Izimiso ze-Electoral ziyimithetho eguqula amavoti ezihlalweni, yakha umgogodla wesimiso sobudemokrasi esimelela ukuncintisana kwezombangazwe. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokuvota kuthinta ukuncintisana kwezombangazwe, kuthinta ukuma kwamaqembu amancane, futhi kuthinta ngisho nokunquma indlela yokuzinza kwemikhankaso yezombangazwe. Izizwe emhlabeni wonke ziye zamukela izimiso ezihlukahlukene, ngayinye enezici zayo ezingokomlando kanye nemiphumela yayo yezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lezizimiso zibalulekile kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuhlola ngokulinganayo nangempumelelo ukuthi uhulumeni wazo uveza kanjani intando yabantu. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okulinganayo kwezimiso zokuvota ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, amakhono azo, amandla, ubuthakathaka, kanye nemiphumela yangempela yezwe.

Isiqalo-Past-The Post (FPTP)

Yokuqala-Past-The Post iyisimiso esilula kakhulu sobuningi: umvoti onezingxenye eziningi zokuvota engxenyeni eyodwa yesifunda. Usetshenziswa eUnited Kingdom, e-United States, eCanada, nasemakoloni amaningi angaphambili amaBritane. Nakuba ethandwayo ngenxa yokwenza lula kwayo, i-FPPP iveza imiphumela efinyela kakhulu evoti ethandwayo.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Umvoti ngamunye uvota ibhola elilodwa kulowo ozovota endaweni yakhe. Ovotayo othola amavoti amaningi kunanoma imuphi omunye kuthiwa uphumelele, ngisho noma engawatholi aweningi. Iqembu eliwinayo impela i-contituements ngokuvamile limisa uhulumeni, nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi aliwinanga iningi levoti ezweni lonke.

Izinzuzo

  • Ukuzifaka kanye nejubane: amavoter aphawula umlandeli oyedwa, futhi umphumela waziwa ngokushesha. Inqubo ilula ukunikeza nokuchaza.
  • ukumelelwa komthetho-mfantu: isifunda ngasinye sineMP eyodwa, idala umugqa ocacile wokulandisa phakathi kommisi-mthetho nowabo.
  • Isiphelo sokuveza ohulumeni abaqinile:[ Ngenxa yokuthi i-FPTP yeqisa ingxenye yesihlalo seqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke, ivame ukunikeza iningi lesigaba esisodwa, inciphisa isidingo sezingxoxo zesivumelwano.
  • Iqembu lemifantu eshisekayo: Iqembu elisha noma elinombayo likuthola kunzima ukuwina izihlalo ngaphandle kokuba ukusekela kwabo kugxile kakhulu ezindaweni ezithile.

Izingozi

  • Isigaba se-Propartione: Amadili angawina izihlalo eziningi ezingaphansi kakhulu kwamavoti amaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhetho luka-2015 lwe-UK jikelele, i-Conservative Party yawina 36.9% yevoti kodwa yathola 50.8% yezihlalo. Ngokuphikisana, ama-Liberal Democrates awina 7.9% wevoti kodwa u-1,2% kuphela wezihlalo.
  • ukuvota okusemthethweni: Izivovo zivame ukulahla umxhasi wokuqala othandwayo ngenxa yomphikisi ongathandeki kakhulu kodwa ongcono kakhulu, osonta okuthandwayo okuqotho.
  • Ivoti ezivoti: Izincwadi zabavoti abafikayo besithathu noma abane ziyalahlwa ngokuphumelelayo. Ezihlalweni eziphephile, abavoti bangazwa ukuthi i-collet yabo ayinathonya.
  • Ukudweba imingcele yesifunda kungasetshenziswa ukuze kuzuze i-cuumba noma i-pat.
  • Ngaphansi kokumelelwa kweqembu elincane: ubandlululo, uhlanga, noma imibono yeqembu elincane elisakazeke ezifundeni ezingasoze zawina isihlalo.

Izibonelo Eziphawulekayo

I-United States Congress ikhethwa ngokuphelele yi-FPTP, ifaka igalelo esimisweni esinezigaba ezimbili abagxeki abaningi abaphikisa ngokuthi izigidi zabavoti azikho ezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo. ECanada, i-FPTP ngezinye izikhathi iye yaveza “abaphumelele” okhethweni ("okhetho) muva nje ngo-2019 no-2021, lapho i-Liberal Party yakha uhulumeni naphezu kokunqoba amavoti ambalwa kunalawo ancintiweyo. Abasekeli besimiso siphikisa ngokuthi ukucaca nokulandisa kwayo kudlula ukwehluleka kwayo, kodwa izinhlangano zenguquko eziqhubekayo eCanada nase-UK zisikisela ukunganeliseki okukhulayo.

