UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, owagunyazwa ngo-1788, usebenza njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe, ukumisa isakhiwo sikahulumeni kahulumeni kanye nokuhlanganisa amalungelo ayisisekelo. Phakathi kwezihloko zawo ezihlala njalo neziphikiswana kakhulu ukuhlangana kwamalungelo alinganayo namalungelo omphakathi ($16) u-principles eye yachazwa, yanwetshwa, futhi yaphikiswana ngayo emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala ungaqinisekisanga ngokuqondile ukulingana, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho eyisisekelo, nemithetho emisiwe, kanye nemithetho yokwahlulela kuye kwayiguqula yaba incwadi ephilayo ebhekisa phambili ekwazini ukuhlanganisa izimiso zezimiso zemvelo. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela ukulingana namalungelo okwakheka komthetho womthetho, sihlola ngayo inguquko engoko, futhi sihlaziya izinselele zamanje eziqhubeka zibumba indawo esemthethweni waseMelika.

Umbono Wokulingana Emthethweni

Ukulingana kuyisisekelo sefilosofi yezombangazwe yaseMelika, kodwa ukuhlanganisa kwayo umthetho-sisekelo kwaqala kancane kancane. Isimemezelo se-Fodence esithi “bonke abantu badalwe belingana” samisa indinganiso yesifiso, kodwa uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wawunezinhlelo ezaziphikisana ngokuqondile nalowomgomo (ngokuphawulekayo amaFiffthth ahlehla kanye nokuqhubekeka kwebhizinisi lezigqila. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uMthetho-sisekelo washintshwa ukuze uvale igebe phakathi kwesithembiso sawo neqiniso.

Imibono Eyisisekelo KulesiSimemezelo Nomthetho - sisekelo Wakuqala

Inkulumo ethi “wonke amadoda adalwe elingana” yayiwukugomela koshintsho ngo-1776, imemezela ukuthi ukufaneleka kukahulumeni kuxhomeke ekuvumeni kwababuswayo. Nokho, umthetho-sisekelo wamisa ngo-1787 ukuba izigqila kanye namalungelo okuvota alinganiselwe ngokuyinhloko kubanikazi bempahla babesilisa abamhlophe. I-Bill of Rights (1791) yavikela inkululeko yomphakathi ($speech, inkolo, umkhandlu, kodwa ayizange ikhulume ngokulingana kwezinhlanga, ubulili, noma isigaba. Kwakungokwakwaba ukulingana kwakuqala ukuzuza imingcele engokomthetho.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo SikaClaus: Itshe Elihlotshisiwe Lokulingana Komthetho - sisekelo

IsiHluvathi se-Fourteth (168]) saguqula ngokuyisisekelo indlela yomthetho-sisekelo wokulingana. I-Unimest Protection Clause ithi: “Ayikho iZwe... elizophika noma imuphi umuntu onegunya lokulawula isivikelo esifanayo semithetho.” Le-Fourtenteth yayihloselwe ukuvikela ama-Afrika asanda kukhululwa e-Indicarinic emithethweni esemthethweni (Imisuka eMthethweni emnyama), kodwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iye yanwetshwa ukuba isebenze ezinhlwini eziningi zezindawo ngamaqembu-inu, ubulili, ubulili, nobungangalingani. INkantolo Ephakeme ichaza ukuthi ifuna ukuba iphathe abantu abafanayo, ngaphandle kokuba kulungile ukulunga okugunyaza.

Ukufuna Amalungelo Nokulwela Ukulingana Kwezombangazwe

Ukulingana kwezombangazwe kudinga ukufinyelela ngokulinganayo kwe-collet. ISichibiyelo soMthetho-sisekelo (170]) (1870) senqabela ukunqatshelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe kwezinhlanga, kodwa izifundazwe zaseNingizimu zakugwema ngentela yokuvota, ukuhlola kokufunda nokuphatha ngobudlova. [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] ISiphendundulo seNetente [[FLT:] [[FLT] [1920]] [20] yandisa amalungelo abesifazane. [[FLT:]] Intevolunte-Fourth Constition [195] [196] ivimbela ukuvola intela yokuvota kohlulwa kokhetho olungokomthetho.[FT]

Amalungelo Omphakathi Nezisekelo Zawo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Amalungelo omphakathi amalungelo abantu ukuba bathole ukuphathwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengezindawo zomphakathi zokulala, umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, nemfundo. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhlelo lwalamalungelo ngezinguquko eziningi eziyisisekelo.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Inkululeko Yesisekelo

Isichibiyeli sokuqala [[FLT: 1] sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, yokunyathelisa, yokufaka, yenkolo, nesicelo. Lamalungelo enza amaqembu ancishisiwe asekele ukulingana ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela kukahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Civil Rights Movement ithembele engqungqutheleni enokuthula (umz., iMarch eWashington) nenkulumo (umz., Martin Luther King Jr.’s “Inephupho” inkulumo yokubekela inselele isigaba. INkantolo Ephakeme ibambelele njalo ukuthi lenkululeko ibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi futhi ngokuvamile ingumgqando wokuqala wokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi.

