Ukuqonda Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemithetho Ekhulwini Lama - 21

Ukuphoqelelwa kokuqondisa kwakha umgogodla wobubusi banamuhla, ukuguqula inhloso yokulawula kube yimiphumela engokoqobo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene njengesivikelo sendawo ezungezile, ukuqina kwezimali, impilo yomphakathi, kanye nendawo yokuxhumana. Njengoba ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke belwa nomnotho nezinhlangano eziyinkimbinkimbi, inqubo lapho iziqondiso ziqashelwa, ziphoqelelwe, futhi zihlelwa ngokunye. Igebe phakathi komthetho obhaliwe nokulalela okungokoqobo liye laba ukukhathalela okunzima kwabenzi bemithetho, amabhizinisi, nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo.

Izimiso eziphumelelayo ziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho eklanyelwe ukuvikela izithakazelo zomphakathi iyalandelwa, izijeziso zokwephulwa zisetshenziswa njalo, futhi umthetho uhlala uthembekile. Nokho, indlela elandelwayo yokusebenza igcwele izithiyo — ukuvinjelwa kwempahla, ukuphazamisa kwezombangazwe, ukuphazamiseka kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokungahleleki komthetho kwanamuhla konke kusongela ukubhuntshisa ukusebenza komthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinselele eziningi ezibhekene nokugcinwa kokulawula namuhla futhi sidweba izindlela zokukuqinisa, ukudweba izimpawu zezehlakanisela ezingokomhlaba wonke kanye nezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokukwenza.

Izinsika Ezinamandla Okuqondisa

Ngaphambi kokuhlola izinselele, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi yini eyenza ukugcinwa kwamaphoyisa kuphumelele.

  • I-Deterance:[ Usongo lokuthola nokujezisa kumelwe luthembeke ngokwanele ukunqanda ukuphulwa. Lokhu kudinga ukuhlola kwasikhathi sonke, izimiso zokuhlola eziqinile, kanye nezijeziso ezinengqondo.
  • Ukuzihambela: Izenzo zokuphoqelela kumele zibe ezingaguquguquki, ezibonisayo, nezingenakho ubandlululo. Okungasetshenziswa kululaza ukwethembana futhi kukhuthaza ukungahambisani.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isikhulu:[ Izinhlangano eziqondisayo zidinga ukuxhaswa ngokwanele, izisebenzi ezinekhono, namathuluzi obuchwepheshe ukuze zifeze iziyalezo zazo ngokuphumelelayo.
  • Ukuqashelwa:[ kwemithetho kanye nezindlela zokuqinisa kumelwe zivele ngokusabela ezingozini ezintsha, ezobuchwepheshe, kanye nezilindelekile.

Izingxenye ezilandelayo zihlaziya izinselele eziyinhloko ezenza lezi zinsika zibe buthaka.

Izinselele Ezinkulu Ekuqondiseni

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemithombo Yezinto Nezinkinga Zokusebenzisa Imali

Amanxusa alawulayo kokubili emazweni athuthukisiwe nasathuthuka ngokuvamile asebenza ngemithombo enganele. ECD ifakazele ukuthi amazinga amaningi okuhlola abhekene nezisebenzi angaphansi kakhulu kwalokho okudingekayo ukuze kuvikelwe indawo yawo ezungezile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) isebenzisa izihloli zemisebenzi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi 8 — okusho ukuthi kungathatha amashumi eminyaka ukuze zonke izisebenzi zihlolwe ngisho nakanye. Isilinganiso esifanayo sikhona ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile, ukudla, nomthetho wezezimali emhlabeni wonke.

Uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali luphinde lunciphise lezi zindleko. Uma izinhlangano zingakwazi ukuqasha noma ukugcina izisebenzi ezifanelekayo, ziqhuba ukuhlola njalo, noma zifake izimali emishinini yokucwaninga nezimiso zemininingwane, ukuphoqelelwa kuyathatha isinyathelo kunokuba kuqhubeke. Ukuphula umthetho kuyabhadula, futhi imiphumela yokuvinjelwa kwemithetho iyasheshisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano ezingaphansi kwezimiso zingafaka phambili ezisemqoka kakhulu kuyilapho zidebeselele ukuhlelwa kokuhlelwa ngokuhleleka, zidala ukunqanda ukunqanda ukuhlelwa kokugcinwa.

