Uma inkolelo - mbono yomthetho ngokomthetho ingqubuzana ne-software, i-orthone, noma i-algorith, ukungezwani kushesha futhi kujule. Ukwehluleka — imfundiso yokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo owawunayo lapho uthembisa — ukuqina kwentando yeningi, nokuthembeka empeleni yesizukulwane esisunguliweyo. Kodwa njengenselele, ukuqeda ukuvulwa kwe-interonenday, futhi i-dipointy eyimfihlo, ukuhlanganisa i-inshodatending, kanye nokuzimela zonke izikhongozelo zokuphila, abagxeki ngisho nabanye abasekeli kumelwe babuze ukuthi indlela emile ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka le-1889, ingaphendula imibuzo ewumbuso wentando yentando yeningi. Inselele ukuthi inselele ukuthi amaFramest centurcenter ayizange ibone i-interne; ukuthi ulimi lwabo, ulimi lwabo lwezwe lwezwe eliphini eliphini, idinga ukuhlanganisa i-techrimi, i-temistmist, idinga i-teomistna, ifuna i-teomist, ifuna i-eog

Izici Zokuqamba Amanga

UbuFluctalist akuyona inkolelo eyodwa, engokobunye. Amagatsha amabili ayinhloko abusa kakhulu impikiswano: inhloso yokuqala kanye no [FLT] yasekuqaleni incazelo yomphakathi. Injongo yasekuqaleni ibheka kulokho amaFramers ngokwawo akukholelwa ngasese ukuthi amagama oMthetho-Constitution asho ukuthini. Ngokwehlukile, ibuza ukuthi umuntu onengqondo okwaziyo wayeyo ukuqonda ukuthi uyini ngesikhathi sokusungula inkathi. Owamuva, olwelwelwelwe nguMahluleli u-Anton Scialia kanye nabaqaphi banamuhla, uye waba yinqaba kakhulu ngoba ugwema izisusa ezimbangelani zeze zezethubathathu ezimbalwa ezisekungeneyo esikhundleni sesikhathi sokusungulwa kwenkathi yokusungulwa kwenkathi.

Abaqondisi bemfundiso yokuqala baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela ihlonipha umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo njengomthetho. Uma amajaji engavuselela uMthetho-sisekelo ukuze ufanelane nemibono yawo siqu ngalokho okuhlakaniphile noma okulungile, le ncwajana iba yisitsha somthetho wokwenza inqubo yokwahlulela kunokuba ibe isibopho esibophayo. Njengoba uScalia abhala, "Umthetho-sisekelo awuyona into ephilayo, uyincwadi engokomthetho, futhi njengazo zonke izincwadi ezingokomthetho, isho okuthile — noma ayikusho." Lesibopho sokuzinqumela incazelo emisiwe kucatshangwa ukuthi sikhuthaza ukukho okumisiwe, sicindezela abahluleli, futhi sivikela uqobo lwentando yentando yeningi ngokushiya izinqumo zemithetho ephikisayo.

Kodwa ngisho naphakathi kobuTshazi bokuqala, kunendawo yokungavumelani ngesilinganiso sokudlalwa kwezimiso zamaFramers okufanele ziqondwe ngaso. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo se-Eighth senqabela "ukwahlulela kanye nesijeziso esingavamile" umsunguli we-ronary angase aphikise ukuthi lamazwi abhekiselwe ngokuqondile ezijezisweni ezibhekwa njengezinonya ngo1791, njengokudweba nokuthatha ikota, noma angase abhekisele esimisweni esibanzi sokuthi isijeziso akumelwe sibe sesingalinganiswangalingani noma silula — isimiso esingasenziwa ezingenisweni zanamuhla njengesiqalo esisodwa noma umjovo. Lokhu kuchaza indawo okuchazwayo kuba okugxekayo uma ezobuchwepheshe ziveza izimo zeFrametris ezingazange zicatshangwe.