Umfuziselo ongokwengxenye (PR)

I-Propotional amemodential ihlose ukwabela izihlalo ngokwesilinganiso sokuvota, iqinisekisa ukuthi isabelo sezihlalo seqembu sifana nesabelo salo sovoti ethandwayo. I-PR iza ngezindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise nohlu lwePR, i-PR exubene nesigaba (MMP), kanye nevoti eyodwa edluliswayo (STV). Amazwe anjenge-Sweden, i-South Africa, ne-Israel aye asebenzisa i-PR amashumi eminyaka.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo (Uhlu IPR)

Kuhlobo oluvame kakhulu, iPR, abavoti bakhetha iqembu kunokukhetha ukuvota. Ama-sett abelwa iqembu ngalinye ngokwesabelo sevoti yesizwe noma yesifunda salo, esebenzisa indlela enjengendlela ye-d’Hondt noma iSainte-Laguë. AmaCandidate akhethwa ezinhlwini zeqembu eliyaliwe. AmaVoter angakhetha ukuveza ukuthi abantu ngabanye bathanda yini ohlwini.

Izinzuzo

  • Iprojekthi: Isishaya-mthetho sibonisa eduze okuthandwa yi-votorate. Amaqembu amancane namaqembu amancane angazuza isibonakaliso uma ewela umnyango olinganiselwe.
  • URevucus wachitha amavoti: cishe wonke amavoti afaka isandla ekubaleni kwesigaba seqembu, okwenza abavoti bazizwe izindaba zabo abazikhethayo.
  • ihlanganisa isakhiwo esihlangeneyo:[ Ohulumeni bavame ukudinga imifelandawonye, engaholela ezimisweni ezivumelanayo kanye nokumelelwa okukhulu.
  • Ukuhlolwa okuphezulu kovoti: kuye kwabonisa ukuthi izimiso zePR zithambekele ekubeni nezinga eliphakeme lokuhlanganyela, ngokwengxenye ngoba abavoti ababoni amavoti abo njengasaphaza.

Izingozi

  • Ukuntengantenga komthetho: Iziphakamiso eziqeqeshiwe zingaholela ekuweni kukahulumeni kaningi. I-Israel ne-Italy ziye zabhekana nohulumeni abahlala isikhathi esifushane ngenxa yesidingo samaqembu amaningi ukuze akhe umfelandawonye.
  • Ivuna ezisusiwe zendawo: Ivoters zingangazi ukuthi iyiphi iMP ebangela indawo yazo. Izifunda ezinkulu ezinamalungu amaningi zenza ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-activation nabameleli kube buthakathaka.
  • Ukulandelana: Izindlela zokubala (umzk., d’Hondt, enkulu kunazo zonke) kungadida abavoti, futhi izimiso zeqembu zinikeza umholi weqembu amandla anele ngokulandelana kwezimiso.
  • Isisomi seqembu elithathelwanayo: ngokwengxenye, ngisho namaqembu amancane ashiseka kakhulu angazuza izintambo zephalamende, okungase kubangele imifantu eqinile.

I - member Proportigal (MMP) exutshiwe

MMP, esetshenziswa eJalimane, eNew Zealand, nasezingxenyeni zeScotland, ihlanganisa i-FPTP contituencices eziphethe izihlalo eziphezulu ukuze kufinyelelwe ukulingana. Abavoli bafaka amabhola amabili: elinye lomfundi nelomunye eqenjini. Iqembu linquma isilinganiso sezihlalo, futhi izihlalo zohlu zabelwa ukulungisa ukungalingani kwemiphumela ephezulu. I-MMP igcina imiphumela yokugcina ilingana. I-MMP yamukelwa ngemva kokukhomba i-1993 nephalame yalo yalo manje ihlanganisa uhide lwezi, kusukela kuGreenland ukuya eNew Zealand.

Ukukhetha okungasheshiwe Vong (RCV) / Runoff Voting (IRV)

I-Ranked Choice Voting, eyaziwa futhi ngokuthi i-Purnet- Runoff Voting emincintiswaneni e-octen hiwin high profile. Uma kungekho mvoti othola amavoti okuqala, umvoti wokugcina ususwa futhi amavoti abo akhishwe ngokwendlela elandelayo e-ballock. Lenqubo iphinda kuze kube umabhalisa u-andisiwe. RCV isetshenziselwa ukukhetha uhulumeni e-Australia, ngenxa kazwe nokhetho lwendawo eMaine nase-Alaska, futhi kukhethwe amavoti amaningi kamasipala e-United States.

