Ukuqonda Izinguquko Ezingokwesayensi: Izisekelo Nezinguquko

Izinguquko ze-Electoral ziwushintsho olungokwezimiso kuhlelo lwezimiso olulawula indlela okhetho oluqhutshwa ngayo. Lezinguquko zingabuyisela ukungenela kovoti, ukumelelwa, kanye nobuqotho obuphelele bezinqubo zedemokrasi. Ngenxa yokuthi imithetho yomdlalo elawula ukuthi obani abahlanganyelayo nokuthi baphi amazwi abo ababalwa kanjani, ngisho nezinguquko ezincane ezinqubeni zokuvota zingaba nemiphumela engcono ekubopheni umphakathi. Kubafundi, abafundisi, nabenzi bezimiso, ukuqonda ukuhlelwa kwalezinguquko kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni idemokrazi enempilo.

Izazi zihlela izinguquko zezekhethelo ngokwezimo ezihlukene eziningana, ngasinye sibheke isigaba esithile somjikelezo wokhetho. inqubo yokuguqula ishintsha indlela yezakhamuzi zokuphonsa ngayo ama-bollet [ngokwesibonelo, ukusuka kuhlelo olulula lokukhetha noma ukumelela okulinganayo. [FLT:] ukuguqula ukubhalisa [ kuguqula inqubo abantu abafanelekelayo ukuthatha imigoqongo yabo, njengokusebenzisa ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo noma ukubhalisa okufanayo. [FLT:] ngezinye izikhathi, izivumelwano zezimo ezihlukene zemali. [FLT:] [FFLT:] ukuvimbela izinguquko [FFF:] ukuvolahlela [FFM] ukuvola inguquko [flm] ukuvolulisa [uhlu lomthetho] ukukhipha imvume ehlukene, ngezinye izikhathi, izinhlelo ezihlukene zemali ezihlukene, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezihlukene, iminikelo ezihlukene, iminikelo.[5]

Izisusa ezibangela izinguquko zezezinguquko zeqembu ngokuvamile zisekelwe ezimisweni zokulunga, ukufinyela, nokubona. Nokho, izimo zezombangazwe lapho zithathiwe khona `i-partisan', izinhlangano zezenhlalo, noma izinqumo zenkantolo'. Ngokuvamile kuthola ithonya lazo langempela. Ngokwesibonelo, izinguquko eziye zavinjelwa omunye angase avinjelwe omunye, futhi ukusungula izinselele kungadambisa izinzuzo zabo ezihlosiwe. Ukuqonda lamandla kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ubudlelwane phakathi kwenguquko yeze-volution nezivumelwano zezenhlalo bungalula futhi bungahlanganyelwanga ngendawo.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlanganyela Kwesigqi Esincane Ekuphileni Okubusa Intando Yeningi

Isivumelwano sobugqizibe sihlanganisa ukuya emihlanganweni yomphakathi, ukujoyina amaqembu abusayo, ukuvolontiya, ukuhlangana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, nokuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi. Izinga eliphakeme lokubophana kwezakhamuzi liyisibonakaliso sentando yeningi yentando yeningi yentshiseko ngoba liqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zamazwi zisiza ekuhleleni isimiso somphakathi. Izakhamuzi ezihlanganyelayo zithambekele ekuqondeni ngokwengeziwe, zithembele kakhulu ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi, futhi zizimisele kakhulu ukunikeza abaholi. Ukucwaninga njalo kubonisa ukuthi imiphakathi enezivumelwano eziqinile zezokubusa komphakathi ibhekana nemiphumela engcono, kusukela ezinkonzweni ezisabelayo ukuze inkohlakalo inciphe.

Kubafundi, ukubophana ngolwazi lwezakhamuzi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuba izakhamuzi ezikhuthele. Izikole zinendima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni imikhuba yokuhlanganyela, njengokuxoxa ngezenzakalo zamuva, ukukhuthaza izinqubo zomthetho, nomsebenzi wokuzithandela okhuthazayo. Uma izinguquko zokhetho zenza kube lula ukuhlanganyela, bangandisa izinzuzo zemfundo yomphakathi.

