Isingeniso: Isivumelwano Esingekho Omlomo Esichaza Umphakathi

Wonke umphakathi ozinzile usebenza ngesisekelo: ukuthi abantu badela ngokuzithandela izinga elithile lenkululeko yabo siqu ukuze bathole ukulondeka, ukuhleleka, nenzuzo yabo bonke. Lombono, owaziwa ngokuthi isivumelwano somphakathi , awuyona incwadi ebhaliwe esayinwa yizakhamuzi kodwa uhlelo olucatshangelwayo oluchaza imvelaphi, ubugunya, nemingcele yegunya likahulumeni.

Esikhankasweni sezombangazwe samanje, isivumelwano sezenhlalo sivame ukusetshenziswa lapho kuxoxwa ngokufaneleka kwezinhlangano, ukusakazwa kwemithombo yemali, namalungelo ezakhamuzi. Sinikeza ilebula elinamandla lokuhlaziya ukuthi kungani abantu bevuma ukubuswa nokuthi yiziphi izibopho abanezibopho ezinazo komunye nomunye. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuziphendukela okungokomlando kwesivumelwano sezenhlalo, izimiso zaso eziyisisekelo, izinhlelo zaso zesimanje, kanye nezingalo ezibekela inselele imbulunga yonke. Ukuqonda lomqondo kubalulekile ekuqondeni izisekelo zemibono yezombangazwe yaseNtshonalanga kanye nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngobulungisa, ukulingana, negunya ekhulwini lama - 21.

Imvelaphi Yemfundiso Yezenhlalo Yokukhanyiselwa

Inkolelo-mbono yezenhlalo yavela phakathi nekhulu le-17 nele-18, inkathi yenguquko enkulu eyaziwa ngokuthi ukukhanyiselwa. Abacabangi balenkathi bafuna ukumisa igunya lezombangazwe ngesizathu, amalungelo abantu, kanye nokuvuma kunokuba kusekelwe ekulungeni kwaphezulu, isiko, noma amandla esizwe. Bacabanga ukuthi "imvelo" qhaba isimo esicatshangelwayo ngaphambi kokumiswa kukahulumeni ohleliwe. [16] Izihlakaniphi ezintathu ziveza isisekelo esingokomthetho somphakathi wezombangazwe. Abacubungu baveza isisekelo salelisiko: Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, noJean-Jacques Rouss Rousseau.

UThomas Hobbes: Uhlelekile Phezu Kwenkululeko

Thomas Hobbes, ebhala emthunzini weMpi Yombango yaseNgilandi, wanikeza umbono ofiphele wesimo semvelo kunyaka wakhe ka 1651 wobuciko, Leviathan[. . UHobes, isimo semvelo sasiyimpi yabo bonke, lapho ukuphila kwakukhona "odwa, abampofu, abampofu, abanobukhazikhazikhazi, nabafifi". Kulesisimo, kwakungekho zimboni, isiko, noma ukulondeka ngoba kwakungekho mandla avamile okushaya imithetho. Abantu babephila ngokwesaba ukufa okunobudlova.

Ukuze baphunyuke kulesimo esingabekezeleleki, abantu abanengqondo bangena esivumelwaneni. Bavuma ukubeka isibopho sabo esingokwemvelo kuzo zonke izinto futhi badlulisele igunya labo kumbusi oyedwa noma engqungqutheleni. Lombusi, uLeviyathani, wayengeyena ilungu lesivumelwano kodwa ukudalwa kwalo. Ngenxa yokuthi lombusi wayengaphandle kwesivumelwano, amandla akhe ayephelele, elinganiselwe kuphela ngekhono lakhe lokulondoloza ukuthula. Isivumelwano esiyinhloko sikahulumeni sasiyisivumelwano sokuzithobana kukahulumeni okwadala umbuso njengomuntu owenziwe ngomthetho onamandla wokulawula. Le nkolelo inikeza ukulunga okunamandla kwegunya, eliphethe kahle futhi ichaza ukuthi kungani ngisho nohulumeni abangaphelele bevame ukukhohliseka.

