I - Federalism: Ingxenye Ejulile Ekwahlukaneni Kwamandla Aphesheya Kwezinga Likahulumeni

I-Federalism ingenye yezimiso ezinethonya kakhulu neziyinkimbinkimbi zokubusa ezweni lanamuhla. Emzamweni wayo, uhulumeni uyisimiso sezombangazwe lapho amandla ehlukaniswa khona ngokomthetho-mthetho phakathi kwegunya eliphakathi, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi uhulumeni wezwe noma wesifunda, nezindikimba ezibusayo zesifunda, njengamazwe, izifundazwe, noma i-canton. Le ngxenye ayiyona nje isivumelwano esiyisisekelo sokulawula kodwa imelela ukulinganisela okuyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nomehluko ophakathi kwezwe, ukuhlangana okuphakathi kwenkululeko yendawo, kanye nezenzo ezihlangene zokuzimela ngokwazo, ukuhlanganisa kwezifunda. Ukuqonda uhulumeni wezwe ubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi zingaki ezizweni ezinkulu kakhulu nezihlukene kakhulu emhlabeni, izingxabano, izingxabano, nokushintsha izimo. Lesi sihloko silungiselela ukuhlola kabanzi kwe-uniotionalism, ukuthuthukisa ukuhleleka kobungako, ukuhleleka komlando, ukuphumelela kwezindawo, izinselele zesikhathi esizayo, amathemba, amathemba esikhathi esizayo.

Ukuchaza Isimiso Sokusebenzelana Nezimiso Zaso Eziyikhokho

I-Federalism ayikona nje ukwaba imisebenzi phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni. Yilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo eliqinisekisa izinga ngalinye likahulumeni elibalulekile lokuzimela kwezinye izindawo, ngokuvamile elivikelwe umthetho-sisekelo obhalwe phansi ongenakushintshwa nakancane nganoma yiliphi izinga. Lokhu kuhlukanisa izimiso zikahulumeni ezilawulayo ezimisweni zohlelo, lapho ohulumeni bezifunda bekhona ngokwenamathematika, naku-akanye, lapho indikimba ephakathi ixhomeke khona emabusweni amalungu.

Izici Ezibalulekile Zezimiso Zomphakathi

Lezizici eziyinhloko zichaza isimiso sokubusa sikahulumeni ndawonye ukuze zakhe isakhiwo esivumelanayo nesivumelanayo, esivumela abantu abahlukahlukene ukuba bahlale ndawonye ngaphansi kwesimiso sombuso wezwe esisodwa kuyilapho belondoloza ukuma kwezwe nokulawula izindaba zendawo.

  • I-Constitutional Division of Powers: Umthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe udweba ngokucacile imibuso ephathiswe uhulumeni, leyo egcinelwe izifundazwe, naleyo ehlanganyelwayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kuvimbela ukushintsha kwegunya okuzenzekelayo futhi kunikeza isisekelo sokukhipha izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho.
  • Ubukhosi obuPhakeme: Bobabili uhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bezifunda banegunya eliqondile phezu kwezakhamuzi ezisezandleni zabo. Izinga ngalinye linezikhulu zalo, izinhlangano zomthetho, nezokwahlulela, ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwembulunga yalo eyabelwe umthetho ngokomthetho.
  • Isifunda--Autonomy:[ Amazwe noma izifundazwe anenkululeko yangempela yemithetho nezokuphathwa kwemithetho ezindabeni ezinjengemfundo, izakhiwo zendawo, ukuthunyelwa kwezempilo, nokugcinwa komthetho. Lokhu kuvumela izimiso ukuba zivumelane nezintando zesifunda nezimo.
  • I-Intergovernmental Relations:[ I-Federalism idinga ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo, ukubambisana, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuncintisana phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni. I-Mechanism njengemikhandlu ehlangeneyo, ukudluliswa kwemithetho, kanye nezinqubo ezihlangeneyo zisiza ekulawuleni lobu buhlobo.
  • Ukudluliselwa kwezezithakazelo zesifunda: Izimiso zombuso zivame ukuhlanganisa isishaya-mthetho sesizwe se-bidamaral lapho elinye igumbi limelela khona inani labantu kanti elinye limelela amazwe noma izifunda-zifunda noma ngokwesilinganiso, kuqinisekiswa ukuthi kuzwakala amazwi esifunda ekwenzeni izinqumo zesizwe.
  • Consitugal Supremacy and Judicial Review: Ijaji elizimele, ngokuvamile inkantolo ephakeme noma engokomthetho-mthetho, lixazulula izimpikiswano ngokubekwa kwemithetho futhi lichaze ukuhlukana kwemibuso engokomthetho, lisebenza njengombekisi esimisweni sombuso.

