Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemibuso kahulumeni nenkululeko yomphakathi bumelela isisekelo esiyinhloko sefilosofi yezombangazwe. Umbuzo ohlala njalo wendlela yokuhlanganisa isidingo segunya elihlangene nenkululeko engokwemvelo yomuntu ngamunye. Kusukela ezimpikiswaneni zasendulo zeRepublic kaPlato kuya ekulweni kwanamuhla ngokuhlola imishini, imiphakathi iye yazama ukuchaza izinga elingokomthetho lamandla ezwe. Lobu buhlobo abuwona umdlalo wezero-ssum; buyindawo eyinkimbinkimbi lapho impilo yedemokhrasi ixhomeke ekufinyeleleni isilinganiso esiqinile. Uma amandla kahulumeni alawulwa futhi egcwele ngokuphelele, impumelelo. Uma inkululeko yomphakathi iphathwa njengenqhinga eliphelele, ingenzeka, ekugcineni ukubhubhisa inkululeko efunwayo ukuvikela. Ukuqonda lokhu akuyona indlela enzima yokuziphilisa; kuyinto ewusizo kunoma ubani ofunda noma ohlolayo.

Isisekelo Esingokwesayensi Segunya Lombuso

Ngaphambi kokuba sihlole ukungezwani phakathi kwamandla nenkululeko, kubalulekile ukuqonda izisekelo zefilosofi zokuthi kungani umbuso kahulumeni ukhona ekuqaleni.

Inkolelo - mbono Yezenhlalo

Isiko lesivumelwano sezenhlalo linikeza uhlelo olunethonya elikhulu lokuqonda umsuka nemingcele yamandla kahulumeni. UThomas Hobbes, ebhala ethunzini leMpi Yomphakathi yaseNgilandi, ephikisa [[FLT: 0]] uLeviathan[ [165] ukuthi ngaphandle kwamandla afanayo okugcina wonke umuntu ebambekile, ukuphila kungaba "impi yabo bonke," ebonakala njengeyabodwa, empofu, eyisifinye. Kubo, abantu ngabanye, bavuma ngokunengqondo ukunikela inkululeko yabo engokwemvelo ephelele ekulondekeni okungenamkhawulo ukuze kuhlangane. Amandla obukhosi, kanye, avunyelwe ngokuphelele ngenxa yokuthi noma yikuphi ukulinganiselwa kusengozini kungabuyela esimweni semvelo.

John Locke wanikeza umbono ovulekile wesivumelwano sezenhlalo. USpeconding of Government , Locke waphikisa ngokuthi abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, inkululeko, nempahla ekhona ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kukahulumeni. Injongo eyinhloko kahulumeni ukuvikela lamalungelo angaphambili. U-Crucily, waphikisa ngokuthi uma uhulumeni ephula lamalungelo ngokuzenza ngenkani noma ngaphandle kwemvume yababuswayo, izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokuguqula isimo. Loluhlelo lwesakhiwo luthonye kakhulu ekusungulweni kweMelika nasehlelweni kwesakhiwo somthetho we-U.S.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau wasikisela uhlobo lwesithathu olukhulu lwesivumelwano sesivumelwano sezenhlalo. IContract ye-social (1762]), uRousseau wagcizelela ukuthi igunya elingokomthetho lezombangazwe lisekelwe ku "uthanda""" leliqembu lezakhamuzi liyozifunela ukuzuza okuhle. Ngokuhlanganyela ekudalweni kwemithetho, abantu abazithobanga egunyeni kodwa esikhundleni sokulalela imithetho abazinike yona ngokwabo. Lokhu kugcizelela ubukhosi obuthandwayo nokuhlanganyela ngokuqondile kushukumisele izinhlangano zentando yeningi kodwa futhi kuphakamisa imibuzo ngesivikelo samalungelo amancane aqondene ngokuthanda kwabantu abaningi.