UJohn Locke: Umsunguli Wamalungelo Emvelo

John Locke wanikeza umbono wethemba kakhulu ngemvelo yomuntu kanye nombono olinganiselwe kakhulu kahulumeni kulowo SECOND Treasurence of Government [1689]. Isimo semvelo sasingesona isimo sempi kodwa isimo senkululeko ephelele nesilinganiso, esibuswa umthetho wemvelo, owenqabela ukulimaza abanye ekuphileni kwabo, impilo, inkululeko, noma impahla. Nokho, lesimo sasingathandeki futhi singafaneleki. Nokho, akukho mthetho owaziwayo, akukho jaji elingakhethi, futhi akukho gunya lokuqondisa okuphethe okuphethe okuphethe.

Locke waphikisa ngokuthi abantu bayavuma ukwakha umphakathi wezombangazwe ngokuyinhloko ukuze bavikele amalungelo abo angokwemvelo ] .ukuphila, inkululeko, nempahla. Isivumelwano sezenhlalo simisa uhulumeni owenzela abantu abantu abamethembayo. Ngokuvumelanayo, amandla kahulumeni alinganiselwe. Uma uhulumeni ephula amalungelo emvelo ezakhamuzi zakhe noma izenzo zobushiqela, abantu banelungelo lokuqeda isivumelwano nenguquko. Imibono kaLocke yayinethonya elikhulu, inikeza isisekelo sefilosofi seNguquko yeSikhathilo Esihloniphekayo eNgilandi neSivumelo sombuso we-Humost. Ukugcizelela kwakhe ekuvumela izivumelwano, amalungelo empahla, nohulumeni olinganiselwe kuhlala kuyitshe lemfundiso yenkolo ekhululekile neyobukhompucuko yanamuhla.

UJean-Jacques Rousseau: Ukuphishekela Inkululeko Yokuhlanganisa

Jean-Jacques Rousseau wathatha isivumelwano somphakathi esiqondiswe kakhulu ekuqondiseni kwentando yeningi emsebenzini wakhe ka-1762, i-Social Contract.. URousseau wathola inkinga yomphakathi wanamuhla: "Umuntu uzalwa ekhululekile, futhi kuyo yonke indawo usekethene. Wanqaba umqondo wokuthi abantu ngokwemvelo bahweba ngenkululeko yabo yokulondeka. Kunalokho, wafuna uhlobo lwenhlangano evikela umuntu ngamunye futhi evikela izimpahla zakhe kuyilapho ngamunye, ehlangene naye wonke, ulalela kuphela futhi uhlala ekhululekile njengakuqala.

Ikhambi likaRousseau kwakuyi- Geondral . UJenene uQonda akasiyo nje ingxenye yentando yomuntu ngamunye ("Intando Yabo Bonke") kodwa umzimba wokuziphatha ohlose ukuzuzisa bonke. Ngokungena esivumelwaneni somphakathi, abantu basusa inkululeko yabo engokwemvelo yokushintshana ngenkululeko yomphakathi nenkululeko yokuziphatha yokulalela umthetho abaziyala wona. Lokhu kudinga uhlobo oluphezulu lwentando yentando yeningi lapho izakhamuzi zihileleke khona ngokomthetho. Imibono kaRousseau iye yagujwa njengombono wokulingana okungenakulingani okungokomthetho futhi igxekwa ngenxa yokukwazi kwabo ukuthethelela ukubambisana kobushiqela. Umsebenzi wakhe uphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nenkululeko phakathi kwegunya ngalinye elisebunye namuhla.

Izimiso Zekhora Nemishini Esebenzayo

Naphezu kokungezwani kwabo, uHobbes, uLocke, noRousseau bamisa izimiso eziyisisekelo ezichaza isiko lesivumelwano sezenhlalo.

Ukuvunyelwa Njengesisekelo Sobufundisi

Isimiso esiyisisekelo senkolelo-mfantu siwukuthi igunya lezombangazwe lithathwa ekuvumeni kwe- kwe-athod . Uhulumeni awugunyazi ngoba unamandla noma ungokwesiko; kungokomthetho ngoba abantu bayavuma ngokuzithandela ukubuswa. Lemvume ingachazwa, njengokusayina isivumelwano noma ukufunga, noma ukufushanisa, njengokuhlala ezweni elithile futhi uzuze emithethweni yalo. Umqondo wemvume ufakwe emikhubeni yanamuhla yentando yeningi njengovota, okuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zivuselelwe noma zivume njalo.