Ubumbano Ngokuqhathaniswa Nezimiso Zobumbano Nezokubambisana

Ukuze iqonde ngokugcwele ubuzwe, isiza ukubuqhathanisa nezinye izindlela zokubusa kwendawo. esifundazweni , njengaseFrance noma eJapane, bonke ubukhosi buhlala kuhulumeni ophakathi, obungase buphathise amagunya ezindawo ezithile noma ezindaweni zendawo kodwa bugcine igunya lokuqeda noma ukuhlela kabusha leyo mikhakha ngokuthanda. ukukholisa [[FLT:], njenge-European Union ezicini ezithile noma eUnited States ngaphansi kweZihlalo ze-Confederation, amazwe ahlangana ndawonye ukuze akhe ubunye obuxeke ngezinjongo ezivamile, kodwa amandla aphakathi anciphile ezakhamuzi ezithile nasemazweni azimele. [FLT], njengasebusweni akhona esizweni anamandla aphakathi, anamandla embusweni noma aphambili esizwe esiqinile ngaphansi kwezindawo ezikhona ngenxa yombuso wombuso wombuso wombuso wombuso womphakathi womhlaba.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando KobuFalistism

Umqondo wokuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kweziphathimandla eziyinhloko nezifundayo usekelwe kakhulu emlandweni, kodwa ubuzwe banamuhla bavela ekuhloleni okuthile kwezombangazwe nasezimpikiswaneni ezingokwengqondo, ikakhulukazi phakathi nokwakhiwa kweUnited States.

Abanduna Nezisekelo Zobufilosofi Zakuqala

Ngaphambi kwenkathi yanamuhla, kwakukhona izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokubusa okuxubile, njengezinhlangano zezindawo zamadolobha amaGreki, uMbuso oNgcwele wamaRoma, ne-Dutch Republic. Lokhu kuhlola kokubusa okungamaqembu amaningi kwanikeza izenzakalo kodwa kwantula ukucaca nokuzinza komthetho-sisekelo wezwe wanamuhla. Iminikelo yefilosofi eyinhloko yavela kubaqondisi abanjengoMontesquieu, owalwela ukwahlukana kwemibuso phakathi kukahulumeni, noJames Madison noAlexander Hamilton, owamisa izimiso zobuzwe ku [FOLT: 0], ikakhulukazi ku-Foderalist Papers , ikakhulukazi ku-Federalst. No. 10 noNo. 51, owathi i-ligistery ne-partss ephethe izimpigidiyo engcono ne-ohulumeni.

Ukusungulwa KwaseMelika Nokusungulwa Kwesimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni Sanamuhla

Umthetho-sisekelo we-United States ka 1787 ubhekwa kabanzi njengomthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wanamuhla wombuso. Abahleli bafuna ukwakha uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla kunawo wonke ngaphansi kweZihloko Zokuhlanganisa lapho belondoloza amazwe njengezinhlangano zezombangazwe ezisebenzayo. Ikhambi kwakuyisigaba esihlelwe kahle semibuso. UMthetho-sisekelo ubala amandla akhethekile eSishaya-mthetho, njengokuqondisa intengiselwano yezwe, ukusungula imali, nokumisa impi. ISimemezelo seTenth sibekela wonke amanye amandla ezindaweni noma kubantu. [FB:] [vFB] [2] [3]

Ukwanda KobuFederal EGlobe

Impumelelo yokuhlola kwaseMelika yashukumisela amanye amazwe ukuba amukele izakhiwo zikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi lawo abhekene nezinselele zobukhulu bendawo, ukuhlukahluka kwempucuko, noma ukuhlukana kwezifunda. iCanada yamukela uhulumeni ngo-1867, ukuze ivumelanise izithakazelo zemiphakathi yesiNgisi neyaseFrance ekhulumayo nokulawula indawo enkulu. I-Australia yamisa amazwe ayo ngo1901 ukuze ikwazi ukwakha izakhiwo ezihlangene zezomnotho nezokuvikela, kuyilapho ilondoloza umbuso wezwe. Isimiso se-Switzerland sokuhlanganisa izikhungo saqala isifundazwe sawozwe ngo-1848, ihlanganisa izilimi nenkolo ehlukene. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, i-Jalimane yamukela isimiso sombuso wezwe esigcizelela ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla ombuso onamandla ukuze kuvimbele ukubusa kweNazi. INdiya, ngokuzimelana kwezwe ngo-1947, ukubusa kwezizwe zayo, ukuhlukana kwezizwe, nokuhlukana kwezenkolo, amazwe amaningi, i-Brazil, futhi isebenzisa izimiso zezizwe ezifana nezindawo ezisezweni.