"UbuOrigenalist abusona isimemo sokuvumela isifebe somthetho wakudala ukuba sisebenze manje. Kuyisimemo ukwenza incazelo yombhalo — njengoba yayiqondwa lapho ithathwa — iqhubeke ibusa, ngaphandle kokuba abantu bawuqede." — Randy Barnett, Georgetown University Law Center

Umkhathi wezobuchwepheshe balawo adayansi

Ukuze umuntu aqonde igebe phakathi kokucabanga kwakudala nobuchwepheshe bamanje, kumelwe aqale ahlole ukuthi yibuphi ubuchwepheshe obabukhona lapho uMthetho-sisekelo ubhalwa futhi ugunyazwa. Ngo-1787, indlela eshesha kakhulu yokuxhumana yaba i-ainjini ehamba ngezinyawo. Umshini wokunyathelisa — owawusasebenza ngo-69 — wawuyinkomba yokwaziswa. Impi yayincithakalo esetshenziswa yizikhulu zasebukhosini ukuphenya amakhaya namabhizinisi cishe aphumelele ngamamitha ayikhulu, futhi iSiphendulo seSimemezelo sesine sasinqabela "ukuphenya okunengqondo nokuquleka nokuquleka" sabekwa ngokumelene nesisekelo semithetho yemvume ne-miyasebukhosini eyayisetshenziswa yizikhulu ezisebenzisa ukuphenyanisa amabhizinisi ukuze zifune amaBhange.

Abaqondisi bamaphepha abo siqu ayekhishwe edeskini, izincwadi ezivalelwe ngengcina, nezingxoxo ezivalekile. Babengenawo umqondo wemetameta, ukuqapha okubanzi, noma isinqumo se-algorithism. ISichibiyelo Sesibili sasivikela ilungelo lokuphatha nokuphatha izikhali, kodwa "izikhali" zosuku zaziyizibhamu eziqinile nezigodlo, zazingakhonjwa izibhamu eziqinile ezifihlwayo, ezifihlekile izibhamu zomagazini abaphezulu bamabhamu, noma izibhamu ezinyatheliswe ngama-3DPOSAI. I-Clausce yanikeza amandla okulawula intengiselwano "phakathi kwezifunda eziningi," kodwa izibhamu zemali engokoqobo; zazingekho umqondo wemininingwane, ifu le-orccupting, noma izitolo zomhlaba ezigcwele emhlabeni wonke.

Lomlando awuyihluleli ngokuzenzakalelayo i-listnary. Abaqondisi bomthetho-sisekelo bangaphikisa ngokuthi ulimi olungokomthetho lwaluvamile ngamabomu nokuthi izimiso zalo zingasetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe obusha ngaphandle kokushintsha incazelo yasekuqaleni. Umbuzo uwukuthi ingabe lowo msebenzi uthembekile noma ukuthi ufuna izinga lokubona elivumela abahluleli ukuba bangenise izindinganiso zanamuhla emnyango ongemva.

OCelaus Abayinhloko Bomthetho - sisekelo Abangaphansi Kokungalawuleki

ISichibiyelo Sesine Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Ayikho indawo eqokomisa ukushukuma kwemizwa kuneSichibiyelo sesine. Umbhalo uvikela "ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokuphenya okungena ngokungena nengqondo nokuquleka." Ngekhulu le-18, ukuhlola okuhilela ukungena ngokoqobo ekhaya noma ukuthumba izinto ezibonakalayo. Namuhla, ukugcinwa komthetho kungathola ukwaziswa okuningi kakhulu ngaphandle kokuthinta indawo esolwayo: ingqamuzana elisendaweni okubonisa lapho umuntu ebekhona amasonto amaningi, ama-imeyili agcinwe kwizisebenzi ezikude, i-methane embula ukuthi ubani, ukuthi uphi, futhi uphila nini umshini wevidiyo odla ikhamera eqaphaphakele.