Ukushaya Indiva Ubudlova Obusemthethweni

Isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu uMax Weber sanikeza incazelo yanamuhla, engokwezimo ebaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni amandla kahulumeni. Ngokudume kakhulu sachaza isimo njengomphakathi wabantu owehlulekayo ukusho ukuthi usebenza ngokusemthethweni kwamandla angokomzimba [[ phakathi kwendawo enikeziwe. Lencazelo iqokomisa ukucindezeleka okukhulu enhliziyweni yokubusa. Umbuso unamandla ayingqayizivele okuphoqelela abantu ukuba uvumele ukumisa imithetho, ulondoloze ukuhleleka, futhi uvikele isizwe. Nokho, lowo mandla aveza usongo olukhulu kakhulu kubantu ngabanye uma lungalawulwa ngokufanelekile umthetho, ukulandisa, ukuvikela kombuso. Umbuzo [FLD:] owe-FF: [2]

Ukuba Imvume Nokuvuma

Ukuze amandla kahulumeni angazinzi futhi aphumelele ngaphandle kokuba afune amandla angaguquki okuhlela, kumelwe abhekwe njengomthetho emphakathini. Ukugunyazwa kwezombangazwe kusuka emithonjeni eminingana. Igunya lendabuko lisekelwe esikweni nasendulweni. Igunya lobufundisi lisuka ezimfanelweni ezikhethekile zikamholi. Imibuso yentando yeningi yanamuhla, ebaluleke kakhulu yigunya elingokomthetho, elisekelwe esimisweni semithetho emisiwe, izinqubo, nemithetho-mthetho. Ukubekwa kwemithetho kuxhomeke evumelweni yale mongosi, iboniswe ngenkululeko yasikhathi sonke yokhetho olukhululekile noluhle, izinhlangano ezimelelayo, nezinqubo ezisobala ezingokomthetho. Uma uhulumeni ulahlekelwa yile mithetho engokomthetho, amandla awo aba yimpoqolo, ngokuvamile eholela ekuvukeleni kwemithetho yomphakathi noma yemithetho engokomthetho.

Umklamo Wenkululeko Yesibalo

Inkululeko ehlangene, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi inkululeko yomphakathi noma amalungelo abantu, isebenza njengesivikelo esiyinhloko ekuphathweni amandla kahulumeni.

Inkululeko Eqondile

Umehluko phakathi kwenkululeko embi neyakhayo unikeza ithuluzi elinamandla lokuqonda imibono ehlukene yenkululeko. Inkululeko [ iyinkululeko ku[ ukuphazamisa. Iphendula umbuzo: "Indawo engishiywe ukuba ngenze lokho engikwazi ukukwenza ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ngabanye abantu?" Lokhu kuhlanganisa inkululeko engokomphakathi: ekuhloleni, ekuboshweni ngokungenangqondo. Ngokungokomlando, i-decrefecture ibonise inkululeko ephambene nokubheka umsebenzi wezwelo njengeshiya abantu ngabanye befuna izinjongo zabo kuphela.

Inkululeko yokulawula , ngokungafani, inkululeko ukuya ku[[FLT:]] ulawula ukuphila komuntu futhi ufeze amandla akhe agcwele. Iphendula umbuzo: "Ubani olawula izenzo zami?] izisekelo zenkululeko eqinile ziphikisa ukuthi inkululeko eqotho ayifuni nje ukungasebenzi kodwa futhi ingenza umuntu asebenze. Lokhu kungathethelela isimo esinenkuthalo esinikeza imfundo, ukukhathalela impilo, nokulondeka kwezomnotho, okwenza abantu bakwazi ukusebenzisa i-INHlulelo. Umbango ephakathi kwalezi zicingo ezimbili ikhona enhliziyweni yezingxoxo zezombangazwe eziningi zamanje, kuhlanganise nalabo abafuna ukulahlekelwa yinhlalakahle, impilo nezimiso zezomnotho.

Izizukulwane Zamalungelo Abantu

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke uye wahlukanisa inkululeko eyisisekelo yaba "izizukulwane. Amalungelo okuqala esizukulwane angamalungelo omphakathi nangokwezombangazwe: inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuhlangana, inkolo, ilungelo lokuvota, nelungelo lokuthola ukuqulwa okulungile. Lamalungelo aphambene ngokuyinhloko adinga umbuso ukuba ugweme izenzo ezithile. [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT]] amalungelo esizukulwane [FLT:] amalungelo ezomnotho, ezenhlalo, nangokwesiko: ilungelo lokuthola imfundo, ukuvikela impilo, izindlu, nemiholo elungile. Lamalungelo adinga ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuzibeka imali. Ngokuvamile, inzuzo phakathi kwalezi zinhlangano zezentengosi zomnotho. [FLT:] Izinhlelo eziphambili zenkululeko yomphakathi [FFFFF:5] zihlangene, noma amalungelo angokwesiko, ukuthuthukisa amalungelo enhlalakahleni, ukuthuthukisa ukuthuthukisa ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle, ukuphumelela kombuso, impumelelo, impumelelo, impumelelo, impumelelo, inzuzo, inzuzo, kanye nenzuzo yomphakathi. Inzuzo