Ukwahlukahluka KobuFederalism: Izakhiwo Nezinto Ezinamandla

Izimiso ezihlangene azifani, zihlukahluka endleleni amandla ahlukaniswa ngayo, indlela ubudlelwane obuphakathi kohulumeni obuphathwa ngayo, nendlela ukulinganisela phakathi kokuma kwemiphakathi nokuthotshiswa okuhloniphekile okushintsha ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

I - Dual Federalism Ne - Federalism Ebambisanayo

Umehluko oyisisekelo uphakathi kwemithetho yombuso emibili ne-socialism. Umbuso wezwe , ovame ukuchazwa ngokuthi "uhlobo lwekhekhesi", uhulumeni wezwe nombuso osebenza ngokuhlukahluka, isigaba ngasinye segunya, umbusi ngamunye embusweni wakhe. Lo mklamo wabusa ngekhulu le-U.S. phakathi nekhulu leshumi elinesithathu nelama-20. uhulumeni wesizwe [[, isampulistism [, inhlebo "yoyela ehlukeneyo", iqaphela ukuthi ukubusa kwanamuhla kudinga imithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene futhi kusebenzela izifunda zikahulumeni. Kulesimo esinguwonganiso, kusebenza ndawonye nemisebenzi ehlangeneyo, kanye nemithwalo yemithwalo yemithwalo yemfanelo ehlangene yezelelwe i-United States, ephethe inzuzo enkulu nen engokwezentengolwazi oluvamile, ishoshoshoshoshosho engcono, ewumthetho, ewumthetho, ewumthetho, ewumthetho

I - Symetric Ne - Asymetric Federalism

Enye i-metation ebalulekile iphathelene nendlela amagunya nesikhundla okuhlukaniswa ngayo phakathi kwama-community. [[FLT:] [FLT]] uhulumeni , zonke izifundazwe noma izifundazwe zinamandla afanayo omthetho-sisekelo kanye namalungelo. i-United States ne-Australia ilinganisa lesibonelo. [i-asmymetricism [, ezinye izifundazwe] zinemibuso ehlukile noma isikhundla kunezinye, zibonisa izimo ezingokomlando, ngokwesiko, noma ngokwezombangazwe. i-Spain, i-Canada, ne-Ndiya ibonakalisa izici ezingxenye ezihlukene zezingameleli. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Quebec ijabulela amandla okufuduka nokusetshenziswa kwezinye izifunda zase-Canada. Isimo esikhethekile sika-Jamn kanye no-Kamirmirm siyisibonelo esivelele kakhulu se-m.

Ukuqhathanisa Isimiso Sokuzihlela: Ukuhlola Icala Ekwenzeni

Ukuhlola indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo emazweni athile kwembula imiphumela ewusizo yemiklamo ehlukahlukene yomthetho - sisekelo namasiko ezombangazwe.

ECanada: Inhlangano Yesizwe Njengethuluzi Lokulawula Ubuzwe BobuDual

I-constalism yaseCanada yayiklanyelwe ukuhlalisana kweningi labantu abakhuluma isiFulentshi eQuebec neningi elikhuluma isiNgisi kwenye indawo. Umthetho waseBrithani wase-North America ka-1867 wabela uhulumeni wezwe, kuhlanganise nokuhweba, ukuzivikela, nomthetho wobugebengu, lapho ukubusa kwesifundazwe kuhlanganisa impahla, amalungelo omphakathi, imfundo, nohulumeni wendawo. Umbuso wesizwe uye washintsha ngokuphawulekayo, futhi izifundakazi zizuza amandla amakhulu, ikakhulukazi ekwakheniseni impilo nenkambiso yezenhlalo. Izimiso zezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano ye-Quebec, kuhlanganise nezilungiselelo zemali nezivumelwano zezentengiselwano, zibonakalisa umzamo oqhubekayo wokulawula ubunye besizwe. Isigaba sezindawo ezilawula indawo ezungezile, njengoba kushiwo esihlokweni sokuqala, sihlala siyindawo enamandla kakhulu yempi ephakathi. [FULD.]