Izinzuzo

  • [ isho ukuvota okuqotho: Imishini ingabeka iqoqo lemali eyintandokazi yayo kuqala ngaphandle kokwesaba “ukubhaxaza” ukukhetha kobezothatha imali.
  • icacisa imiphumela elimazayo: Abazothatha isigaba sesithathu noma abazimele bangagijima ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa amavoti eqembu elikhulu elifanayo, benze ukhetho luphelele.
  • Inciphisa umkhankaso ongakhi: ama-Candidenti kumelwe akhange ngalé kwesisekelo sawo ukuze kube ukukhetha kwesibili kwabasekeli abakhishwe abaphikisi, ngokuvamile okukhuthaza imikhankaso enciphile.
  • I-Guarates umnqobi omkhulu:[ Ogcina ewinile usekelwa yiningi labavoti uma kucatshangelwa izintandokazi, ngokungafani ne FPTP lapho umzuzi wobuningi obungamelela khona idlanzana labavoti.

Izingozi

  • Imvubukulo nephutha lomvoti: Imishini ingadideka ngenqubo ephezulu, iholele kumabhola angasebenzi. Eminye imikhandlu ibona amazinga aphezulu amabhola angonakalisiwe kuze kube yilapho abavoti bejwayela.
  • Ukubala isikhathi: Uma kungekho mdwebo othatha ingxenye enkulu ebalweni lokuqala, kudingeka imijikelezo eminingi ye-redis enikezayo, engabambezela imiphumela, ikakhulukazi uma amabhola e-collet edinga ukuhanjiswa ngokoqobo futhi ehlelwa.
  • Ishoshoday ye-onge-monotic: Ezimweni ezingavamile, umvoti angalahlekelwa ngokuwina amavoti amaningi kakhulu endaweni yokuqala (indida eyaziwa ngokuthi “ukuhluleka kobunikazi” noma kamuva . Abagxeki baphikisa lokhu ngokululaza ukulunga kwesimiso.
  • Angeke kuthuthukise ukumelelwa kweqembu elincane: Ngenxa yokuthi i-RV iseyindlela eyodwa ye-200winner, ayiqinisekisi ukumelelwa kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene phakathi kwesishayamthetho. Ingase iveze umnqobi okhethwe wesibili ngabavoti abaningi kodwa okhethwe okokuqala yidlanzana.

Umsindo owodwa odluliswayo (STV)

IVote Edluliselwayo Yodwa yisimiso esisebenzisa izigaba ezihlukene. Abathathi-nxaxheba banezigaba ngayinye (ayiwo amaqembu), futhi isilinganiso simisiwe (ngokuvamile i-Droop quotiom: (inani lezindawo zokuvota ezisemthethweni / 1)) + . Abaweqayo abeqa umthamo bakhetha, futhi amavota abo adluliselwa kweyakhe inombolo elandelayo. Uma kungekho komiti ehlanganisa inombolo, ebuthakathaka kakhulu iyasuswa futhi ivoti yayo iyadluliselwa. Lokhu kuyaqhubeka kuze kugcwaliswe zonke izihlalo. I-STV isetshenziswa e-Ireland ngenxa yokhetho, e-Maltal, nase-Maltalus e-Scotland.

Izinzuzo

  • Imiphumela elingana kakhulu: STV iveza umehluko phakathi kwamavoti nezihlalo, kuyilapho ivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe phakathi kwabavoti kunokuba bakhethe amaphathi.
  • [ Ivoti ezilahlwayo: Amavoti ayadluliswa kuze kube yilapho engasiza ekukhetheni ozongenela, okusho ukuthi cishe wonke amavoti asiza ekunqobeni kothile.
  • Umncintiswano weIntrapartic: kumele uncintisane neqembu elifanayo ukuze lithunyelwe, likhuthaze ukuba lizihlukanise futhi lidlulisele esiphambanweni esibanzi sohlangothini lwabavoti.
  • Ukukhetha Ukukhetha: Amavoter angahlela abazojoyina abakwemigqa yedili, asekele ukuxubana kwamaphathi noma abantu ngokwentando yabo.

Izingozi

  • Ukulandelana kokubala: Ukubala ama-STVolot anemijikelezo eminingi yokudluliswa okunandisiwe umsebenzi onzima futhi ungabambezela imiphumela ngezinsuku. Amavoter adinga ukuqonda ukuthi zizosetshenziswa kanjani izintando zawo.
  • Ivoti ezinde: esifundeni esinabazo abaningi abazobhapathizwa, zonke zingaba yisicefe, futhi abavoti bangagcina betusa ezimbalwa kuphela.
  • ubukhulu besifunda obukhulu obudingekayo: ukuze i-STV ifinyelele ukulingana okugcwele, izifunda-kazi kumelwe zikhethe okungenani amalungu amathathu-5. Izigodi ezincane kakhulu (umz., 228seat) zingaveza imiphumela efana ne-FPTP.
  • Iqokobhe lobucukubhede: Izincwadi zingangcwaba abathandiwe kwezinye izikhundla ngethemba lokuthuthukisa ezabo, uhlobo lokuziphatha okuhleliwe olufana nokuvota ngekhono kwenye indawo.