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nesezinye Izizwe

Izakhiwo ezingokomthetho zokuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi zivame ukuthatha uhlobo lwemithetho-sisekelo ebhaliwe, umthetho wamalungelo, kanye nomthetho ozimele ogunyazwe ukuphoqelela lemingcele emandleni kahulumeni. IBhili yamaLungelo lase-U.S. inikeza isilinganisi esivamile, idweba izinqabo ezikhethekile zesenzo sikahulumeni. [iziqu] [izimemo] zesivumelwano somthetho we-UR] [i-UDHR] zimelela ukuvumelana kwembulunga yonke amalungelo abantu abayisisekelo. Yamukelwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene ngo-1949, i-UDHR iphefumlelwe izivumelwano eziningi ezigunyazangokomthetho nemithetho yobuzwe. Ukuqonda le zincwadi kunikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sokuhlola amandla. [FFF] [FF]

Ukulinganisela Okunamandla Emkhubeni Ongokomlando

Ukulinganisela akumi ndawonye; kushintsha ekubhekaneni nempi, izinkinga, izinhlangano zezenhlalo, nokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe.

Izenzakalo Ezingokomlando Ezibonisa Ukubaneka Kwezulu

IMagna Carta ka-1215 ivame ukuvezwa njengencwadi eyisisekelo yesijeziso sikahulumeni olinganiselwe. Yamisa isimiso sokuthi inkosi ngokwayo yayingaphansi komthetho futhi yaqinisekisa amalungelo athile okukhulula abantu. ISivumelwano samaZwe samalungelo aseNgilandi sango-1689 saphinde sawanciphisa amandla obukhosi, saqinisekisa ukuphakama kwephalamende, futhi savikela amalungelo anjengokunxusa umbusi nenkululeko esijezisweni esiwunya nengavamile. INguquko yaseMelika (1775 -783) yayiyinseleleko eqondile kulokho abaholi bekoloni ababekubona njengokuwudelela nokuthatha amandla kahulumeni ombuso. ISimemezelo se-Hulumelo sichaza isimiso sombuso sombuso sombuso esisekela imvume yokubusa kanye nesomthetho othandwayo ukuthi ohulumeni bakhipha amandla abo afanele ekuvumeni ukuguqula noma ukuqeda uhulumeni obhubhisa. Ukuvukela kweSimemezelo saseFrance, kanye nokumiswa kwelungelo lokubusa kwenkululeko sombuso kanye nesembuthonye neso esingokomthetho esingokomthetho esingokomthetho esivamile.

Incazelo yokwahlulela novivinyo "Ingozi Esobala Neyamanje"

Imingcele eqondile yenkululeko yomphakathi ivame ukuchazwa hhayi izazi zefilosofi kodwa abahluleli abalwa nezingxabano zangempela zezwe. "cloren kanye nengozi" ukuhlolwa, okushicilelwe uMahluleli u-Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. [[FL:0]] Scheck v. United States[FLT] [1919], imelela umzamo wakuqala wokuchaza imingcele yenkululeko yokukhuluma. [FLT] V.[FFON] V [FN][3] [ekhola] [1] i-Empeex] iphikisa ukuthi iSiphendundundulo Sokuqala asimgamethi umuntu ngokuqaphayo "egcwele" enkundla yemidlalo, ngoba inkulumo enjalo iveza ingozi esobala futhi incikelele ngokunyeka kulelo-tomu.[FFogn] [4] [ense] ezikhathini eziningi zeNkakhulu] [enye] [enye] [enye isilinganiso sezinhla yeMpi engaphezulu] [esahlu] [esahlu]] [esayo] [esahlu] [

Ukuvikelwa Kwesizwe Kuyaphikisana. Ukukhululeka Kwangaphakathi

Lokhu mhlawumbe kuwumnyombo omkhulu kakhulu nongapheli ekubuseni kwanamuhla. Ngemva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula ngo-September 11, 2001, uhulumeni wase-U.S. wamisa umthetho we-USA PATRIOTT, owandisa ngokuphawulekayo amandla okuhlola, kuhlanganise nokuthatha ama-washi ahambayo, ukufinyelela amarekhodi ezamabhizinisi nezincwadi, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuhlakanipha. Impikiswano ngokuhlola okukhulu, ukuqoqa izihloko zemininingwane, nokusebenzisa imishini engenazigwegwegwe (njengoba itshelwe ngempoqo u-Arapper Edward Snowden) iwukuqhubekela ngokuqondisisa intelekelelo enkulu kangakanani emakhulwini eminyaka akudala empimpini nenkululeko. Inkululeko engokomthetho engokongamele ukuvikela ithuluzi elivamile elisetshenziswa ekuvivinyeni imingcele yenkululeko yomuntu ekubhekaneni nosongo. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo sokuzinike inkululeko?