IJalimane: Ubumbano lokubambisana olunombuso Oqinile

ISicial Law ka-1949 yaseJalimane yamisa isimiso sombuso esigcizelela kakhulu ukubambisana kwemithetho kahulumeni nezimiso. Uhulumeni wezwe unegunya elikhulu lokulawula izivumelwano, kodwa izifundazwe (Länder) ngokuyinhloko zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho eminingi kahulumeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ohulumeni basebenzisa imithetho yemfundo, i-projectal, isivikelo semvelo, nokunakekela impilo, ngokuvamile ukuvumelanisa izimiso zikahulumeni nezimo zendawo ezisezindaweni zendawo. I-Bundesrat, indlu ephezulu yepalamende, imelela ohulumeni futhi imelwe ivumele umthetho othinta izithakazelo zikahulumeni. Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi sinezwi eliqondile ekuhleleni imithetho yesizwe kuyilapho kugcinwa izinga eliphezulu lokulawula nokuqondisa nokuhlela izimiso zezenhlalakahle. Umbuso waseJalimane uye wabonakala ngokuthuthukisa izakhiwo ezithile ezisezindaweni eziphakathi nangokwezimali ezilinganayo ezisezingenisweni eziphambili.

ENdiya: I - Union of States ene - Tendencies Enamandla Ephakathi

I-Indiya yamukela isimiso sikahulumeni sokuzimela ukuze ilawule izinhlobonhlobo zayo ezinkulu, kodwa uMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya unika uhulumeni ophethe amandla, ikakhulukazi ezimweni eziphuthumayo, futhi umise umsebenzi owodwa ohlangene we-jaji nezomphakathi. Amazwe anegunya ezindabeni ezihlanganisa ezolimo, amaphoyisa, impilo yomphakathi, nohulumeni wendawo, kuyilapho uhulumeni ohlangene ulawula isivikelo, izindaba zangaphandle, imali, kanye nezezohwebo zezwe lase-Indiya. Isimiso sombuso saseNdiya siye savivinywa ngokuhlela kabusha ulimi, ifuna imvume enkulu, kanye nezingxabano zezikhathi phakathi kohulumeni, ikakhulukazi lapho amaqembu ahlukene elawula amazinga ahlukene. Naphezu kwalokhu kungathi izingxabano, ukubusa kwezentando yeningi kakhulu. [FL:]

I - Australia: Inhlangano Kahulumeni EneSigele Esinamandla

ICommonwealth yase-Australia yakhiwa ngo-1901 lapho amakoloni ayisithupha aseBrithani evuma ukufushanisa. UMthetho-sisekelo we-Australia wasungula isimiso sombuso lapho uhulumeni wezwe uphethe khona imibuso ebala izikhali, kuhlanganise nezokuvikela, ukufuduka, ukuhwebelana nemali, kuyilapho amazwe egcina amandla ahlukene. Isici esivelele sikahulumeni wase-Australia yiSigebengu esinamandla, esimelela imibuso ngokulinganayo, inikeza amazwe amazwe amancane izwi aphulwe ngokomthetho wesizwe. I-Australianstrunements ibhekene nezinselele ezihlanganisa nokungalingani okungalingani okungalingani kwemali, lapho uhulumeni wezwe uqoqa izimali eziningi kuyilapho amazwe ephethe imithwalo emikhulu yemali, ebangela ukuba kube namalungiselelo ayinkimbinkimbi emali. Inkantolo ephakeme alawula ngokulinganayo, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nezindaba zangaphandle.

Izinzuzo Zobuzwe Ekubuseni Kwanamuhla

Izinzuzo zamazwe amakhulu, ahlukahlukene, noma asendaweni ebanzi zinikeza izinzuzo eziningana ezishukumisayo.

