I - Electoral College: INsika Ebekezelayo Kodwa Eyimpikiswano Yentando Yeningi YaseMelika

I-Electoral College ingenye yezindawo ezihluke kakhulu − futhi impikiswano ivame ukubekwa phambili mayelana nesimiso sokhetho lomongameli wase-United States. Kunokuba ikhethe umongameli nesekela likamongameli ngevoti ethandwa kakhulu yizwe lonke, uMthetho-sisekelo wakha inqubo lapho uhulumeni ngamunye umisa iqembu labakhethi abahlelayo ngokusemthethweni abaphonse amabhola ehhovisi eliphezulu kakhulu lezwe. Lenqubo iye yaguqula wonke amagumbi abaphathi besizwe kusukela ekusungulweni kwezwe, ngokuvamile yandisa amazwi ezifundazwena nezisemaphandleni lapho ngezinye izikhathi iveza imiphumela yokuthi isuka kumavoti athandwa kakhulu. Abafundisi nabafundi bazama ukuqonda indlela i-demokhrasi eMelika esebenza ngayo ngempela, ukuqondwa okuphelele kwe-Ellactor College.

Isimiso asiyona insalela yekhulu le-18; sithonya ngentshiseko icebo lomkhankaso, umvoti, kanye nohlobo lobukho be-politiki. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, ukufaneleka kwaso kuye kwangatshazwa kakhulu kunanoma isiphi isikhathi kusukela enkathini yokuvuselelwa kabusha. Lesi sihloko sihlola imvelaphi ye-Electoral College, abakheniars, izinzuzo, iziphazamiso, kanye nezihlongo ezingase zibuye zibuye zifakwe noma zithathelwe indawo.

Iyini Ikholiji Lase - Electoral?

I-Electoral College ayiyona indawo engokoqobo kodwa inqubo echazwe eSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. futhi kamuva ishintshwe yiSichibiyelo seshumi elinesibini. Ihlanganisa nabavoti abangu-538 abakhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine ngenjongo yokukhetha umongameli nesekela likamongameli. Ukuze awine iWhite House, umvoti kumelwe alonde inani elingu-270 labavoti.

Isifundazwe ngasinye sithola inani labavoti abalingana nengqikithi yabavoti ababili kanye namalungu aso eNdlu yabameleli. Ngenxa yokuthi izihlalo zendlu zahlukaniswa abantu ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu kwamashumi eminyaka ahlukene, izifunda ezinkulu zinevoti eziningi zokuvota kunezincane. I-Folity of Columbia, nakuba ingekho umbuso, inikezwa abathathu abavoti ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sama-23. Lesi sici siqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amazwe anamavota amathathu okungenani akhethiwe kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu babantu, anika isilinganiso esiphansi sezibalo uma kuqhathaniswa nesabelo sawo sawo sesizwe.

Indlela I - Electoral College Esebenza Ngayo

Ukushintshwa Kwemishini Yokuhlaziya

Inqubo yokwabiwa kwayo icacile ngesimiso kodwa ixazululiwe ngokuphawulekayo:

  • Isisekelo se-senate:[ Zonke izimo zithola izivoti ezimbili ezimelela iziphathi-mbombo ezimbili zase-U.S.
  • Imelelo yendlu: Abavoti abangeziwe balingana nenani labameleli base-U.S. ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia, inamanxusa angu 53 futhi kanjalo amavoti angu-53 + 2).
  • I-Divolity of Columbia: Isichibiyeli se 23 se-3% sinikeza inhloko- dolobha yabakhethi abathathu bezwe, uma besingaba yizwe.

Amaqembu ezombangazwe ezwe ngalinye achaza izikweleti zabavoti abaqotho noma abaxhasi beqembu. Lapho abavoti befaka amavoti abo ngoSuku Lokhetho, bangabavoti abakhokhelwe abathembisiswe abavoti.

Inqubo Yokuthutha Imikhumbi

Ukhetho lukaMongameli lwenzeka ngoLwesibili lokuqala ngemva koMsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovember, njengoba kumiswe umthetho kahulumeni. Izifundazwe eziningi zilandela umthetho ophumelele wonke: umvoti ozuza ivoti ethandwa kakhulu uhulumeni wonke uthola wonke amavoti alo khetho lukahulumeni. UMaine noNebraska abahlukile, ngokusebenzisa indlela yesifunda sesifunda sombhishobhi: amavoti amabili avoti aya kumnqobi wezwelonke, futhi ivoti eyodwa evoti inikwa umwini waleyo ndawo.