Ukuze babheke lokhu, ohulumeni kumelwe baqaphele ukugcinwa kwemithetho njengemithetho edinga ukugcinwa kwezakhiwo ezifanele ukugcinwa. Izisebenzi ezikhokhelwayo ezifuna ukukhokhelwa imali — njengemali yokuhlola, amafa ekwabiweni kabusha kwezindawo zezinhlangano, noma ukubambisana komphakathi ukuze kutholwe ukwaziswa okugunyaziwe — zinganezela ekusebenziseni imvume.

Ukuqina Kwemithetho

Izimiso zanamuhla ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili, zibonisa ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwemithetho yembulunga yonke yokuqoqa impahla, izimakethe ze-apply, kanye nemithetho engqungquthela engqubuzanayo yendawo ezungezile. Inhlangano yezezimali eLondon kungadingeka ivumelane nemithetho engamakhulu elandelwayo evela ezikhundleni eziningi: i-European Union’s GDPR, i-United Kingdom’s Financial Livile Authority Authority, izimfuneko ze-United Kingdom ezilwa nemali, nemithetho evimbelayo yomhlaba wonke.

Kubaphathi, ukuyinkimbinkimbi kudala izinselele zokugcinwa kwamanani. Abahloli kumele babe ochwepheshe ezindaweni eziningi, izincazelo zomthetho zingahlukahluka, futhi ukunquma umlawuli olungile noma igunya lokwephula umthetho kungase kungacaci. IBhange leWorld[[ iqaphele ukuthi ukuqondiswa kwemithetho kanye nesiqondiso esicacile kubalulekile ukuze kuthotyelwe, kodwa amagunya amaningi ayaqhubeka eveza imithetho ehlukene noma ephikisanayo. Izimiso zokunciphisa imigaqo — ngokusebenzisa ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa, nokuhlanganisa, nokuthuthukisa izimpawu ezisobala — kunganciphisa ukudidelwa nokuthuthukisa ngaphandle kokuvikelwa isivikelo.

Ithonya Lezombangazwe Nesimiso Sokuphatha

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo zihloselwe ukusebenza ngokwazo, zivikeleke ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe okufushane. Eqinisweni, ithonya lezombangazwe liwusongo oluphikelelayo. Izikhulu eziqashelwe zingacindezela izinhlangano ukuba zihambe kalula ezimbonini ezinkulu, izenzo zokupholisa ezibambezela, noma zimise kabusha izimo ezithile ngenxa yezizathu zokuthatha isinyathelo. Okunye okungaqondakali kungukubanjwa [ okulawulayo , lapho izinhlangano ziza khona ziyokhonza izithakazelo zezimboni ezinkulu, zilawula izimboni kunokuba ziqondise umphakathi.

Izenzo zivame ukuthathwa ngokunyenya: ngomnyango ohlanganisa izisebenzi phakathi kwezinhlangano nezimboni, ngokusekela iziqondiso eziklanywe ngaphambi kokuba zigqitshwe, noma ngokubambisana kobuholi bezinhlangano ngezithakazelo eziphambili zezinhlangano ezihlangene. Uma ukuphoqelelwa kubanjwa, ukuphulwa kwemithetho kuyanganakwa, izijeziso ziyayekelela, futhi izindinganiso zokuziqondisa zincishiswa. Lokhu kululaza ukwethemba umphakathi futhi kungaholela ekubhujisweni kwenhlekelele — njengoba kuboniswa ekuchitheni kwemali kuka-20097 kanye nokuchitheka kuka-oyilensi ka-oyile ka-Deeter Water Disorive ka-ge.

Ukulwa nokuthumba kudinga izilinganiso eziqinile zokubona, njengezincwadi zomphakathi zokuxhumana nabantu abafuna ukutholwa, ukupholisa inkathi kubaqondisi bangaphambili, kanye nezindikimba ezizimele zobugada. Ukunika amandla abafuyi bekhwelo nokuvikela abathengi kusiza futhi ukuba alondoloze ukulandisa.

Ukungavumelani Kwezobuchwepheshe Nezigaba Zokuqondisa

Ubuchwepheshe bushintsha ngokushesha kakhulu kunezindlela zomthetho noma zokuphoqelela. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-Cryptuurrenc, i-blockchain, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, izimoto ezizimeleyo, kanye namapulatifomu ontanga ngokuvamile asebenza ezindaweni ezimpunga kakhulu. Imithetho ekhona ingase ingasebenzi, noma ingagwenywa kalula ngezindlela zobuchwepheshe. Izethulo, inkampani ezihamba ngokungenayo njenge-Uber no-Lyft zazigwema izimiso zeteksi ngokuzibeka ngokwazo njengeziteksi kunokuba zibe izinkonzo zobuchwepheshe. Ngokufanayo, imithetho ehloniphekile yezezimali (Defi) ayisebenzi ekubekeni imingcele yokubhalisa izimali ngokwesiko, yenza izingozi kubathengi nakuzimo yemali.