Imingcele Yalempikiswano Yesikhathi Esizayo

Ubuchwepheshe obusha nezinselele zezenhlalo eziya ziba khona zisunduza imingcele yobuhlobo phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nenkululeko yomphakathi ukuba ingene endaweni engakaqashelwa.

I - panopticon Yezinombolo

Ikhono lezifundazwe nezinkampani ezizimele lokuqoqa, ukuhlaziya, nokugcina izilinganiso ezinkulu zokwaziswa komuntu siqu liye ladala ukushintshwa okungadingekile ekuqapheni. Ukuphikisana ngokuvulwa kwemisho eyimfihlo (ukuvimbela ukugcinwa komthetho), ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa ubuso ngamaphoyisa, nokugadwa kwezenhlala-zwe lokusongela okungase kubangele ukungazi ukuthi umuntu unelungelo lokufihla imfihlo phakathi kwekhulu lama-21. I-General Tech Union’s Thelovition Protection Reglence (GR) imelela umzamo onamandla wokulawula kabusha ukwaziswa komuntu siqu, ukunikeza amalungelo aqinile okufinyelela, ukukhomba, ukulunga, nokususa ukwaziswa komuntu siqu. Lokhu kudala ukushukuma komthetho okuvimbela futhi kuvumele kokubili ukuvikela izindaba zomuntu siqu nezokuhweba ukuba kutholakale inzuzo.

Impilo Yomphakathi Nenkululeko Kamuntu Ngamunye

Isifo somqedazwe se-COVOVID sabangela ukungezwani phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nenkululeko yomuntu siqu ekugxileni okubukhali futhi ngokushesha ezinkulungwaneni zabantu. Ukukhomba, ukukhomba iziyalezo zasekhaya, izifihla-buso, ukuvala ibhizinisi, nezimfuneko zokungena emjovolo ezihilela ohulumeni abasebenzisa amandla angenakulinganiswa nempilo yomuntu siqu egameni lempilo yomphakathi. Lokhu kwabangela ukuphikisana okukhulu okungokomthetho nezimiso zokuhlengantenga ngokulinganiselwa kwamandla kahulumeni, indima efanele yesayensi ekubuseni kwentando yentando yeningi, kanye nokulinganisela phakathi kokuphepha kweqembu ngalinye nenkululeko yabantu. Izinselele ezingokomthetho zavivinya imingcele yegunya lempatho yomphakathi futhi zaphakamisa imibuzo enzima mayelana nendlela yokuhlola ngayo amalungelo abantu nempilo yomphakathi phakathi nempilo yomphakathi phakathi nesimo esiphuthumayomphakathi.

Ukuncipha Kwemibuso Ebusa Ngentando Yeningi

Eziningi ezisungulwe nezivelayo zentando yeningi, amandla kahulumeni aqiniswa ngezindlela eziqeda inkululeko yomphakathi ngaphandle kokwephula umthetho-sisekelo ongokomthetho. Lesisenzakalo, esivame ukuchazwa ngokuthi ukuphambuka kwentando yeningi noma ukulawulwa ngentando yeningi, sihlanganisa ukukhukhuleka okungaqondakali kwezinhlangano zentando yeningi nezimiso zentando yeningi. Amasu avamile ahlanganisa ukuhlasela umnyango okhululekile nozimele, ukuhlelwa kwenkululeko yenkululeko yenkululeko nenkonzo yomphakathi, ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezimali yezwe ekuvusenzweni kwabaphikisi bezombangazwe, ukuvinjelwa kwezinhlangano zezezombangazwe ezingezona izinhlangano zombuso nomphakathi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zentando yentando yeningi. [[FLT:] Inkululeko emaphepha ehholo ehliswa ngokuqhubekayo ngenkululeko embulukweni yembulunga yonke [[FLT], ukuqokomisa indlela ukuwohloka okuqhubekayo kwenkululeko yenkululeko yomphakathi njengokwambukwamukwamuzwa ngokuncitshiswa ngokuvikelwa yilungelo.

Imisebenzi Ye - Frames Yekilasi

Ukufundisa abafundi ngobuhlobo phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nenkululeko yomphakathi kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi, ukuthembisana, nezakhamuzi eziqinile. Ukuphumelela kwalendaba kuthatha ukufingqwa kwamalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo okusekela ukuzikhandla, nokugxeka izingxabano ezihlala njalo.