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yonyaka ka-2018 . I-United States ifaka inselele. Uhulumeni wathola izinyanga ze-cell highite productive zommangalelwa ngaphandle kwemvume, incike kulwazi lwemfundiso ye-"FRAPPARTY" — umqondo wokuthi ulwazi oluhlanganyelwe ngokuzithandela neqembu lesithathu (njengenkampani yocingo) alukho ngaphansi kwesivikelo seSine seSiphetho. IJaji elikhulu uRoberts, libhale amarekhodi angokwa 5 764, ukuthi umkhondo wezi ngendawo yemininingwane wemininingwane yendawo uhlukile kwemibhalo yemibhalo yezincwadi eyakhiwa, ngoba yambulela ifasitela kumuntu ukuphila."'i-Rekhodioception' noma i-'isikhombiwe'isibalo sendlela sokuqala somthetho we-mfantuthu."imvume yokuhlola i-mfanday'ecelene, noma i-mfa ye-mfa ye-mfantu yomthetho ogciniwe ye-mfanzibili, ingaphinde i-fuzelelwe ku-'yo."

Abaqondisi bezinto zakudala bahlukene. Abanye bathi umphumela ofanele wokubheka izikhawu ukulinganisa iSichibiyelo sesine ekuphambukeni okungokomzimba, njengoba uScalia ayesho njalo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi isimiso sokuvikela "izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela" sifinyelela kulezo zigaba zanamuhla, nokuthi izinga lokufunda okuqondwa ngalo livumela ukufundwa okubanzi. Inkulumo iveza umkhawulo ojulile wephutha: ingabe umthetho wokuqala ungasingatha imfihlo yamanani ngaphandle kokulahla izibopho zawo ezingokohlelo lwenqubo?

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Enkathini Yezinombolo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sithi "ISiphendulo somphakathi ngeke senze mthetho owehlisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yokunyathelisa." Ngo-1791, kwanikezwa inkulumo, kusetshenziswa amapheshana anyathelisiwe, noma kumaphephandaba. Umshini washo imishini yokunyathelisa engokoqobo. Namuhla, inkulumo yeningi yeningi ivela kumapulatifomu e-menu — imithombo yezenhlala-khona iyaphakela, iyaphendula, iyanikeza izinkulumo, i-memo zomyalezo, futhi iyafihla indlela i-messagemfory esebenza ngayo kula mapulatifomu, kanye nemizamo kahulumeni yokuwalawula, yenza kube nezinsomi ezijulileyo zokuqala.

Cabangela ukulinganisela kwezenhlalo. I-Platforms njenge-Facebook, X (eyayiyi-Twitter), kanye ne-YouTube izinkampani ezizimele ezilawula kakhulu inkulumo ehlala ikhona. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivimbela kuphela isenzo sikahulumeni, kodwa uma uhulumeni ucindezela amaqonga amapulatifomu okususa okuqukethwe yikho — noma lapho idlulisela imithetho efuna ukuba basekele inkulumo ethile — ukuhlaziya kokuqala kumelwe kulwisa umthetho ovimbela ukuvinjelwa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma" okusho ukuthi kumelezwe izwe lapho kwakungekho khona iziteshi ezizimele ezilawula izinkulumo zomphakathi. Inkantolo ephakeme i-201717 ku- I-Pracking. I-Folton v v. I-Folton yomphakathi ayidingi ukumiswa umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni kwezenhlalakahle yomphakathi, futhi ayidingi ukugcinwa yi-Genepheduracy. Kodwa i-Formest produm.