Ukushintshwa Kwenkululeko Yokulondeka Nokuhleleka

Isivumelwano sezenhlalo singukushintshana. Abantu ngabanye badela inkululeko elinganiselwe kodwa engalondekile yesimo semvelo ukuze bashintshele inkululeko elawulwayo kodwa elondekile yomphakathi. Lokhu kushintshana kuyisisekelo sombuso wegunya lombuso ebudloveni obungokomthetho. Izakhamuzi ziyavuma ukungawuthathi umthetho ezandleni zazo siqu, futhi ngokulandela iphindwayo, umbuso unikeza isivikelo ebugebengwini bangaphakathi nasezinsongweni zangaphandle. Lesimiso sivumelanisa izikhawu zemisebenzi yombuso, kusukela enkabeni yezempi kuya enkantolo.

UMthetho Njengozalo Ongenasici

Umphakathi obuswa isivumelwano sezenhlalo yinhlangano elawulwa imithetho, hhayi imithetho ewumthetho ozimele. Umthetho uqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nababusi, ungaphansi kwemithetho engokomthetho eyaziwayo, evamile, nengakhethi. Lokhu okubikezelwayo kuvumela abantu ukuba bahlele ukuphila kwabo futhi baphishekele izithakazelo zabo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphazamisa komthetho-sisekelo ngokuzenzakalela. Ngakho isivumelwano sezenhlalo sinikeza isisekelo somthetho ngokomthetho, lapho amandla kahulumeni elinganiselwe khona ngesisekelo somthetho ophakeme kakhulu esibonisa imibandela yesivumelwano sokuqala.

Inhlangano Yezenhlalo Ebuthweni Lesikhathi Esizayo

Isivumelwano sezenhlalo asiyona nje inkolelo - mbono engokomlando; siwumqondo ophilayo othonya umklamo wezinhlangano zanamuhla, izimpikiswano zezimiso, nezimfundiso ezingokomthetho.

Ubu - Constitution Nesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Imithetho-mthetho ebhalwe yanamuhla ingaqondwa njengezimpawu ezingokomthetho zesivumelwano sezenhlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., uqala ngokuthi "Thina bantu," ngokucacisa igunya emvumeni yababuswayo. IBhili yamalungelo libala imingcele eqondile emandla kahulumeni, ivikela amalungelo emvelo ashiwo yi-Locke ayengenakuthatheka. Le mibhalo ikha uhlelo olungokomthetho lukahulumeni olinganiselwe, imisa isimiso sendlela yokuhlola nokulinganisa ukuze ivimbele noma iliphi iqembu elithile ukuba limelane imibandela yesivumelwano.

Isifundazwe Sezenhlalakahle: Isibopho Sanamuhla Esingokomthetho

Ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka, isivumelwano sezenhlala- kahle sezenhlalakahle sinwebe ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo enhlalakahle yezenhlalo. Umqondo wokuthi izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokuthola ukulondeka okuyisisekelo kwezomnotho − imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, umshuwalense wokungasebenzi, nempesheni endala . kungabhekwa njengokuvuselelwa kwesivumelwano sokubhekana nezingozi zezenkampano yezenkampane yezezimali. [Umphakathi] unezimo ezifana ne-OECD [indlela] yokulungisa izivumelwano zawo zezenhlalakahle ngokulinganisela imingcele yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano engokwezentengiselwano nokulalela umthetho, izuza isiphakamiso esihlangene nokuchuma nenethi elivikelayo.

Imisebenzi Engokomthetho: Ukukhokha Intela, Ukuvuna Impi Nenkonzo Yezempi

Isivumelwano sezenhlalo sifaka nemisebenzi kakhonkolo ezakhamuzini. [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] imelela indima yezakhamuzi ekuqondiseni ubulungisa intengo yomphakathi ophucukile; inikeza izimpahla zomphakathi nezinkonzo ezifunwa yisivumelwano. [ Inkonzo enzima[ noma inkonzo yesizwe, iyisibonakaliso sokuvuma okukhulu kokuvikela umphakathi. Lezi zibopho ziqokomisa isimo esiqondile sokuhlanganyela emsebenzini wobukhosi wesivumelwano. [[FLT:]] Inkonzo enzima noma inkonzo yesizwe, kwamanye amazwe, iyimfanelo evelele kakhulu yokuzimisela ukuvikela umphakathi. Lemfanelo ibaluleke kakhulu kwesivumelwano: amalungelo emisebenzi.