Ezinye Izimiso Zomoya Eziphawulekayo

Ukuthunyelwa Kwezincwadi

Ekuvumeni ukuvota, abavoti banga “qinisekisa” ukuthi abaningi abazovota bayaphumelela ngendlela abathanda ngayo. Lesi simiso sisetshenziswa kukhetho oluthile lukamasipala e-United States nasemaqenjini ezombangazwe. Kulula, kunciphisa imiphumela yokuphanga, futhi kukhuthaza abavoti ukuba basekele abazobhapathizwa abaningi. Nokho, abathathi ukulingana nokubaluleka, futhi kungaholela ekukhetheni umlandeli olondekile, ophansi wesigaba sezombangazwe, okhethwe wesibili womuntu ngamunye kodwa ongekho okhethayo kuqala.

Ukugqamisa iphuzu / Uhlangothi

Uvota balinganisela isibalo somvoti ngamunye ngesilinganiso senani (umz. 0 kuya ku-5). Umvoteli onengqikithi enkulu kakhulu (noma isilinganiso) uphumelela. Ukuvota kuvumela abavoti ukuba babonise amade okusekela futhi bavikeleke empatho. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi kungabangela ukuba abavoti bavotele ngokulinganayo ukuba bathele inani elingaphezulu kwabafowe yizentengi, futhi ukubala kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunobuningi obuvamile.

Isilinganiso SeBorda

Ubalo lweBorda luyindlela elinganiselwe lapho abazothatha khona amaphuzu ngokwesimo sabo ku-collet ngayinye: kuba abavoti, ivoti yokuqala e-tilace inikeza [ n amaphuzu, wesibili unikeza [[FLT:] amaphuzu [[FLT]]] 1 [1], njalonjalo. Isetshenziswa kukhetho oluthile lwezemfundo nasemiqhutshekiswaneni emincane. Ivame ukukhetha abathathi abamukelekayo kakhulu kunezinto ezithandwayo, kodwa ithambekele kakhulu ekuhlinzeni (umz., umphikisi oqinile oqinile owenzile).

Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo: Izindawo Zohwebo Nezindawo Ezikuzo

Akukho simiso sokuvota esiphelele; iqoqo ngalinye linezindinganiso ezihlukile. I-FPTP ihlela ukulandisa kwendawo kanye nohulumeni ozinzileyo ngezindleko zokulinganisela. Izimiso zezentengiselwano zinikeza ukumelela okungcono kodwa ngokuvamile ngokulahlekelwa izibopho zendawo kanye nokuzinza. Izimiso ze-Rankedice 93cchoice zithuthuka eFPP ezifundeni ze-"%winner kodwa azikhulumi ukulingana okuphakathi kwendlu yomthetho. STV ne-MMP zizama ukuhlanganisa ukumelela kwendawo ngokulingana, kodwa i-spressyn yayo ingaba isithiyo ekutholeni i-voti kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-curle.

Ukuphumelela kwesimiso esinikeziwe kuxhomeke futhi esikweni lezombangazwe nasebuhlotsheni bezwe. Umphakathi ohlukene kakhulu onamagebe ezinhlanga noma amaqembu enkolo ungazuza esimisweni sePR esinikeza wonke amaqembu iphimbo, kuyilapho izwe elifana kakhulu lingase likhethe isimiso sobushiqela esiveza ohulumeni abanobunkomfa. Ukukhethwa kwesimiso sokhetho ekugcineni kuyisinqumo somthetho-mthetho okufanele kwenziwe ngemva kokuhlaziya ngokucophelela, kufundiswe ngobufakazi obulinganiselwe kanye nezinto eziza kuqala zokhetho.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zokuqamba akuyona nje imininingwane yobuchwepheshe; ngokuyinhloko ilololonga impilo yedemokrasi. Ukuqonda inzuzo yazo kanye nezimo ezikhona kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlola isimiso sazo siqu nokusekela inguquko uma kudingekile. Ukuthambekela kwamashumi eminyaka amuva bekulokhu kubhekiselwa ezindleleni eziningi ezihlukene nezilinganayo, namazwe anjenge-New Zealand eguqukela e-MMP nase . Amadolobha amaningi ase-U.S. amukela i-RC. Nokho, zonke izinguquko zithwala ukuhweba nge-RCV, futhi akukho simiso esingagcwalisa zonke izindinganiso zedemokhrasi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Isihluthulelo siwukuhlanganisa isimiso somphakathi esikhonzayo, njalo sikhumbula ukuthi umgomo wokugcina uyindlela engcono abantu abafuna ukubusa ngesikhathi esifanayo. Izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela kule zinkinga ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlangabezana nezinselele zesikhathi esizayo.