Enye indawo efinya: izinqubo zokutusa ze-algorithm. Uma imithetho-algorith ye-clustrate ihlanganisa inkulumo ethile ngenkathi icindezela enye inkulumo, ingabe leyo yindlela yokusebenza uma uhulumeni egunyaza ukuba kube nokubonana okungaphandle? U-xtrary udinga ukuqoshwa ngokucophelela kwamanani afana ne "pech" ngokwayo — iyisikhulumi semithetho esemthethweni? I-Framers ibingathola umqondo wangaphandle. Nokho isimiso esingaphansi, lowo hulumeni ungalawula okuqukethwe yinkulumo, kubonakala sengathi uyayisebenzisa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-remodeo.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili Nezikhali Zomlilo Zanamuhla

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: "I-Militia elawulwa kahle, ngoba idingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha iziXhobo, ngeke lishaywe." [Ku] Diverformation of Columbia v. Heller [2008], umbono kaMahluleli Scalia usebenzise indlela yobukhompuyuta ukuze aphethe ukuthi ukunqandwa kwezikhali kuvikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nezikhali zakhe siqu, ezingaxhunyaniswanga nenkonzo ye-athomu. Umbono wawuthembele kakhulu ekuhlazisweni okungokomlando kwalokho okushiwo enkathini yokusungula: "izikhali ezazisetshenziswa kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuqalisa" kodwa ukuveza ngokushesha ukuvikela kwezikhali." kodwa lokho kuphakamisa indaba yokusetshenziswa kwazo.

Ingabe i-Ar.None i-AR.N. ingu-15 yezibhamu ezizinqgigisayo "ezihlobayo" phakathi nencazelo yokuqala? iScalia yavuma ukuthi izikhali zelungelo azinamkhawulo nokuthi "ziyingozi nezingavamile" zingavinjelwa, kodwa ayizange inikeze uvivinyo olucacile lwalokho okuthi "kusetshenziswa okuvamile" namuhla, izigidi zamaMelika zinezibhamu zesimanje, ezizenza zivame kakhulu. Kodwa amaFramendrium ngeke abe nombono wokuthi izikhali ezikwazi ukudubula inqwaba yemizuzwa ngomzuzu ngamunye ngomagazini. Izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zahlukana: ezinye zisekela ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali ezihlaselayo emhlabathini ukuthi izikhali ezinjalo azisebenzi ngokomthetho ngenxa yezizathu ezifana nezinqunyiwe; noma isiphi isibalo somlando, uma ifuna ukuvivinjelwa okungokomlando okuvela emingceleni ezindaweni ezihlukene. [i-R222] I-Fodk.[4] Isilinganiso somthetho esiwumbuso womlando sikhona esingoko esingoko esingoko esingokomlando sivamile, noma ukuthi isilinganiso esivamile sikhona esikhona esikhona esikhona

Ezentengiselwano UClaus Ne - Internet

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSishaya-mthetho amandla "ekwandiseni i-Congress nezizwe zangaphandle, naphakathi kwamaZwe amaningana, kanye namaNdiya ahlukene." Emlandweni omkhulu waseMelika, lesi sisho sachazwa ngokulinganiselwe, sigcine imithetho eminingi yezentengiselwano ezizweni. Inkathi iNew Development yabona ukwanda, iNkantolo ePhakade isekela imithetho kahulumeni yokuqondisa imisebenzi ehlangene eyayinemiphumela "yongalawuleki" kwezentengiselwano. Kodwa abasunguli baye baphikisa isikhathi eside ukuthi incazelo yokuqala ye "commerce" ibhekisele kuphela ekuhwebeni, ekuhwebeni, noma ekuthutheni izinto ezithengiswayo — hhayi ekukhiqini, kwezolimo, noma komunye umsebenzi wezezomnotho. [FLT] Embuluni:[2] [20000], eMkhandleni lomthetho wezokuqala, u-okhesa. [ede, u-Esmestruptions], ngokufunda i-operandaywokuqala.[Flse-G.[Flsonson.]