ISichibiyelo Se - 13: Ukuphela Kobugqila

I-Trust yabekwa ngo-1865, IsiHlumulo seshumi nane saqeda ubugqila nezenzo zobugqila “ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu.” Kwakuyilungiselelo lokuqala lomthetho-sisekelo ukusingatha ngokuqondile ukulawulwa kwezinhlanga. Okubaluleke kakhulu, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu njengesinika amandla okuqeda iNgqungquthela hhayi nje kuphela ubugqila kodwa futhi nezenzakalo zobugqila."[FLT:] [FLT]] [5] [isizathu esisekela ubandlululo lwezinhlanga ngokwezimo.] [[FLT:]] ISivumelo sisekela Amalungelo [[FLT] [FLT]]

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nenqubo Efanele

Ngaphezu kwe-Ulingana Protection Clause, IsiHlumulo seNkathi Yonyaka Wesine [ siqukethe iNkathi Efaneleyo ka-Claus, eye yaba nesisekelo sokwandisa amalungelo omphakathi. Imfundiso yokuhlanganisa isebenzisa i-Seed Procesment Clause ukuze yenze ukuba iMake amalungelo amaningi asebenza ezizweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ithole ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokufihla imfihlo ku-145 Impondo-Mnyundo, isekela izinqumo zokuvimbela inzalo ([]]Griswold v.Connectic, 1965]) nokukhipha isisu ([FLT:]] i-Rov.[FLT]],[5], 19737] njengezicingomuntu siqu.[FFFFFF.]

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu Nangaphezulu

Isichibiyeli se-Fotteth sivimbela ngokuqondile ukunqabela ilungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe “kuhlanga, umbala, noma isimo sangaphambili sobugqila.” Isichibiyeli se-Fourth [ saqinisa amalungelo okuvota ngokususa izintela zokuvota kukhetho lukahulumeni. Lokhu kugcizelela isibopho soMthetho-mthetho sokulingana kwezombangazwe, nakuba i-galelo lidinga ukungenela komthetho oqhubekayo.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Ezakhamuzi Noshintsho Lomthetho - sisekelo

I - Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 no 1960 yayiyinkathi yokushintsha eyabangela ushintsho olungokomthetho - sisekelo phakathi nokucindezela kuwo womabili amagatsha kahulumeni. IGrassroot, izinselele ezingokomthetho, nezenzo zomthetho zahlanganisa ukuqeda ukuhlukaniswa okungokomthetho nobandlululo.

Imithetho Eyinhloko Evela Enkundleni

Izenzo ezintathu eziyinhloko zikahulumeni zaveza imfuneko yalenhlangano:

Ngasinye salezizenzo sasincike egunyeni lomthetho - sisekelo — ngokuyinhloko kuyi - Commerce Clause neSichibiyelo Se - 14th⁠) futhi siye sabhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho ezalandela ezavivinya imingcele yamandla okubusa.

Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo Ngalé Kwenkathi Yokuvuselelwa

Lenhlangano futhi yakhuthaza ukucabangela ukuvuleka kwenguquko. [Isimemezelo seSichibiyelo Samalungelo Obuntu , esaqala ukuvela ngo-1923, sathola amandla amasha kuma 1970 kodwa ekugcineni sahluleka ukuhlanganisa amadoda afuna ubufana ngokuchaza iSichibiyelo Seziphelo Zendawo Ezingamashumi Amane Engeziwe . [I-Reedv]. [197]], eyabulala amadoda athandwayo ngabesifazane njengabaqondisi bezindawo, kanye ne[FL:] .[FLD] United States v [FLD] [96] [196]], okwakudingeka ukuba ibutho leze eMistriciowe.[FLD]

Izincazelo Zokwahlulela Zamalungelo Okulingana Namalungelo Omphakathi

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yafeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo yokulingana namalungelo omphakathi.

