Yeningi Nezinyathelo Ze - ballot

Izindlela zokuvota kanye nokuqamba i-Referendondom ziyizindlela ezivumela abavoti ukuba badlule abameleli babo abakhethiwe futhi banqume ngokuqondile imibuzo yezimiso. Nakuba lamagama ngezinye izikhathi esetshenziswa ngokungafani, kukhona ukuhlukanisa kobuchwepheshe:

  • IReferendems izinyathelo ezibhekiswe kubavoti yisigebengu (noma ngokwesidingo somthetho-mthetho). Ingasetshenziselwa ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ogunyaziwe, ivumele izibopho ezinkulu zinzinyana, noma ukunquma ukuthi umthetho usudlulisiwe kakade (a “i-veto arentemum”).
  • [ Izinga lokuhlanganisa (noma izinyathelo ezithandwayo) ziyimithetho noma izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ezihlongozwa ngokuqondile yizakhamuzi ngenqubo yokucela. Uma nje sekuqoqwe izignesha ezanele, isilinganiso sihamba ngaphambi kwevotatenti.

Kukhona izinyathelo ezithathelwe imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi, iSwitzerland iyisibonelo esidume kakhulu sokubusa ngentando yeningi okuqondiswe kakhulu kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni. ECalifornia, inqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo iveze izimiso eziphawula imingcele enjenge-Procement 13 (izikhonkwane zentela ezifanele ngo- 1978) ne-Proposition 209 (isenzo sokuyekelela). I-Brexit intenterum ka-2016 iyisigcawu esiphezulu esisengxenyeni engaphezulu lapho i-pakethendalum yaba nemiphumela emikhulu khona yobudlelwane bomhlaba wonke.

Ukuxhumanisa ama-v. Advisory Referendedums

Amanye ama-arendium abopheka ngokomthetho---------arendim abophekile ngokomthetho----------agn, inkambiso ivele ibe umthetho. Amanye ahloselwe ukuhlola umbono womphakathi nesiqondiso. Ama-arendimendime angekhona ukubopha i-aspendium ngezinye izikhathi agxekwa njengokuhlola okubizayo, kodwa angasasebenzisa ukucindezela kwezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe amaningi ase-U. akhona amazwe amaningi aphethe imibuzo engagunyazi ukuhlanganisa i-odavisoli ngezindaba ezigcina isikhathi sosuku noma ukufaka umthetho insangu eyisa izinkoliso zezimpawu ezithandwa abavoti bomthetho.

Ukuqonda Izimiso Zomdlalo - sisekelo - Imithetho Ebangela Imiphumela

Uhlobo lokhetho luyingxenye yesithombe; lubaluleke ngokufanayo isimiso sokhetho, futhi lubalulekile, futhi lunemithetho ehlela ukuvota ezihlalweni noma ezinqumweni. Izimiso ezihlukene ziveza imiphumela ehlukene yezombangazwe, amazinga okulingana, namazinga okwaneliseka kovoti. Izimiso ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Eyokuqala-Past-the Post (FPP)[FTP:]: Isetshenziswa e-U.S., U.K., Canada, naseNdiya phakathi kwezinye. Voters bavotela oyedwa; ovotayo othola kakhulu uphumelele. Lesi simiso ngokuvamile siholela ekulawuleni okuphakame kabili futhi singaveza “amavoti” lapho abawini bedinga khona ubuningi kuphela, hhayi iningi.
  • Ipropaticationation (PR): Isetshenziswa engxenyeni enkulu yeYurophu nase-Latin America. Ama-Sett anikwa amalungu ngokulingana nesabelo sawo sokuvota. Izimiso zePR zikhuthaza izishaya-mthetho eziningi ezihlukene kanye nezihlangene, futhi zilandela ngokungafani njenge-PR yoluhlu lwe-PR, ivoti eyodwa edluliswayo (STV), kanye nesigaba esixubile (MMP).
  • Imikhondo ye-Majoritarian Systems: Kudingeka umbheki ukuba azuze amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-50 evoti. Lokhu kungafinyelelwa ngesimiso esijikelezayo esikabili (njengaseFrance) noma ukuvota okusheshayo (ukuvota okuthathelwe indawo ebanzi okuthandwa amadolobha njenge San Francisco kanye nezifundazwe njenge-Maine).
  • Izimiso ezilungisiwe: i-PPTP ne PR. Ngokwesibonelo, iJalimane ne-New Zealand zisebenzisa i-MMP, lapho abavoti bevota khona amavoti amabili(inye ye-projekthi) kanye neyeqembu) ukuze bakhiqize imiphumela elinganayo uma begcina ukumelelwa kwendawo.