Ukuqubuka Nenkinga Yokuzihlukanisa

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isivumelwano sakudala sasingakaze sibe khona emhlabeni wonke kodwa kunalokho sasiyisivumelwano phakathi kweqembu elinelungelo elalikhipha ezinye ngokulandelana.

Ukufuna Abesifazane Nokuqashwa Kohlanga

Abashisekeli bezombangazwe bakuqala abanjenge- Carole Pateman, encwadini yakhe iContract , iphikisa ngokuthi isivumelwano somphakathi sakuqala sasiyisivumelwano sobungane esamiswa nelungelo lenzalamizi. "Isivumelwano esingokomthetho" esihlanganisayo saqala ukubusa" emfundisweni yakudala kwakuyinhloko yekhaya yabesilisa. Abesifazane babengaphansi kwesivumelwano somphakathi. Isivumelwano somphakathi, kulombono, sakhiwe esingokomthetho [[FLT] [FLT:] [FLT] esingubuhlobo obuphakathi kwabantu bocansi] obubusa ubuhlobo obuphakathi kwabantu.

Ngokufanayo, i-Charles Milles, i-Contract yohlanga, ama-argues ukuthi isivumelwano sezenhlalo siyisivumelwano sobuhlanga [. Isimo semvelo kanye nesigaba sesivumelwano sakhiwa njengomhlophe naseYurophu. I-Contract yakha isimiso sobukhulu bomhlaba wonke ngokuhloba okungamhlophe njengemigqa engebona abamhlophe abangezwani ngokugcwele esihlangene nesivumelwano sezezombangazwe. Le nkinga yembula ukuthi amalungelo esizwe anziwa ngokwesivumelwano esingokwenhlalo.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nemingcele Yemiba Yezici Zesizwe

Isivumelwano somphakathi sasendulo sasicatshangwa phakathi kwemingcele yezwe elilodwa. Kodwa ezweni eligcwele umhlaba wonke, izinkinga ezicindezela kakhulu, ukushintsha kobhadane, ukugeleza kwababaleki, ukungalingani kwembulunga yonke, namandla ezinhlangano zezizwe ngezizwe. .Isivumelwano sezenhlalo sinenkinga ekusingatheni lezinselele. Asikho umbusi wembulunga yonke futhi akukho ukuncitshiswa kwembulunga yonke. Abagxeki babuza ukuthi siyayidinga yini isivumelwano sezenhlalo esinemiphakathi [ esinwebela amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo ezindaweni ezihlukene, noma ukuthi inkolelo ngokwayo ihlobene kakhulu nesibonelo sezwe laseWestphanizimu esiphethe izwe ukuba sisebenze.

Amandla Alinganiswa Embusweni

Ngisho naphakathi kwesizwe, isivumelwano senhlalo asiqhubeki esifundeni sokudlala. Izithakazelo ezinamandla zithatha umbuso futhi zilolonge amagama "enzuzoni" ngokwenzuzo yabo. Ukuphanga, umkhankaso, nokungalingani kwezomnotho kusho ukuthi isivumelwano somphakathi ngokuvamile siyadukiswa. Yona kanye imithetho nezimiso ezihlanganisa lesi sivumelwano zingasetshenziselwa ukuqinisa amalungelo abacebile nanamandla, kululaza inzuzo yesivumelwano esizuzisayo. Le nkinga iholela ekubizeni isivumelwano esiyisisekelo sezenhlalo sokubhekana nale mithetho engokwenhlalo ukuze kuhlangane nalakhe lamandla.

Ukuvuselela Isivumelwano Sezenhlalo Sekhulu Lama - 21

Ngenxa yalezi zimpikiswano nezinselele ezintsha, ongqondongqondo bezombangazwe nabashisekeli bacela ukuba isivumelwano sezenhlalo sivuselelwe. Lokhu kuhilela ukuvuselela izimfuneko zesivumelwano sokubonisa izindinganiso namaqiniso akhona.