Indlela Izinguquko Ezishintsha Ngayo Isivumelwano

Izindlela Eziqondile Zokuhlanganyela

Izinguquko eziningi ze-othoral ziklanyelwe ukunwebela ukubophana komphakathi. ngokuzenzakalelayo ukubhalisa kwevoti (AVTR) ingenye yezinyathelo eziphumelela kakhulu. Amazwe aye asebenzisa i-AVR, njenge-Oregon ne-Georgia, aye abona amazinga okubhalisa enyuka ngama-digidi amabili. Uma izakhamuzi zingadingi ukubhalisa amaphepha anzima noma imikhawulo, zisengozini enkulu yokubhaliswa futhi zivote. Ukubhalisa okuphakathi kosuku, kunikezwa ezizweni njenge-Minnesova ne-Wisconsian, futhi zibuye zifake iswond, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabancane, abahamba ngemi abambalwa, abangalahlekelwa ukubhaliswa.

Ukuvota okune-choice-ranked (RCV) kungakhuthaza amasimu afuna ukuvota futhi kunciphise umkhankaso ophambene, okwenza ukuba okhethweni babe abakhanga kakhulu kubavoti. Amadolobha anjengeSan Francisco neMinneapolis aye asebenzisa i-RCV ukukhetha izikhulu ezibonisa ngokunembile izinhlobonhlobo zemiphakathi yazo. Uma abavoti benomuzwa wokuthi ibhola labo lizobala ngisho noma isigaba sabo sokuqala se-choce silahlekelwa − ngoba cishe azikwazi ukuhlala ekhaya. Ezinye izifundo zisikisela i-RCV CORCreplates ngokubhekisa phambili ehracletives ehholweni, nakuba umphumela uchazwa kahle ngendlela echazwa ngayo emphakathini.

Ikhomishane yokufaka izigaba ezizimele inganciphisa ukuncintisana kweqembu elincintisanayo, yenza imiphumela yokukhetha ibe mikhulu. Izifunda-kazi zinikeza abavoti ukukhetha okunenjongo, okukhulisa isisusa sokuhlanganyela. IZintu zaseCalifornia iRedididigigigiting Commission, eyasungulwa ngo-2008, iboshelwe ukwenza izinhlanga eziningi ezincintisanayo kanye nombheki ohloniphekile ekuboleni i-votick. Uma izakhamuzi ziqaphela ukuthi ivoti yazo ingenza ukhetho lungavota, zivame kakhulu ukunikela isikhathi sokufunda ngabavoti kanye nokujika ngaphandle.

Imiphumela Emibi Nezithiyo Ezingahlosiwe

Akuzona zonke izinguquko ezizuzisayo ekuthembiseni. Strict Imithetho ye-ID yevotar , efakwe ezizweni ezinjenge Indiana neTexas, ngokungenakuqhathaniswa ithinta izinhlanga ezincane, amavoti amashadi amadala, kanye nezingakhi eziphansi kubantu abathambekele ekungeneni kancane kwezombangazwe ukuze baqale. Umthwalo wokuthola i-ID kahulumeni ehlonisiwe, ngokuvamile ohilela uhambo lwamahhovisi ngamahora alinganiselwe nangezindleko zokusekela imibhalo, wenza umphumela owehlayo onganciphisa ukuthatha igalelo. Ubufakazi obuvela kumavoti ye-ID yaseNyakatho Carolina (ngokubehla njengediski yomthetho) wabonisa ukuhle okungahle phakathi kwe-Blabhuliki ekwa ngemva kokuhlelwa kokhetho.

Ukulingisa ezimisweni zokuvota kungavimbela futhi ukuthatha uhlangothi. Uma izifunda zikagesi zishintshela ezindleleni ezintsha njengemishini yokuvota ye-electal noma zonke iposi zingavoti ngaphandle kokufunda ngokwanele, ukudideka kungaholela ekungcoliseni amabhola noma ukwehla kwethemba. Ngokufanayo, izinguquko ezivamile zokuhlola izindawo noma imingcele yesifunda [ ziphazamisa ukuvota komkhuba. I-202020 yenkomvota yabona izinguquko eziningi zokugcina ngenxa yomqeda-mqeda nesifo; nakuba izimo eziningi zishintsha ngokuphumelelayo, ezinye zabona zincishisiwe emiphakathini eyayitshelwe kabi ngezinqubo ezintsha.