Imishini kumelwe ithuthukise ukufunda nokubhala kwezobuchwepheshe ukuze iqonde futhi ihlole izimboni ezintsha. Lokhu kungahilela ukuqasha izazi zesayensi, ukusebenzelana nabacwaningi bezemfundo, kanye nokwamukela izindlela zokulawula ezisheshayo njengebhokisi le-sandbox nemithetho esekelwe kumphumela. Ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke kubalulekile, njengoba izinkonzo zemishini ziwela imingcele ngaphandle komzamo. I-MALIT Active Task Force (FATF) iye yahola imizamo yokwandisa imithetho evimbela ukumelana nemali esetshenziswa yimpahla ethile, kodwa ihlala ingekho ngqiqwele emazweni.

Ukuhlukana Kwezimpikiswano Nokuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke

Ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho ngokwesiko kusebenza phakathi kwemingcele yesizwe, kodwa eziningi zezingozi zanamuhla — ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukubalekela ukukhokha intela, ukukhokhwa kwe-inthanethi, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe — zisemhlabeni wonke. Izinhlangano zamazwe amaningi zingasebenzisa izikhala ezilawulayo ngokushintsha kwemisebenzi emazweni angenawo amandla aqinile, okuyisenzakalo esibizwa ngokuthi ukubuyisela imingcele. Ngisho nakulelozwe elilodwa, iziphathimandla (izezimali, umbuso, indawo) ezingalinganiswayo zingabangela ukuhluleka kwezimiso zokubambisana.

Ukubambisana kwezimiso kwezizwe zonke kuye kwaqhubekeka ngokwezindikimba njenge International International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) neBasel Committee on Bank Superpeurew, kodwa ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuseyindawo enkulu. Ukuhlola okuhlangene, izivumelwano zokuqaphelana, nezivumelwano ezihlanganisa ulwazi kungasiza ekuvaleni izikhala. Ezimpikiswaneni zendawo ezungezile, izivumelwano ezinjenge-Paris Convition zincike ekuzilandiseni ngokwayo nasebuyiseleni izinhleloni eziqinile zokugcinwa kwezokusebenza, kuqokomisa imingcele yendlela yokufinyelela kwamanje.

Ukuncintisana Komphakathi Nokuthembela Kuye

Uma ukuthembela komphakathi kuhulumeni kuphansi, ukuzimisela ukuvumelana nokuvumelana nakho kuncipha. Abantu bangase babheke imithetho njengengekho emthethweni, enzima kakhulu, noma ephoqelelwe ngokungafanele. Ukukhula komzwelo omelene nohulumeni emazweni amaningi kuye kwabhebhethekisa ukumelana nezintela, imithetho yempilo, nemithetho yendawo ezungezile.

Ukuzithoba kudinga okungaphezu kokuzivimbela; kudinga ukuthembisana. Izimo ezibonisa ngokucacile ngenjongo yezimiso, zinikeza usizo lokulalela, futhi zibonise ukugcinwa komthetho okulungile nokungaguquguquki kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba kuzuze ukunamathela ngokuzithandela. Ukuqonda kokuziphatha — njengokulula amafomu, ukusebenzisa amaphutha, nokuthumela izikhumbuzo ezifike ngesikhathi — kuye kwabonakala kuphumelela ekuthuthukiseni amazinga okulalela ngezindleko eziphansi.

Amasu Okuqinisa Isimiso

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamandla Nezici Eziyinhloko Ezisekelwe Engozini

Uma ziqanjwe ngemithombo elinganiselwe, izinhlangano kumelwe zihlele ukugcinwa kwezingozi ezinkulu. Ukuhlola izingozi zezindlela zokwaziswa kusetshenziswa ukuhlola ukwaziswa ukuze kubonwe izakhiwo, izimboni, noma izingxenye ezingatholakali kakhulu noma ingozi enkulu kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) isebenzisa amathuluzi okuhlola izingozi ezikhokhwa ezindaweni ezibhekene nezinto eziyingozi emiphakathini. I-UK'S Financial Impaliauthority Authority ngokufanayo isebenzisa ikhali eliyingozi ekuceleni abaphathi bezinto.