Isimiso Sezobuchwepheshe

Ukunyuka kwe-inthanethi, imithombo yezokuxhumana, kanye nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kuye kwadala "isimo semvelo" endaweni ye-minubers. Izinkampani zezobuchwepheshe zisebenza njengohulumeni abangabodwa, ziqoqa inqwaba yemininingwane nenkulumo yomphakathi. Izakhamuzi azikwazi ukulawula ukuphila kwazo kobuchwepheshe. isivumelwano sezenhlalo [i-FLT] ingenza amalungelo acacile abasebenzisi `ukusetshenziswa kwemininingwane yemininingwane yezobuchwepheshe, ukubumfihlo, nokungafihlisi-algoricism" ngokushintshanisa kwabo ukuthatha kwabo i-tectom. Izindawo zokuthatha izivumelwano zezeze-tektropic. Izikhulu zikahulumeni ziqala ukwenza, ngemithetho enjenge- I-Regratection [GR]]-octive [FLD:3] ekumeleni isivumelwano sohluzohlu lohlelo lwezinombolo. [inxa]

Abaphathi Bendawo Ezungezile Njengomsizi Wokuhlangana Kwesizukulwane

Isivumelwano somphakathi sasendulo sasingesesikhashana, sibopha kuphela abaphilayo. Isimo sezulu siphoqelela ukuba sicabange ngokulinganayo. Imithetho elawula ukukhishwa kwecarbon, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, nokuncipha kwempahla ivumelana ngokuphumelelayo nezizukulwane ezizayo, ezingekho ukuba zizwane noma zinikeze imvume yazo. isivumelwano sezenhlalo [ sigomela ukuthi isizukulwane samanje sinesibopho sokuziphatha sokulondoloza iplanethi ehlalayo. Lesi simiso sivivinywa ezimweni ezingokomthetho emhlabeni wonke, lapho intsha izama khona ukuvikela amalungelo ayo esikhathi esizayo, iveza ukuthi isivumelwano sezenhlalo sesephukile.

Inzuzo Eyisisekelo Yembulunga Yonke Nekusasa Lomsebenzi

Ukuzisebenzela nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kusongela ukuphazamisa isivumelwano sezenhlalakahle esingokwesiko esisekelwe emsebenzini. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, isivumelwano sasicacile: abantu ngabanye babenikela umsebenzi wabo ukuze bathole iholo nesivikelo somphakathi. Njengoba umsebenzi uba ngongenangozi futhi usetshenziswa ngemishini, lo mfuziselo uyawohloka. Izazi eziningi nabenzi bemithetho manje basekela [[FLT: 0]] i-Universal Basic Infige Infige [UBY] njengegama elisha esivumelwaneni somphakathi. UBI iqinisekisa isakhamuzi ngasinye ngesamba semali esivamile, esingaguquguquki semali, sinikeza indawo eyisisekelo sezentengo yezentengo yezomnotho nenkululeko. Lokhu kumelela ukushintshwa okuyisisekelo kwesivumelwano esisekelwe ekusekeleni esisekelwe ekuhlanganyeleni esisekelweni esisebusweni nasesingeni.

Isiphetho

Isivumelwano sezenhlalo silokhu singenye yemibono enamandla kakhulu nehlala njalo emfundisweni yezombangazwe. Sinikeza uhlaka lokubuza imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nokubusa: Kungani kufanele silalele umthetho? Siyini imingcele yamandla kahulumeni? Sinecala lani njengezakhamuzi? Ukusuka ekukhanyiselweni kwayo kwemisebenzi ye Hobbes, iLocke, neRouss ekusebenziseni kwayo kwanamuhla emthethweni wezenhlalakahle, namalungelo ezenhlalo, isivumelwano sezenhlalo siye sazibonakalisa sivumelana nezimo eziphawulekayo neziqinile.

Izivumelwano zesivumelwano sezenhlalo (ngoba sincishiswa kanye nobumpumputhe baso kumandla − zibalulekile, ngoba zisikhumbuza ukuthi asikho isivumelwano esiwujuqu. Isivumelwano esiphilayo sezenhlalo kumelwe siphinde sinqunywe futhi sinwetshwe ukuze sihlanganise labo ababeshiywe ngokomlando. Njengoba sibhekene nezinselele zekhulu lama-21, kusukela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuya e-Al, umsebenzi wokuvuselela isivumelwano somphakathi uyinselele yokuhlakanipha nesidingo sezombangazwe. Ukufuna isisekelo esilungile nesesona sobunyeni babantu kuyaqhubeka, futhi isivumelwano somphakathi siyaqhubeka sisenesiqondiso sethu esibaluleke kakhulu.