Ukunganaki kwezentengiselwano kungavela lapho izinguquko zithathwa njengeziwuphawu noma zinganele. Uma izakhamuzi zibuka imithetho yezezimali ihlala ibuthakathaka naphezu kokukhala komphakathi, zingaphetha ngokuthi isimiso siphakamisiwe abacebe futhi sihluliwe. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka 2010 siveza ithonya elikhulu elihlangene. FORC [FLT] iveza isikhukhula semali esetshenziswa ngokungenamingcele, futhi imizamo yenguquko elandelayo iye yavala kakhulu. Lokhu kuye kwanezela emzweni wokungabazeki phakathi kwabathile abavoti, ikakhulukazi abasebancane, abanomuzwa wokuthi ukuhlanganyela kwabo angakwazi ukumelana nethonya elikhulu.

ESifundweni Secala Sase - Electoral Reformation Nethonya Lazo

Ukutadisha Indaba 1: Isimiso Esiyinhloko Esiyinhloko SaseCalifornia Esibili (Iprocesition 14)

I-Proposition yaseCalifornia 14, eyadlula ngo-2010 yabe isisetshenziswa ngo-2012, yathatha indawo yedili elivamile yafakwa “phezulu-2”: bonke abavoti abayothatha ihhovisi elithile bavela ebhandeni eliyikho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bajoyina iqembu, futhi abavoti ababili abaphezulu kakhulu baqhubekela phambili kukhetho oluvamile. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi laba abazokhetha ngokulinganisela, banciphisa ukuhlahlela okusuka phezulu, futhi bakhuphule umvoti. Abaphikisi baxwayisa ngokuthi bangabopha isithathu esigabeni sokukhetha futhi abafuni abazimele ngaphandle kokhetho oluvamile.

Ubufakazi bokuthembisana komphakathi buxubene. Ukuhlola kwakuqala kwathola ukuthi isimiso esiphezulu-kabili saholela ekwandeni okuncane kwabavoti kwezinye izifunda-zifunda, kodwa umphumela wawungalingani. Ezifundeni ezinabantu abahlukene kakhulu, ngokuyinhloko sigcina siwumncintiswano womncintiswano, kuyilapho ukhetho oluvamile luneziqu ezimbili ezicela ukuthatha inxaxheba emhlanganweni ofanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inguquko ayizange yandise kakhulu izinhlobonhlobo zabavotisi ngokwezinhlanga noma ubulili. Nokho, yakhuthaza abanye abathathi abathathi-mbhishobhi ukuba bafake isiphakashana esikhulu somzabalazo somdlangatha kunokuba babe neqembu labo kuphela. Kubafundisi, okuhlangenwe nakho kweCalifornia kubonisa ukuthi ngisho nezinguquko ezisenhlolweni zendawo.

Izixhumanisi zangaphandle: [[QLT:0]Public Policy Institute of California ukuhlolwa kanye League of Women Voters chaza iCalifornia[.

Ukutadisha Indaba 2: Ukubhalisa Ivoter Okuzenzekelayo KwaseOregon

Oregon waba yisifundazwe sokuqala kulelozwe ukuba sisebenzise ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo kwe-vota (AVR) lapho kusebenza ngo-2016. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, izakhamuzi ezifanele ezisebenzelana ne-Oregon Department of Motor Vehicles zibhaliswa ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba zivote, ngaphandle kokuba zikhethe ngokuthulula. Isimiso sihlanganisa nokusebenza kwe-data eqinile phakathi kwezinhlangano ukuze ziqinisekise ukunemba. Imiphumela iye yaba ngeshaqisa: i-Oregon manje iqhayisa elinye lamazinga aphezulu kakhulu okubhalisa izakhamuzi ezibhaliswe ngokomthetho. I-Turnout iye yanda, ikakhulukazi kwabasha abaneminyaka engu-1824, ababone ukuthatha i-618,56, abambalwa abambalwa abasha abaneminyaka ephakathi kwenani elingu-2018, ababona ukuthatha i-mdlalo phakathi kwenani lokuhlanganyela phakathi kuka-2018618.