Ukusebenzisa inqubo egunyaza ukugcinwa kwezingozi kudinga ukugcinwa kwemininingwane yezokwaziswa kanye nekhono lokuhlola, kodwa kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle. Imishini inganciphisa umthwalo ezinhlanganweni eziphansi kuyilapho ithuthukisa ukuhlola ezisezingeni eliphezulu, yenza ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuphumelele futhi kungabi naphutha.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokwaziswa Okuntekenteke

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuluzi anamandla okuhlola nokuhlola ukuphulwa kwemithetho. Izithombe zeziphuphutheki zingaveza ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okungekho emthethweni noma ukungcola ngesikhathi sangempela. Ukuhlaziywa kwezentengiselwano zezimali kungabangela ukusolwa kwemizamo yokuvimbela ukufakwa kwemali. Izindawo ze-Whistlever jovers kanye nokugada izakhamuzi eziphakele inqwaba yabantu ukuba zibike ukuphulwa kwemithetho.

Izimiso zokubika ezizisebenzela zinciphisa izindleko zokulalela amabhizinisi futhi zithuthukise izinga lokwaziswa kwabalawuli. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe amaningi manje adinga intela ye-electronic, eye yathuthukisa ukunemba kokuhlola inqubo. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe buletha izingozi — izimpawu zemithetho-algorith zingabangela ukucwasana, futhi ukuthembela emithonjeni yemininingwane yangasese kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka yimfihlo. Abaqondisi-mthetho kumelwe bathuthukise izimiso zokuziphatha zokusebenzisa izitho zokulawula ezithuthukile.

Ukugudluza Nemithetho Eqabulayo

Ukulawula akuyona indlela yokuzivikela elula; kusekuyenzeni kube lula ukuyiqonda nokuyisebenzisa. Ukumisa imithetho ehambelanayo, ukususa imvume yokuyilungisa, nokusebenzisa ulimi olulula kunganciphisa imithwalo yokuqondisa nokungahambisani. Ukuhlola okungahlosiwe kufanele kucabangele ukuphoqelelwa phakathi nokuklanywa komthetho.

Izinhlelo ze-European Union ezingcono zihlanganisa ukuhlolwa okuhleliwe kwemithetho ekhona ukuze kubonwe amathuba okuthola ulwazi. IHhovisi lolwazi ne-Ayabisholo ye-U.S. ibukeza imithetho yokulungisa ukuze kucace futhi kuphume izindleko. Izinqubo ezinjalo kumelwe zihlale zicace ukuze zivimbele ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ekubeni yizaba zokususa imingcele ethandwa yimboni.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukubona Ingaphandle Nokulandisa

Ukubonisana veza ukuthembana futhi kunqande ukuziphatha okubi. Izenzo zokufaka amanani ezincwadi, imiphumela yokuhlola, kanye nemininingwane yesijeziso kuvumela umphakathi nemithombo yezindaba ukuba ziqondise ukusebenza kwezezikhungo. Izindlela zokwaziswa ezivulekile zingasiza abacwaningi abazimele ukuba bahlole ukuphumelela kokuqondisa. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango wezezimali waseNew York State ukhipha izenzo zokugcinwa kwemisebenzi kuyi-inthanethi, okunezela ekuzilandiseni.

Izivikelo ze-withleeter zibalulekile. Imithetho enjengeMithetho yamanga yase-U.S. isize abantu ukuba bathathe isinyathelo kuhulumeni, bathathe izinkulungwane zezigidi ngokukhwabanisa nezinhlelo zikahulumeni. Ngokufanayo, amalungiselelo amelene nokuvinjelwa kwemithetho yendawo ezungezile nengokwezimali akhuthaza ukubikwa kokuphulwa kwemithetho yezezimali.

Ukwakha Ukubambisana Kwezimiso Emhlabeni Wonke

Akukho zwe elingaphoqelela iziqondiso ezweni eligcwele umhlaba wonke kuphela. Izivumelwano zokuqaphelana zivumela amazwe ukuba amukele izinhlolo-hlolo neziqinisekiso zomuntu ngamunye, anciphise ukwenziwa kwezincwadi. I-International Forum of Independent Atimotion, i-International Compliance and Endorcementment Networket, nezindikimba ezihlangene ezisemkhakheni zisiza ukubambisana. Ukuhlolwa kwamaqembu ezinhlangothini ezinqamleziwe, ukuthunga imali, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwemfucumfucu okungekho emthethweni kuye kwafinyelela imiphumela engenakufinyela kunoma isiphi isigaba.