  • Iziphetho ezicacisiwe ze- Policy Resolicy:[ Ohulumeni bezifunda bangaklama izimiso ezibonisa izintando zendawo, izimo zezomnotho, nezindinganiso zempucuko. Imfundo yangemva kwesikole, izisekelo zokuhamba, nezinkonzo zomphakathi zingafanelaniswa ukuze kuhlangatsheliswe izidingo ezithile zendawo kunokuphoqelelwa ukuba kufane isikhuthazwe isizwe.
  • Izindawo zombuso-mpucutheko: Njengoba uMahluleli uLouis Brandeis ephawulwe kakhulu, amazwe angasebenza njengezindawo zokucwaninga, ahlole izimiso ezintsha ngezinga elincane ngaphambi kokuba zithathwe isizwe. Ukuhlolwa kwezimiso ezindaweni ezinjengenguquko yezempilo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle ziye zavumela izindlela eziphumelelayo zombuso zokwazisa isimiso sezwe.
  • Iphawu kuHulumeni: Ukusakazeka kwegunya emazingeni amaningi kahulumeni kudala izinhlolo nezilinganiso ezisiza ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi zivimbele ukugxiliswa kwamandla kunoma isiphi isikhungo. Izakhamuzi zinamaphuzu amaningi okuthola uhulumeni kanye nezindlela eziningi zokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe.
  • Izakhamuzi ezikhulisweyo Ukuhlanganyela:[ Umbuso nohulumeni bendawo basondelene kakhulu nabantu futhi banikeza izakhamuzi amathuba engeziwe okuhlanganyela enqubeni yezombangazwe, ukwenza izikhulu zibone icala, futhi zithonye izinqumo zesimiso ezithinta ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke ngokuqondile.
  • Ukuhlukahluka kwe-Manucial:[ I-Federalism inikeza uhlelo lokuhlalisana kwemiphakathi ehlukile yesizwe, ulimi, inkolo, noma amasiko phakathi kwesimiso esisodwa sezombangazwe, ivumela amaqembu ukuba alondoloze ukuzibusa ezindabeni eziyinhloko ukuze athole ukuthi ungubani kuyilapho ehlanganyela emsebenzini wesizwe.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kobuzwe

Naphezu kwalezi zici ezinamandla, umbuso uletha izinselele ezinkulu ezingase zibangele ukuba ukuphumelela, ukulingana nokuphumelela ekubuseni kungabi ngcono.

  • Ingxabano yeze-Prommental Conflict and Gridlock: Ingxabano elawula imingcele yezwe, imithwalo yezimali, nezimiso eziza kuqala zivamile futhi zingaholela ezimpini ezingokomthetho, ekudukeni kwezombangazwe, nasekubambeni ijubane ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezicindezelayo. I-Cris, njengezinhlekelele zemvelo noma izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, ngokuvamile iveza ukuhluleka kobudlelwane phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni.
  • Ukungalingani okunganqamuki Izifunda: UFederalism ungaveza ukuhlukana kwezinkonzo zomphakathi, izakhiwo, nethuba lezomnotho uma izifunda ezicebile zingakwazi ukuthenga imfundo ephezulu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nesisekelo sezindawo ezimpofu zilwa. Ngaphandle kwezimiso zokulingana eziqinile, uhulumeni ufaka izingozi zokukhuliswa kwemingcele yendawo.
  • Ukulandelana nokuhlanganisa: Ukuba khona kwamazinga amaningi kahulumeni kudala ubunkimbinkimbi bezakhamuzi futhi amabhizinisi ahamba ngemithetho elandelwayo, izimiso zentela, nezinqubo zokuphatha. Ukusebenza kwemizamo ngapha nangapha kwezinga kungachitha imithombo yemali futhi kunciphise impumelelo kahulumeni.
  • I-ace ku-Mozansi:[ Umncintiswano phakathi kwezwe okhanga ukutshala nokusebenza ungaholela ekuthatheni i-"race ngezansi" ezindinganisweni zokuqondisa, intela, nakuvikelwa kwezenhlalo, njengoba izifunda ziphansi kakhulu ukuze zihehe amabhizinisi ngokulahlekelwa kwezisebenzi, indawo ezungezile, noma imiphakathi esengozini.
  • Izinkinga ezihlanganisayo: idinga ukusabela okuhlangene kwesizwe noma ngisho kwembulunga yonke, njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuvuvukala komqedazwe, noma ukungalingani kwemali, kungaba nzima ukubhekana nesimiso sikahulumeni lapho imibuso ineziza kuqala, amakhono, kanye nezisusa zezombangazwe ezihlukile.

Uhulumeni Emikhakheni Eqondile Yomthetho

Ukusebenza kombuso wobuzwe kuyahlukahluka ezicini ezihlukahlukene, kubonakalisa ukubikelwa kwemibuso engokomthetho, izenzakalo ezingokomlando, nemibuso yezombangazwe.