Nokho, i-Internet iyi-panet ephakathi kwezwe nezentengiselwano ngezindlela ezibekela izigaba zokuqala inselele. Ukuthengiselana phakathi komthengisi eNew York nomthengisi eCalifornia kusobala "ukusebenza phakathi kwezindawo" ngaphansi kolwazi olungokomlando. Kodwa ukuthi yini ngenkonzo yezibalo nje efana nendawo yokugcina amafu noma yezokuxhumana — ukulayisha i-app noma ukuthumela umyalezo "ummerce"? Kuthiwani ngemininingwane? AbaseFramers ngokuqinisekile abazange bacabange ukuthi ulwazi luyimpahla okumelwe iqondiswe. Kodwa umthetho wanamuhla uphatha imininingwane njengento engathengwa, ethengiswayo, futhi idluliselwe emgqeni wezwe. Abahoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshodayo kumelwe babuze ukuthi incazelo yokuqala ye-Claus kulezi misebenzi noma ukuthi i-bukhompunga-bushandaywa i-bukhomputernvss (intelling) ayifanele i-buglesced Cong).

Ukusungula Ezindaweni Ezinesayensi Yobuchwepheshe

Abagxeki bahlobanisa izithiyo eziningi ezinamandla ezimelene nokusetshenziswa kobu qobo kubuchwepheshe banamuhla. Okokuqala, i- iprojectum yesaziso esilungile[. Uma uma umahluleli kumelwe aphinde ahlanganise incazelo yokuqala yomphakathi yenkulumo yomthetho-sisekelo ukuze ayisebenzise kubuchwepheshe obungekho, isakhamuzi esivamile asinakubikezela ukuthi umthetho uyoba yini. Abaqondisi baphendula ngokuthi incazelo yombhalo imisiwe futhi iyakwaziwa, ngisho noma ukusebenza kwayo kudinga ukucaciswa. Kodwa i-aloglog ngokwaso ngokwayo ingaphikiswa kakhulu, njengoba kuboniswa izimo ze-D55 Amendux cell profiletion profile protecter.

Okwesibili, inselele enzima kakhulu — ikakhulukazi ngolimi lwekhulu elineshumi elinesihlanu. Ukuveza incazelo yokuqala yomphakathi yamagama abanzi afana "ne-stepech," "izikhali," noma "engenangqondo" kunzima kakhulu — ikakhulukazi ngolimi lwekhulu lekhulu elinesihlanu. Ukulandisa komlando akuphelele, futhi imithombo ehlukene ingaveza izincazelo ezihlukene. Uma isetshenziswa ekubuzeni namunye phakathi kwe 1791, indlela yokuqala yokufuna ubufakazi obungokomlando obusekela umphumela othandwayo.

Okwesithathu, inkinga ye-taxinomy. UMahluleli Kagan wake wadume ngokuhlomeka, "Sonke singabantu bokuqala manje" kodwa ukwamukela ukucabanga kwakuqala akuqinisekisi izimpendulo ezifanayo. Abaqondisi bemvelaphi abavumelani phakathi kwabo: abanye "abakholelwa kakhulu ekuqaleni," njengoba uMahluleli Richard Posner akubeka, kuyilapho abanye benabela ubufakazi obungokomlando ukuze bafinyelele imiphumela engokwesiko. Ezimweni zobuchwepheshe, lokhu kuphikisana kwangaphakathi kungaba kubi kakhulu ngenxa yemikhakha yekhulu leshumi elinesihlanu leminyaka elingadwebi ibalazwe kahle kakhulu ngenxa yezenzakalo zanamuhla.

Ezinye Izimboni Zokuhumusha

Uma zinikezwa lezi zinkinga, ezinye izazi zisekela indlela elula kakhulu noma engokwenguquko. Inkolelo-mthetho ephilayo ehlobene noMahluleli William Brennan kanye nezinye, ikholelwa ukuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ingashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze ibonise ukushintsha kwezindinganiso zomphakathi nezimo. Kulombono, isivikelo seSichibiyelo seSine sokuhlola okungenangqondo kufanele sizivumelanise nobuchwepheshe bokuhlola, ngisho noma ngabe amaFramers ayeyocabanga ukuthi indlela ethile ethile yokuhlola inengqondo. Abagxeki bayaqaphela ukuthi le ndlela ibeka izingozi ekuthatheni umthetho-sisekelo wanoma yisiphi isizathu esimisiwe, ishiya abahluleli bekhululekile ukwenza okuthandwayo.