Ngemva kokhetho lukaNovember, abavoti bahlangana ezinhloko - dolobha zabo zesifundazwe ngoMsombuluko wokuqala ngemva koLwesithathu lwesibili ngoDecember ukuze baphonse amavoti abo − awenkosi neyomongameli omunye. La mavoti abe esedluliselwa eWashington, D.C., futhi abalwe eqenjini elihlangene leSishaya - mthetho ngoJanuary 6. Umongameli ozovota okungenani abangu - 270 ubizwa njengomongameli olandelayo.

Abakhethi Abangenalukholo

Nakuba abavoti belindeleke ukuba bavotele obebethembiswe ukuthi bakhethe, ngezikhathi ezithile "abavoti abangakholwa" baye bavotela omunye umuntu. Kusukela lapho kusungulwa, amavoti angenalukholo angaphansi kuka-200 abhaliwe, futhi akekho oye washintsha umphumela wokhetho. Ngo-2020, iNkantolo Ephakeme yabusa ku-Chifalo v. Washington [imithetho efuna abavoti abavoti balandele izifungo zabo, inciphisa amathuba okuba abavoti abangenaluleki abangenalukholo bashintshe.

Okwenza Abasunguli Badale Ikholiji Lase - Electoral

I-Constitution of the Constitution ka-1787 yaphikisana ngezindlela eziningi zokukhetha umongameli: ukuvota okuthandwayo, ukuvota okuqondile, noma ukumisa kwababendlu yomthetho. Isinqumo ngasinye sasinemiphumela ephambene. Abasunguli babesaba ukuthi ukuqondisa idemokrasi kunganika iningi lobushiqela noma kuvumele izikhulu ezikhohlakala ukuba zidlulisele ubandlululo lwesifunda. Babefuna futhi ukulondoloza ithonya lamazwe amancane futhi bavikele ithonya ekonakala nasethonyeni lamazwe angaphandle.

I-Electoral College yavela njengesivumelwano. Yanikeza indima ekukhetheni umongameli ngaphandle kokwenza ukukhetha kube umsebenzi womphakathi. Abakhethi babefanele babe abantu abahlakaniphile, abanomqondo ozimele ababengasebenzisa ukwahlulela mayelana nesithakazelo esingcono kakhulu sesizwe. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuvela kwamaqembu ezombangazwe kwashintsha abavoti baba izihambeli ezithembekile kunokuba baguqule amanxusa.

Isihluthulelo ezimbili sahlela isimiso: ama-fthth ayekethisa, abalelwa kubantu abagqilaziwe njengezingxenye ezintathu ezihlukene zomuntu ngezinjongo zokwabelana (ngokuzenza kuqinisekiswe amandla okukhetha okugodlela amazwe agqilazekileyo), kanye nokuhlelwa kwabakhethi ababili ezweni ngalinye kungakhathaliseki inani labantu, okwakuvikela izithakazelo zezwe elingandile kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlehla okungokomlando kuyaqhubeka kuthonya ukusebenza kwe-Electoral College namuhla.

Amaprotheni Nezingqungquthela Zasekholijini Lase - Electoral

I - Electoral College inezikhuthazo ezinamandla nabagxeki abanonya.

Izinzuzo

Abasekeli banikeza izimpikiswano eziningana ezisekela i - Electoral College:

  • ivikela izithakazelo zezisho ezincane: Ngokunika isifundazwe ngasinye isilinganiso samavoti amathathu akhethiweyo, isimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi abazovota abanakuzishaya indiva ngokuphelele izifunda ezinabantu abambalwa. Ofuna ukuvota angase angamnaki uVermont noma uWyoming esimisweni esithandwayo sezwe lonke kodwa kumelwe azicabangele kumavoti abo amathathu akhethiweyo.
  • ihlanganisa ukwakhiwa kobunye obanzi: ngoba umvoti udinga amavoti angu-270 avela ezizweni ezihlukahlukene, imikhankaso kumelwe idlulise ukuvota ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene nasemaqenjini amanani abantu. Lokhu kungathuthukisa ubunye obuzweni kunokuba kugxile ezikhungweni zasemadolobheni ezinde ezinabantu.
  • Isho umphumela ocacile, ophethe: Inqubo enqobayo ivame ukuveza iningi elicacile e-Electoral College ngisho noma ivoti ethandwayo ihlukene kancane. Lokhu kusiza ekugwemeni isidingo sohulumeni abahlangeneyo noma ukuthatha ukhetho oluvamile ezimisweni zamaphalamende.
  • iPreserveism: IElectoral College iqinisa indima yezindawo kukhetho lukahulumeni, ngokuqondene nesakhiwo esihloniphekile sikahulumeni waseMelika.