Isimiso ngasinye sinezentengiselwano ezihlukene. I-FPTP ilula futhi iveza ohulumeni abanezigaba eziqinile kodwa ingashiya izingxenye ezinkulu zabavoti abangameleli. I-PR inikeza izimpawu ezingcono emagameni amancane kodwa ingaholela ekwahlukaneni kwamaphalamende nasemqokanweni. Ukuqonda lezi zimiso kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlaziye iziphakamiso ezikhethiwe zenguquko, njengokuthatha izinqumo ezisemthethweni e-United States.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ekukhetheni Kwanamuhla

Ubuchwepheshe buye baguqula indlela yokuvota, kusukela ekutholeni izitatimende zokuvota zemishini yovota ye-electronic kanye nemishini yokuvota kulayini. Uvota ngomshini (ukuvota-nga) uthembisa ukuvalwa ngokushesha nokutholakala okukhulu kwabavoti abakhubazekile, kodwa futhi uveza izingozi ze-inthaneti. [[FLT]U.S. EFUMATICCOM [[FLT] inikeza iziqondiso zokuhlola isimiso sokuvota kanye ne-crective, kodwa iyaqhubeka ikhathazekile ngokucustom, i-software, i-software, kanye nokuswela kwephepha lomzila wemishini yakudala.

Ukuvota nge-inthanethi, okusetshenziswa emazweni anjenge-Estonia ekukhetheni okhetho oluvamile, kusalokhu kunempikiswano. Nakuba kuthuthukisa ukuvuleka futhi kungathuthukisa ukuvota kwamazwe aphesheya nasemasha, abagxeki baxwayisa ngokuthi ukuphepha nge-intanethi kuletha izinselele ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe. Ama-paper bolotte (hhayi this quotation noma i-scancreents) ayesabhekwa njengendinganiso ne-scription, njengoba kuboniswa yizifunda ezinjengoMichigan ne-Pennsylvania ezincia ezithembele kakhulu ezimisweni zokuhlola i-opera ebhalwe phansi.

Ubuchwepheshe bufeza indima ekhulayo futhi emalini yezezimali zomkhankaso (ezisebenza ngomshini ziqoqa iziteshi ezinjenge-Act Blue), ukuvota (izikhangiso ezifakwe kuyimishini), nokuthola ukwaziswa okunganembile. Amavoter kumelwe ahlale eqaphile ngemithombo yokwaziswa kokhetho lwawo futhi aqonde indlela ubuchwepheshe obusiza ngayo futhi bufake engozini ukuthembeka kwenqubo yokukhetha.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Zokukhetha Ubuqotho

Nakuba abavoti beye baqala, izinselele ezingapheli ziyaqhubeka zihambisana nezinsongo ezintsha. Ukubusa ngentando yeningi okunempilo akudingi izinqubo ezilungile kuphela kodwa futhi nokuthemba umphakathi kulezo zinqubo. Izinselele eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

Izakhamuzi eziziqondayo lezi zinselele zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukusekela izinguquko eziqinisa ukuqina kwentando yeningi. Ukuhlola ukhetho ngamaqembu asekhaya namazwe ngamazwe [1] [[FLT:][1] Inhlangano yesizwe yeDemocratic [[[FLT]]] ````amalungu ahlukanisa ukungahleleki nokwakha ukwethembana.

Isiphetho – Indima Yakho Enqubweni Yentando Yeningi

Idemokrasi ayiwona umdlalo obonwayo. Ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zokhetho − i-general, i-octal, i-octenum, indawo, ne-apendium , kunikeza amasu amaningi okuthembisana kwezakhamuzi. Ngamunye ufeza umsebenzi okhethekile emvelweni yezombangazwe, kusukela ekukhetheni abathwali beqembu ukunquma ngokuqondile imibuzo yenqubo. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa, kanye nezimiso zokukhetha ezibabusayo ezibalawulayo kanye nezinselele ababhekene nazo, kunika abavoti amandla okuhamba nge-bhatata ngokuqiniseka.

Kodwa ulwazi lulodwa alwanele. Ukuhlanganyela yinjini egcina ukubusa ngentando yeningi. Uma uvota ngokuyinhloko, uhlela uhlu lwezinqumo ozikhethele zona ngoNovember. Uma uvota okhethweni endaweni okhetha kuyo, unquma ukuthi ubani ophatha isikole sengane yakho noma amapaki omakhelwane. Uma uvota e-astendendum, ulawula imithetho ebusa umphakathi wakho.

Ilungelo lokuvota liye lalwelwa futhi landiswa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Liyilungelo elithwala umthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlanganyela ngolwazi. Ngokujwayelana nohlobo oluhlukile lokhetho namandla athinta imiphumela yabo, uba umphathi ophumelela kakhulu wezindinganiso zentando yeningi. Qaphela, ukhulume, futhi uvote kunoma iluphi ukhetho (hhayi nje lolo olugcina izihloko.)