AVR isusa isithiyo esivamile sokuthembisana komphakathi: isidingo sokubhalisa ngokuzikhandla ngaphambi konyaka omisiwe. Ngokubhalisa, izifundazwe zingafinyelela abantu abaye bashiywa ngokomlando, njengalabo abahamba njalo noma abangangeni i-Intanethi. Impumelelo ye-Oregon iye yakhuthaza okungenani ezinye izizwe ezingu-20 kanye ne-Frigit of Columbia ukuba zamukele i-AVR ngendlela ethile. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwendlela enzima: awekho okumelwe aqaphele ukubhaliswa ngephutha (njengabafonsoli abange-ibheleti) futhi kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi izinqubo zokukhetha ezivamile zingenzelishwa ngempela futhi azidukisi. Ngokuqondene namakilasi, i-Oregon, isimo se-Oregon sibonisa indlela ushintsho olulula lwe-octive olungaba nemiphumela engcono kakhulu ngayo ekuhlanganyeleni komphakathi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaqembu afinyelela kakhulu.

Ukuxhumana kwangaphandle: Ingqungquthela yesizwe ye-AVR.

Ukuhlolwa Kwendaba 3: Ukushintshela KuyiMixmed-Member Proportigal

I-New Zealand yathola esinye sezinguquko eziphawuleka kakhulu emlandweni wentando yeningi wanamuhla lapho isuka esimisweni sekhompuyutha yokuqala-phambili yaba yisimiso esixubene nesigaba (MMP) ngo-1996. I-MMP uhlobo lophawu olulinganayo lapho abavoti bevotela khona amavoti amabili: enye yabavoti bendawo kanye eyodwa engohlu lweqembu. Umphumela uklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-palmest ehambisana nengxenye yesizwe. Lenguquko yaqhutshwa ukunganeliseki okusakazelelwe yisimiso esidala ukuveza ohulumeni abaningi ngohlu olungaphansi kuka-50% lwevoti ethandwayo.

Ithonya ekuthembiseni umphakathi eNew Zealand liye labonakala lihle kakhulu. U Voter revetout, obesekwehla amashumi eminyaka, wamiswa futhi wanda ngokuzithoba ngemva kwenguquko. Okubaluleke kakhulu, izakhamuzi zabika ukuthi amavoti azo ayesebenza kakhulu ngoba amaqembu amancane ayengawina izihlalo, kuholele kohulumeni ababodwa abafuna ukuyekelelwa. Ukuhlukahlukahluka kwephalame: abesifazane namaqembu amancane athola izimpawu eziphezulu. Inguquko yabangela ingxoxo ebanzi yesizwe ngokuphathelene nendlela izimiso zokhetho ezithinta ngayo amandla, okuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kwezombangazwe okuncane kuvame ukukhonjwa njengesibonelo sencwadi yendlela inguquko engabuyisela ngayo ukuthatha isinyathelo sombuso wentando yentando yeningi. Ibaluleke kakhulu kubafundisi ngokufundisa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene nemiphumela yabo yangempela.

Umxhumanisi wangaphandle: Ikhomishane ye-Electoral Commission New Zealand umlando we-MMP.

Izinhlangano Zokuhlanganyela Kwabafundisi Ebuthweni Le - copser Esebenzisa Ukwaziswa Kwenguquko Okuse - Electoral

Othisha basemaqenjini aphambili okuguqula indlela isizukulwane esilandelayo esiqonda ngayo idemokrasi. Ngokuhlanganisa izihloko zenguquko yevotor nezindaba zesikole, othisha bangasiza abafundi ukuba babone ukuthi imithetho yomdlalo ayilungiswanga − ingashintshwa ukuba ikhonze umphakathi kangcono. Ngezansi amasu aqinile ahambisana nezindinganiso zezifundo zezenhlalo zezwe futhi akhuthaze ukufunda ngenkuthalo.