Izingozi

Abagxeki babhekisela emaphutheni aphawulekayo:

  • Inhloso yokulawula ukuvota okuthandwayo: Okhethweni lwesihlanu lukamongameli (1824, 1888, 188, 2000, 2016), umnqobi weElectoral College walahlekelwa yivoti ethandwayo ezweni lonke. Lokhu kululaza isimiso sika "umuntu oyedwa, ukuvota okukodwa" futhi kungaqeda ukholo lomphakathi esimisweni sokhetho.
  • ukugxila kwe-state-mote: kugxila kakhulu ezindaweni ezimbalwa zokuncintisana", ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-battlerbes"", kanti ukungananzi kusho ukuthi zibomvu noma ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokusemthethweni. Amavoter emazweni aphephile awatholi ngqa ukunakaliswa, ukusetshenziswa kwemali ephansi yomkhankaso, nezithembiso ezimbalwa zenqubo.
  • Icindezela umvoti: Izakhamuzi ezisemazweni angaphazamisi zingaba nomuzwa wokuthi amavoti azo awabalulekile, okuholela ekuncipheni kwezinga lokuhlanganyela, ikakhulukazi kukhetho lukamongameli.
  • Ithonya eliguqulayo: Izifunda ezincane zimelelwa ngokweqile ngokwenani labantu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Wyoming inevoti eyodwa kubantu abangu-195 000, kanti iTexas inoyedwa kubantu abangu-730 000. Lokhu kucwebezela kwezibalo kwenza izindawo zasemaphandleni futhi ezinabantu abambalwa zibe namandla kakhulu kunesabelo sazo semithetho yesizwe.

Umlando Nemibono Ephawulekayo

I-Electoral College ibilokhu iphikisana kusukela eRepublic yokuqala. Ukhetho lwango-1800 phakathi kukaThomas Jefferson no-Aaron Burr lwadalula amaphutha esimisweni sokuqala, lwaholela eSichibiyelweni seshumi nambili. Lokho kulungisa kwadinga abavoti ababodwa ukuba bavotele umongameli nomongameli esikhundleni sesimiso sokuqala esiphezulu esingu-12.

Okhethweni oluphawuleka kakhulu lapho umzuzi we - Electoral College alahlekelwa khona ukhetho oluthandwayo luhlanganisa:

  • 1824 (John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson): Nakuba uAndrew Jackson awina ukhetho oluthandwayo nobubanzi bamavoti abavoti, ukhetho lwanqunywa eNdlini yabameleli, eyakhetha u-Adams.
  • 1876 (U-Rutherford B. Hayes vs. Samuel J. Tilden):[ Tilden wawina ivoti ethandwayo, kodwa waphikisana ngokubuya kwezifunda ezintathu zaseningizimu waholela ekukhompeleni kwe-voti eyanika umongameli i-Hayes.
  • [[FLT: 0] 188 (Benjamini Harrison vs. Grover Cleveland): Cleveland wawina ukuvota okuthandwayo ngamavoti angaba ngu 90 000, kodwa uHarrison wathola iningi e-Electoral College.
  • 2000 (Umgeorge W. Bush vs Al Gore): Ukukhetha kwehlela engxenyeni yensingo e-Florida; isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme samisa irekhodi, futhi uBush wawina amavoti angu-25 akhethiwe eFlorida ngo-373, amnika i-decious naphezu kokulahlekelwa yivoti ethandwayo cishe ngo-540 000 ngokwesizwe.
  • 2016 (Umthetho Trump vs. Hillary Clinton): Clinton wathola amavoti acishe abe yizigidi ezintathu ezweni lonke kunoTrump, kodwa uTrump waphatha izifunda ezinjengeWisconsin, Michigan, nePennsylvania ngemifantu emincane, wathatha amavoti angama-306 e-Clinton's 232.

Ezinye izinqumo eziphikisanayo zihlanganisa u - 1960 (okuthiwa kwakunemibono ephambene e - Illinois naseTexas) no - 2004 lapho i - voti ethandwayo yayiseduze kodwa i - Electoral College yayinethezekile.