Nokho, ukubambisana kumelwe kuhloniphe ubukhosi futhi kube nokubambisana. Amazwe athuthukayo ngokuvamile awakwazi ukuthatha iqhaza ngokugcwele, futhi ukuhlangana okulinganayo kungaholela ekuqikelweni komthetho obuthakathaka emazweni ampofu. Usizo lokwakha izakhiwo zobudoda nokudluliswa kobuchwepheshe kufanele kuhambisane nezivumelwano zokubambisana.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ngokuphoqelelwa

I-GDPR ye-European

I-General Data Protection Reggation (GDPR) imelela esinye sezilungiselelo ezifuna kakhulu ukugcinwa kwemithetho yezindaba zomuntu siqu emhlabeni wonke. Ifaka amafa ekhuphu (afinyelela ku-4% emali ewuni) futhi idinga izinyathelo zokulandisa eziqhubekayo. Nokho, ukuphoqelelwa akulingani. I-Universe Device Commission ye-Alland yoMnyango wezesayensi, iqondisa amabhishobhi amakhulu amaningi ngenxa yendlunkulu yaseYurophu, iye yagxekwa ngokuba nesizo. Okwamanje, abanye abalawuli besizwe baye bafaka izinkokhelo ezinkampanini ezinjenge-Amazonbourxe (izigidi ezingu-R746) ne-Meta (am-496) e-Antaretha (ayizigidi ezingu-390) e-Ireland.

Inqubo ye-GDPR eyodwa emiswayo, ehloselwe ukwenza izinto zibe lula, iye yaholela ekuthengeni futhi ibambezeleni. Njengoba umthetho uguqula, i-European Technology Protection Board isebenza ukuvumelanisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho ezifundazweni ezingamalungu. Isifundo sabanye abalawuli siwukuthi izindaba zokwakha — ukugcinwa kwemithetho kumelwe kuklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuphelelwa kwe-palm lock.

Ukushintsha Kokusizungezile KweChina

IChina iye yashintsha kakhulu ekubekeni imingcele yendawo ezungezile eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, ngokomlando, ukugcinwa kwemithetho yendawo engaphansi kwezizathu ezingokomnotho kwavumela ukungcola okukhulu. Kusukela ngo-2015, uhulumeni oyinhloko wasungula amaqembu ahlola imvelo adlula ohulumeni bendawo ukuze ahlole futhi ajezise ukuphazanyiswa. La maqembu aye asusa amafektri, izikhulu ezivalelwe, futhi afaka izinkulungwane zezigidi zamayuan emahhabhu.

Imiphumela iye yaba mihle kakhulu: izinga lomoya emadolobheni aseChina liye lathuthuka kakhulu, futhi ukungcola kwamanzi kuye kwancipha. Nokho, ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kusalokhu kungahambelani, kanti abanye abaholi bendawo abasamelana. Icala libonisa ukuthi ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho ephezulu kungaphumelela uma izombangazwe ziqinile, kodwa ukugcinwa isikhathi eside kudinga amandla nokubusa komthetho.

Ikusasa Lokuphoqelelwa Ukuba Kuqondiswe

Ukubheka phambili, izimo eziningana ziyomisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho. Okokuqala, ukuphakama kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kuyokwenza ukuba ukuqiniswa kwemithetho kusebenze, kubeke imingcele enqunywe kusengaphambili kodwa futhi kubangele izingozi ezintsha — njengezimiso zokulalela inqubo ezidlalwa imithetho. Abaqondisi bayodinga ukubheka imithetho yemithetho njengoba benza nezincwadi zemali.

Okwesibili, amathemba omphakathi okulandisa kwezinhlangano ayanda. Izinhlangano zezendawo ezungezile, ezenhlalo, nezokubusa (ESG) zishukumisela izinkampani ukuba zivumelane nezindinganiso zokuzithandela nezimfuneko zokuveza. Ohulumeni bangasabela ngokuhlanganisa lezi zilindelwe zibe yimithetho ephoqelelwe.

Okwesithathu, umnotho ongahleliwe — obangela ukuba abantu abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu - 60 besebenze kwamanye amazwe asathuthuka — unikeza inselele eyinhloko yokuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwamaphoyisa.

Ekugcineni, ukuphoqelelwa kokulawula kumelwe kushintshe kusuka ekubeni inqubo encane yokujezisa kuya endaweni ezungezile evumelanisa imizwelo nemfundo, izisusa, ubuchwepheshe, nokubambisana.