Ukuthuthukisa Izinguquko Ekilasini Lekilasi

Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokufundisa ngezinguquko zevotio kukwenza abafundi bazibonele mathupha. Othisha bangaqhuba ukhetho lokuvota ngokugcona ngezimiso ezihlukene: lokuqala-past, ukuvota okubekwe ngokwezigaba, nokumelela okulinganiselwe. Ngemva kokulingisa, abafundi bangaqhathanisa imiphumela futhi baxoxe ngokuthi yisiphi isimiso esibonakala silungile noma sihilelekile. Lokhu kuqokomisa indlela ukukhetha okubonakala kuwuthinta ngayo ummeleli nokwaneliseka komvoti. Kukhuthaza futhi ukucabanga okugxekayo ngokuthi isiphi isimo esingase sisebenze kangcono emphakathini wabo siqu.

Ukuhlaziya Umthetho Wanamuhla

Izifundazwe eziningi zicabangela izikweleti zenguquko yemithetho ngayinye. Othisha banganika abafundi intela ethile ekhethekile − njengothi bafaka ukubhalisa usuku olulodwa noma ukuhlanganisa okuzimele okungaba nemiphumela yayo. Abafundi bangabhala izincwadi kubameleli babo, balungiselele izintshumayelo, noma bagcine ikomiti yokugcona. Lo msebenzi uthuthukisa amakhono okucwaninga, ukuqonda izinqubo zomthetho, kanye nomqondo wenhlangano yomphakathi.

Ukusebenzelana Nezikhulu Zokhetho

Ukucela umabhalane wesifunda noma ilungu leqembu lokhetho ukuba likhulume nekilasi kungasusa uhlangothi lokuvota. Izikhulu zingachaza indlela izinguquko ezisetshenziswa ngayo, izinselele ezibhekene nazo (njengezimali noma ukudideka komphakathi), nendlela izakhamuzi ezingahileleka ngayo njengezisebenzi zokuvota noma abameleli. Lokhu kwenza isimiso sokukhetha sibe abantu futhi kubonise abafundi ukuthi abantu abaningi basebenza ngaphandle kwezindawo ukuze benze umsebenzi wedemokrati. Banikeza futhi izikhala eziphansi zokungena kubafundi ukuze babuze imibuzo ngemingcele yabo noma ngemikhaya yabo.

Ukuhlanganyela Okukhuthazayo Kwentsha Ekubuseni Kwendawo

Abafundi bangahamba ngalé kwezinguquko ezihlelwa ngokhetho futhi bakhuthaze abafundi ukuba bahlanganyele ngokuqondile ekwenzeni izinqumo zomphakathi. Amadolobha amaningi anemishini yentsha noma amabhodi okuqondisa. Ngisho nokuba khona emhlanganweni wesikole noma umkhandlu wedolobha olalelayo kunikeza abafundi ukuchayeka kokwamukelwa komthetho wokulawula umphakathi. Uma abafundi bebona ukuthi izwi labo lingeneliseka cishe uma bengakakhuli ngokwanele ukuba bavote, basengozini kakhulu yokuhlala bethembisekile lapho befinyelela eminyakeni yokuvota. Ukuzi ukuthi lezi zenzakalo zibuye zishintshele emuva ezinguqulweni zokhetho kusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukuthi isithembiso siyinto eyenzekayo, hhayi isenzo esisodwa.

Isiphetho

Izinguquko ze-Electoral zingaphezulu nje kokulungisa izinhlelo ze-bureaucratic; zingamaphuzu okusebenza angavuleka iminyango yokuhlanganyela komphakathi noma aqinise ukungalingani okukhona. Ubufakazi obuvela eCalifornia, e-Oregon, eNew Zealand, kanye nezinye izifundazwe eziningi zibonisa ukuthi izinguquko ezinengqondo − ikakhulukazi lezo ezithi zithintela phansi ukubhalisa, zinikeza imidanti, futhi zifaka izimpawu ezilula inqubo yokuvota, futhi zivumelanisa inqubo yokuvota. Ngokungafani, izinguquko eziqhutshwa yizisusa ezibangelwa izisusa ezinqikilitsha ezintsha ezingasehlela isithiyo zingacindezela ukuphenduka nokuqeda ukwethemba. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuhlobana nalezi ziyindlela yokuzivivinya imfundo nje yemfundo. Ngokuhlola yonke le zihloko ezinhle zingasiza ekusizeni bonke abantu ukuba basekele isimiso sombuso wentando yentando yentando yeningi.