Imihlangano Yesifunda Nemithetho Ehleliwe

Ukungezwani okungokwemvelo kulesihloko kwenza kube ngcono ezingqungqutheleni zobuSocrates kanye nezimpikiswano ezihleliwe. Imibuzo ebalulekile ingabangela ukubuza okujulile: Ingabe ukulondeka kuyimfuneko yenkululeko, noma ingabe kuyisitha senkululeko? Ingabe kufanele kube nanoma imiphi imikhawulo elawula inkululeko yokukhuluma? Ingabe umphakathi onobulungisa uhlela noma inkululeko emisiwe kakhulu? Ngokuhileleka kulemibuzo, abafundi bafunda ukuchaza izikhundla ezicaciwe, balalele imibono ephikisanayo, futhi basebenzise ubufakazi ukuze basekele izimpikiswano zabo. Impikiswano esekelwe ezindabeni zanamuhla ezinjengokuqaphazamiso olunjengokwe nguhulumeni, imithetho yokuzonda imithetho yokukhuluma, noma imijovo iphoqa abafundi ukuba babhekane nezokuhweba okungokoqobo phakathi kwezindinganiso eziphikisanayo.

Ukufunda Nezifanekiso Ezisekelwe Ezinkingani

Imishini iyithuluzi eliphumelela kakhulu lokufundisa ngamandla nenkululeko. Ukulingisa i-Model Congress lapho abafundi bemisa khona umthetho wezokwaziswa ngasese noma wezokuphepha kwesizwe ubaphoqelela ukuba babhekane nobunzima bokuguqula izindinganiso ezingabonakali emithethweni kakhonkolo. Ukulingisa kwenkantolo esekelwe enkantolo engokophawu oluphakeme kudinga abafundi ukuba baphikisane nezici zombili zempikiswano yomthetho-sisekelo, bathuthukise ukuqonda okujulile komthetho. Inhlekelele, njengokusabela ekusongweni kwezehlakaniselo oluqanjiwe lwamaphekula noma esimweni esiphuthumayo somphakathi, ivumela abafundi ukuba babhekane nezingcindezi eziholela ohulumeni ekukhuliseni amandla abo ngesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kufunda okukhuthele kudala izindlela zokuqonda okuhlala njalo.

Indlela Yokufundisa Ngezigwegwe Nemithombo Eyinhloko

Izikole zomthetho sekuyisikhathi eside zisebenzisa indlela yokuhlola izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, futhi lendlela ingavunyelelwa ngokuphumelelayo emfundweni yasemuva nephezulu. Esikhundleni sokufunda nje isishwankathelo sencwadi, abafundi bafunda icala langempela lasenkantolo (njenge-] Tinker v. Des Moines[ ekukhulumeni kwabafundi, [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [[2]] emazwini afundeka, [[FLT]] i-Hazelzelwood v v. [[[FLT]]] [indlela] egcweleyokushini, iphawula izilinganiso ezikhungotshayo, ukuhlaziya ukucabanga kweNkalkhathi, nokuhlola imibono ephambene. Emithonjeni ephambili yemithonjeni engokomuntu. [[4]] [iMithensi ye-Fogrome], i-jton, i-j.[4] ku-1]

Umsebenzi Oqhubekayo Wokulinganisela

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemibuso kahulumeni nenkululeko yomphakathi abuyona inkinga okumelwe ixazululwe ngokuphelele, kodwa isimo esishukumisayo okumelwe sixazululwe njalo. Kuwukucindezeleka okuhlala njalo okubonisa ukuthi isintu sidinga ukulondeka nokuzimela. Idemokrasi enempilo akuyona i-eyeyona ephelele eye yashaya lokhu kulinganisela ngendlela yokugcina, eqinile. Kunalokho, iwumphakathi olondoloza izinhlangano eziqinile, i-judiary, i-macapest, i-macpression ekhululekile, nempucuko yesizwe esikhuthele esidingekayo njalo ukuze siphendule izinselele ezintsha. Abafundi, abafundisi, nabemi, wonke amasu awana, awukho ukuthola impendulo eyodwa, yokugcina embukwakhelweni yekhono. Umgomo wokuzi wokuzimisela, ukuzwa kwemibuzo evelele, ukuzwana nokuthatha imingcele yemisebenzi edinga ukuphathana njalo futhi enziwa umphakathi ngokunelisayo.