Umthetho Wezempilo Ezimisweni Zomphakathi

Usizo lwezempilo luyinkambiso ekhanyisa ngokukhethekile yokuqonda uhulumeni. E-United States, izifundazwe zinomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokuqondisa izimakethe zomshuwalense kanye nabameli bezokunakekelwa kwezempilo, kuyilapho uhulumeni wezwe unikeza izinhlelo ezifana neMedicares ne-Veterans Health Administration, futhi zinikeza izimali zezomshuwalense wempilo nge-Affordcable Care Act. Lokhu kubangele ukuhlelwa kobufakazi obuphawulekayo ekukhokheleni umshuwalenselo, uMedica edicid, nemiphumela yempilo eMadoundalk eCanada, kodwa izifunda zezwe zinikeza imigaqo yezokunakekela impilo nge-Canada Act, kuhlanganise nezibhedrekho, nokukhokhwa kwezidakamizwa. Lelilungiselelo liye laholela ekulindeni ngezikhathi zokusekela izimali, nakwehlawulwa kwemali ezindaweni zomphakathi.

Ukushintsha Kwemvelo Nemithombo Yemvelo

Isimiso sendawo ezungezile sinikeza inkinga enkulu ngenxa yezinkinga zendawo ezungezile ngenxa yokuthi, njengokungcola komoya namanzi, ngokuvamile kunqamule imingcele yezwe nezwe. ECanada, uhulumeni umisa imingcele yendawo ezungezile, kodwa izifundazwe zilawula kakhulu ukuthuthukisa imvelo nokugcinwa kwendawo ezungezile. Lokhu kudala ukuxabana ngemisebenzi yamandla kagesi, ukuthuthuka kukawoyela, kanye nokushintsha kwenqubo yendawo ezungezile. EJalimane, umthetho wesimiso wezwe uhlela imingcele ebanzi yendawo ezungezile, kodwa amazwe anomthwalo wokufeza futhi angeza izimfuneko eziqinile. I-European Union yenezela enye indawo elawula indawo ezungezile ngaphezu kwezinga lezwe, idala isimiso sokulawula indawo ezungezile, idala isimiso sokulawula indawo ezungezile esinezingalingani nesilinganiso esingaphezulu kakhulu.

Isimiso Semfundo Nokulawula Kwendawo

Imfundo iwumthwalo wemfanelo wezwe noma wesifundazwe ezimisweni zikahulumeni, uveza ukubaluleka kwezindinganiso zomphakathi nokukhetha komphakathi ekulungiseni uhlelo lwemfundo nokubusa isikole. E-United States, ifunda ukuthi ilawula izinga lemfundo yeK-12, i-crect, i-operance, nezimali zesikole, kuyilapho uhulumeni ufeza indima elinganiselwe ngezinhlelo zezezimali ezihloselwe ukuxhaswa kwezemfundo namalungelo omphakathi. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuhlukahlukani okukhulu kwemiphumela yemfundo nokusekela kwemali kumfundi ngamunye ezizweni. E-Jalimane, imfundo ngokuyinhloko iwumthwalo wezwe, uphumela eziminyangweni yesikole ezihlukeneyo ezindaweni ezihlukene, nakuba izimiso zokubambisana kwezemfundo zikhona ukuqinisekisa ukudluliselwa kwezimfanelo. ISwitzerland ingalawula futhi imfundo, ngokubambisana nezivumelwano zemfundo zesivumelwano se-intercanton.

Ikusasa LobuFande Ezweni Eligcwele Imbulunga Yonke

Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ukushintsha kwesayensi yezobuchwepheshe, ukuhlukahluka kwenani labantu, namathemba athinta izakhamuzi, kushintsha indlela amandla asetshenziswa ngayo nendlela okuhlelwa ngayo.

Imikhuba Yokuzamisa Nokuphikisa

Ezimisweni eziningi zikahulumeni, ukuhwebelana kwezomnotho nesidingo sokubambisana kwezenzo ezindabeni ezinjengohwebo, ukulondeka, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kanye nempilo yomphakathi kuye kwabangela ukuthambekela ekuzinzeni. Ohulumeni bamaFederal baye bandisa amandla abo ngokwenza isivumelwano, ukusebenzisa amandla, nokuchaza izinhlelo zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukunciphisana okuncintisana kwezimiso ezihloniphekile, ukukhululeka kwezindawo, ngisho nokuncitshiswa kwezindawo ezihlukene njenge-Scotland, i-Catalonicania, i-Quebec, nezifunda ze-Indianationale. Ubunzima phakathi kwalezi zimo ze-centripetal ne-centrifugalet cishe bungaguqula ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezimiso zombuso emashumini eminyaka ezayo.