Isimiso somthetho-mthetho somthetho-sisekelo somthetho-sisekelo , esithuthukiswe nguDavid Strauss kanye nabanye, siphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngenqubo efanayo yenqubo yesandulela, i-synome, futhi ulungiswe kancane kancane — ngendlela izinkantolo zaseMelika eziye zakhula ngayo ukuba zikwazi ukuveza i-tort noma umthetho wempahla. Lendlela ivumela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyilapho imisa izinqumo ezikhona kunoma ifilosofi engekho emthethweni. Ingahlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obusha ngokuzivumela ukuba zibe nezandulela ezikhona, njengoba iNkanto ephakeme yeNkanto engenisa v. California, lapho ihlola ingqamuzana elisebenzayo ukuze ithungwe njengengxenye ehlukene yemali ngenxa yocingo.

Okunye kwesithathu ukuguqulelwa kombhalo , umzala omkhulu womthetho wokuqala ogxile ekuqondeni kombhalo we-statory ngencazelo evamile ngesikhathi sokumiswa. Ukubhala kuvame ukusetshenziswa ekuchazeni ngokwemithetho, lapho isishaya-mthetho singawuthuthukisa kalula umthetho. Ukusebenzisa umthetho womthetho-mthetho, kuhambisana kakhulu nencazelo yokuqala yomphakathi kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kuvumela indawo enkulu ye-mongo yamanje uma umbhalo ngokwawo uvamile.

Isiphetho

I-Framers inikeza uhlelo olunamandla lokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo, imisa izinqumo zokwahlulela ngemvume yentando yeningi futhi ilinganisela ukukhetha kokwahlulela. Kodwa ukuyisebenzisa ebuchwephesheni banamuhla kwembula imifantu ejulile yendlela yayo yokusebenza. I-Framers yabhala izimiso ezibanzi ngolimi oluklanyelwe ukukhuthazela, kodwa umehluko phakathi kwezwe labo nethithi lethu mkhulu kangangokuthi ukuhlaziya kokuqala okuthembekile ngokuvamile kuveza imiphumela eguquguqukayo. Abanye abalandeli bokuqala abathembekile baphikisa ngokuthi inkambo eqotho kuphela ukusebenzisa ngokuphelele incazelo yokuqala futhi bamukele imiphumela engase ibonakale ingenakho — ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi iSiphendumiso Sesine asikhuseli imingcele, noma kangangokuthi iSiphendulo sesibili semithetho yanamuhla evimbela kakhulu izibhamu. Abanye, njengoMahluleli Gor Gore, bafuna izimpikiswano zokuqala eziveza imiphumela yanamuhla, njengokwamukela i-messaiemedia.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buhamba phambili, impikiswano iyokhula kakhulu. Ukuthi ubukhoma bungahlala bukhona buyindlela esebenzayo yokuhlola — noma ukuthi buyoveza indlela evumelana kakhulu yokucabanga komthetho-sisekelo — kuxhomeke ekutheni abalandeli bayo bangavala kanjani igebe phakathi kwamapeni e-quill ne-quantam compliting. Okusobala ukuthi ayikho imfundiso yokuchaza engavele ishaye indida eqanjiwe, ephazamisayo, nengasekelwe ngokomthetho wemithetho-mthetho. Inseleleko yokuqala yokusebenzisa isayensi yobuchwepheshe banamuhla ayiyona nje indida; iyinye yezimpikiswano ezibaluleke kakhulu kumthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika namuhla.

[[FLT: 0] Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe: Bheka izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ku-[FLT: 1] Karbate v. United States (2017]), Pactingham v. Nyakatho Carolina[[[[FLT]] [2017] [2017], kanye [[FLT]] ne-New York State Rifle & Lamp; Pistol Association v. [[FLT][202] [202]]. Okunye kuya ku-Ry Bandnett, [FL:] [FL:] [2]