Ukusuka Ekubeni I - Pnett Kuya EBrown: Ukuphela Kokwehlukana Kodwa Okulinganayo

Plessy v. Ferguson (1866], iNkantolo yasekela ukuhlukaniswa kohlanga ngaphansi kwemfundiso ethi “ukuhlukaniswa kodwa kulingana”, iphethe ukuthi isiMithelela seshumi nane seSichibiyelo asizange sinqabele ukuhlukanisa izinhlanga ngokwezwe. Lesinqumo sagunyaza uJir Crow cishe amashumi ayisithupha eminyaka. [FLT:] Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo [1954], eyathi izikole zomphakathi ezihlukene ngokulinganayo “zingalingani kakhulu” futhi yaphula isivikelo esilinganayo. [[FLT:] Brown[FFF][FFF] [5]] Brown v.BEtheededededeogne yezene ye-Orvement.[Ft]

Uthando lwaseVirginia Nelungelo Eliyisisekelo Lokushada

i-Overdian v. Virginia (1967), iNkantolo yalahla imithetho evimbela ukuganana kwezinhlanga, iphethe ukuthi umshado uyilungelo eliyisisekelo nokuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga kumelwe kubekwe ngaphansi kokuhlolwa kokwahlulela okuqinile. Lelicala laqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko yokushada ayinakulinganiselwa ngokucwaswa ngokohlanga okungathandeki.

Ukuvuleka Kwecala Nelungelo Lokuba Wedwa

Ku Roe v. [773]), iNkantolo yaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokuba wedwa ngaphansi kwe-Century Procession Claus evikela isinqumo sowesifazane sokuqeda ukukhulelwa. Nakuba kuphikiswa, ukubusa okugunyaziwe okugunyaziwe nokuzimela komzimba ekuchazeni umthetho-mthethweni. [[FLT:] Ama-Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202], iNkantolo yenkantolo elawula [ Ro [[FLT], ibuyisela umthetho wokukhishwa kwesisuko ezimisweni. Lokhu kuqokomisa amalungelo e-6 ekhungweni eliboniswe ewumthetho womthetho.

I - Obergefell v.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), iNkantolo yathi imibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo inelungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada ngaphansi kwakho kokubili iNkqubo Elindelekile neSivikelo sika-Claus. Isinqumo saphawula ukwanda kwamalungelo omphakathi okungokomlando, siphawula ukuthi “ilungelo lokushada liyifa eliyisisekelo lenkululeko yomuntu.” (Opinion eNkanto eNkantolo ISAZIME ).

Isenzo Esiqinisayo Nesivikelo Esilinganayo

INkantolo iye yakhuluma ukuthi izimiso eziziqaphelayo ngokohlanga ziyakulahla yini ukuvikela okulinganayo. IRegents zeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia v. Bakke [1988], yavumela uhlanga ukuba lubhekwe njengesici esiyinhloko ekuvumeni kodwa enqatshweni. Gratebr v. Bollinger [2003] [2003], yasekela indlela yeYunivesithi yaseMichigan Law School. Nokho, [ku-[FLT: 4.]] ku-awulwe. [ku-Activective] v v [FLD5:] [20], inkantolo yaphakamisa i-eye, yaphakamisa izinhlelo zemfundo ezilawulayo, izinhlelo zemfundo ezithiyo ezithiwe yi-Claye. Isinqumo esikamelwe sisetshenziswe enqulwini.[[FLT]]

Izindaba Zangesikhathi Esizayo Ngokulingana Namalungelo Omphakathi

Naphezu kwentuthuko emiswe eMthethweni nomthetho, ukuhluka okuqhubekayo nezinselele ezintsha kuyaqhubeka kulungisa isimo sokulingana namalungelo omphakathi.

Ubulungisa Bobuhlanga Nesiko

Inhlangano Emnyama Live Matter iye yaletha ukunakekela okuvuselelwe kwezimiso zobandlululo lwezinhlanga kumaphoyisa, ukwahlulela kobugebengu, namathuba ezomnotho. Izehlulelo zigxila ezinguqulweni zezimiso ezinjengokuqeda ukuvikela komzimba okufanelekayo, amaphoyisa alwayo, nokukhipha ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi. Nakuba isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo senguquko enjalo siseSivumelwaneni seSiphendulo se-14 seSiphendulo, umthetho ezingeni sikahulumeni uphelile, ushiye izimpikiswano eziningi zokusetshenziswa kwezwe nesezindaweni ezithile.