Ubuchwepheshe Bezinqubo Zobuchwepheshe Nokulawula

Ubuchwepheshe bezemishini budala izinselele ezintsha namathuba okubusa uhulumeni. I-E-commerce, imfihlo yemininingwane, kanye nokungalondeki kwe-inthanethi akuhloniphi isifundazwe noma imingcele yezwe, kuphakamisa imibuzo ngezinga likahulumeni okufanele lilawule lezindawo. Izimiso zomphakathi kumelwe zithuthukise izisekelo ezintsha zokulawula kwemishini ezilingana nokuzivumelanisa kwezifunda. Ubuchwepheshe bungenza ukuba kusebenze kahle i-othone, kuhlanganise nezimiso zemininingwane ezihlanganyelwe, ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo ye-inthanetry, kanye namathuluzi awekhoshane angathuthukisa ukusebenza kwezimiso ze-othoni.

Izingcindezi Zemali Nezimali Ezihambisana Nezohulumeni

Izimiso eziningi zikahulumeni zibhekene nokucindezela okungalinganiyo okuvela kubantu asebegugile, izindleko ezinyukayo zempilo, izidingo zezezisekelo, kanye nokujwayela kwesimo sezulu. Lokhu kucindezela kukhulisa izimpikiswano zokusakazwa kwemithombo yemali nokusetshenziswa kwemithwalo yemfanelo phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni. Ukungalingani okuthe nkqo kwemali, lapho uhulumeni wezwe uqoqa ingxenye enkulu yemali kuyilapho amazwe enezibopho ezinkulu zokusebenzisa imali, kuyinselele eqhubekayo emazweni anjenge-Australia, iCanada, neNdiya. Izinguquko zokusekela inzuzo yemali emisha, kuhlanganise nezindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa inzuzo, izinhlelo ezintsha, nokulungisa inzuzo, futhi kudinga ukuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa kwezimiso zombuso.

Ukulwela Uhulumeni Nokuziphikisa Ngokwentando Yeningi

Enkathini yokuphambuka kwentando yeningi nokubusa ngentando yeningi okukhulayo ezingxenyeni zomhlaba, ubukhoma bombuso bungafeza indima ekuvikeleni izinhlangano zentando yeningi nemikhuba. Ngokususa amandla ezikhungweni eziningi futhi kunikeze izinkundla eziningi zokuncintisana kwezombangazwe, izimiso zikahulumeni zingenza kube nzima kakhulu ngabaholi ababushiqela ukuba bagxilise amandla futhi bacindezele ukuphikiswa. Nokho, uhulumeni ungabangela futhi ukuthambekela kwempoqo ezifundeni zesifunda, njengoba imibuso yentando yeningi ingaqhubeka ngaphansi kohulumeni wezwe wentando yeningi. Ubuhlobo phakathi kombuso wombuso wezwe nombuso wentando yeningi buyinkimbinkimbi futhi bungalawulwa umongo.

Isiphetho

Isimiso sobuzwe siyisimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi nesivumelanayo sokubusa esiye saqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwaso ekulawuleni izinselele zesilinganiso, izinhlobonhlobo, kanye nobunkimbinkimbi ezweni lanamuhla. Ngokuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kohulumeni abaphakathi nabanezigodi, izimiso zikahulumeni zidala uhlelo olulinganisela isidingo sobunye bomhlaba kanye nezenzo ezihlangene kanye nesifiso sokuzisebenzela. Izinzuzo zesimiso sombuso, kuhlanganise nokuzama ukuthuthukisa izimiso, ukuvikela amandla alinganiselwe, nokuhlala kwezimiso ezihlukahlukene, kuncitshiswa izinselele ezinjengezimpi yesifunda, ukungalingani kwezifunda, nokungalingani. Ukuqonda ubuzwe ezimweni zaso ezihlukahlukene kudinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela komthetho wezomthetho, amandla ezombangazwe, kanye nezimiso ezithile ezingokomkhakhankani. Njengoba izimiso zomhlaba ziqhubeka zizama ukuguqula, kudinga ukuvumelana nezimiso ezintsha, lapho izimiso ezingokombuso wezwe lonke.