I - LGBTQ+ Amalungelo Angemva Komshado

Ukulingana emshadweni kwakuyimpumelelo enkulu, kodwa izimpi ezingokomthetho ziyaqhubeka ngaphezu kwamalungelo omsebenzi, izindlu, izindawo zomphakathi, kanye nokunakekela impilo. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Bostock v. Clayton County [2020]) zasekela ukuthi iSihlokwana VII se-Ovinition Rights Act ka-194949 sinqabela ukucwaswa kobandlululo okusekelwe ekukhubazekeni kwegazi nasobulilini. Nokho, ukuphikisana ngokukhulula inkolo kanye namalungelo e-transder, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokuhlanganyela kwezeluleko nokungenela isibopho sobulili, kuhlala kumatasa ezinkantolo nasezindlini zomthetho. [[FLT:] Umthetho olinganayo [FLT:] uMthetho wokuvikela isivikelo esiphezulu esisezingeni sombuso.

Ukuthola Amalungelo Nokukhetha

Amalungelo anikezwayo asala esongelwa ngemithetho ye-ID, ukususwa kwamavoti asongwe, i-gerrymander, kanye nemingcele kuma-posi. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku Shelby County v. UHaker[[FLLT:1] [2013]) waqeda indlela yokukhokha ye-Voting Rights Act, ukuqeda ngokuphumelelayo ukumiswa kwezwe ngemithetho yobandlululo ngomlando wobandlululo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amazwe amaningi aye adlulisela imithetho yokuvota evimbela. Imizamo yokubuyisela i-Relegistmentation Reveloption Act ayikaphumelelanga, ishiya abaningi abacudisi bengenakuvikelwa.

Amalungelo Okuwohloka Ne - ADA

I-American enomthetho wobukhubazeko (ADA) ka-1990, ebekwe ngaphansi kwe-Chommerce Claus neSiqeshana 5 se-Grandment ye 14neth, ivimbela ukucwaswa emsebenzini, izinkonzo zomphakathi, nezindawo zomphakathi zokuhlala. Nokho abantu abakhubazekile basabhekana nezithiyo eziphawulekayo emsebenzini, ekuthutheni, ekuphatheni, ekunakekeleni, nasekunakekeleni impilo. Isiqinisekiso somthetho womthetho we-ADA siyaqhubeka sisebenza njengesisekelo samalungelo okhubazekayo.

Ukulingana Kwezinhlanga Namalungelo Okuzala

Ngemva kokugumbuqelwa kwe Roe v. , impi mayelana namalungelo okuzala ishintshelwe ezinkantolo zikahulumeni nakuzindlu zomthetho. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zandisa ukufinyelela, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zamisa ukuvinjelwa okucishe kube ingqikithi. Izinselele ezingokomthetho zivame ukubiza isiqinisekiso esingokomthetho sokuzibopha, ukulingana, nokuzilawula komzimba. Kulelozwe, [FLT:] i-Print Fairness Act [2023]) zinikeza izindawo zokuhlala zezimo zokukhulelwa ezihlobene ne-mfako, kanti ukuhlanganisa i-Arbitation of Albaticism and Sexual Act [FFFLT]

Isiphetho

Ukuhlangana kokulingana namalungelo omphakathi eMthethweni kubonakalisa uhambo olunzima, olungakapheli ekulungeni. Kusukela ekuvulweni kweSichibiyelweni seZinqumo zenkululeko kuya eMzabalazweni waMalungelo oMnyangweni we-Civil nasemuva kwesikhathi sawo, incazelo yokulingana iye yanwetshwa ngencazelo yomthetho-mthetho-siseko, izenzo zomthetho-mthetho, nezinhlangano zezenhlalo. UMthetho-sisekelo uyaqhubeka uyipulani kanye namalungelo aphezulu. Izimiso zemithetho yemithetho nezimiso zokulwa nezimiso zokulwa zenza kube nesisekelo sokucwasana okunzima, kodwa ukuqaphela kwabo kuxhomeke ekuqhubekeni beqaphile, ukuthembisa kwesizwe, kanye nesibopho sokuzimisela kokuthi bonke abantu banelungelo lokulingana ngaphansi komthetho. Njengoba kuphakama kwemibuzo engokobuningi, ukuvikela kwezimiso zomthetho wezentengo, kanye nengqondo yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wezwe waseMelika, kuhlolwa futhi kuhlolwa.