Izingxoxo Zamanje Nekusasa Lekholiji Lase - Electoral

Iqoqo Lesizwe Elithandwayo Le - Interstate

Umzamo ovelele kakhulu wokuguqula iNgqungquthela yeNational Popular Vote Interstate (NPVIC). Ngaphansi kwalesi sivumelwano, ukuthatha igalelo lokukhokha wonke amavoti ayo avoti angovota abawathandayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani owina lowombuso. Lokhu kuhlangene kungasebenza kuphela uma amazwe anele ahlangana ukuze afinyelele amavoti angu-270 afuna ukukhetha umongameli. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-2025, kuveza ingqikithi yamavoti angu-205 akhethayo athole i-Complicity, kuhlanganise ne-California, i-Illinoby, ne-Coloradorwa. Izinselele zomthetho kanye nemibuzo ephathelenelwayo ngomthetho womthetho ayisadingezwa.

Isinqumo Sesichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Ukulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo ukuze uqede noma ulungise i-Electoral College kunzima ngenxa yomnyango ophezulu: ama-3-3 ezindlu zomabili ze-Congress kanye neziqeshana ezintathu zezindlu zombuso kumelwe avume. Izinguquko eziningana ziye zaveliswa eminyakeni yamuva, kodwa azikho eziye zadlula. Ezinye izihlongozo zisekela ukuthathela indawo isimiso somongameli esithatha zonke ngenqubo yesifunda esisetshenziswa eMaine nase Nebraska, kuyilapho ezinye zicela ukuvota okuthandwayo kwesizwe ngemfuneko yokuphuma kwezwe uma kungekho mbhalisa ofinyelela ku-50%.

Izinguquko Zezinga Likahulumeni

Ngisho nangaphandle komphathi wombuso, imithombo ingalungisa indlela abahlukanisa ngayo abavoti. AmaMaine noNebraska kakade sebesebenzisa indlela yesigodi. Amanye amazwe aye abheka amavoti akhethwe ngokwesilinganiso, abonisa ngokunembile ukuvota okuthandwa nguhulumeni. Nokho, izinguquko ezinjalo ziyingozi ngokwezombangazwe ngoba zingalinciphisa ithonya likahulumeni endaweni enqobayo uma amanye amazwe engalandeli impumelelo.

Ezombangazwe Zezinguquko

Impikiswano ehlangene kakhulu e-Electoral College. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, amaDemocrates aye agxeka lesi simiso ngoba amavoti amabili kwamahlanu athandwayo ayehlulwa yi-Démocratic (umbuso we-Gore no-Clinton). Nokho, ukhetho lwama-2020, lapho uJoe Biden awina khona kokubili ukuvota okuthandwayo (ngayizigidi ezingu-7) kanye ne-Elyele College, okuthulisa imizamo yesikhashana yokulungisa inguquko. Imiphumela ibonisa njalo ukuthi iningi lamaMelika asekela i-democratic azimele e-al Collegement ngokuvotal ethandwayo, kodwa ukusekela kwayo kusuka kude kakhulu ekuvoteni yonke indawo futhi kuvame ukuvumelana ngokusekelwe kuleyo mpi eqoqweni enziwayo.

Isiphetho

I-Electoral College isalokhu isici esiyinhloko kodwa esaphikiswayo sokhetho lukamongameli waseMelika. Umsuka wayo ekuyekethiseni ngo 1787 usaphindaphindwa ngendlela imikhankaso esetshenziswa ngayo, amavoti, futhi amandla anikezwa ezifundazweni. Othisha, basiza abafundi ukuba baqonde iElectoral College akukona nje ukuthatha ngekhanda inani lama-270 noma uhlu lokhetho lapho ukuvota okuthandwayo kuwehla khona. Kusengathi kuncintisana nemibuzo eyisisekelo ye-memodeli, ubulungisa, kanye nokulinganisela phakathi kwezwe nezithakazelo zesizwe embusweni yentando yeningi.

Njengoba isizwe sihlukahluka kakhulu futhi sinziwa amadolobha, futhi njengoba ubuchwepheshe bubuye buxhumanise ukuxhumana kwezombangazwe, ukucindezela kokuguqula i-Electoral College cishe kuzoba kukhulu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, noma ushintsho lwezinga eliphakeme, ikusasa lalenhlangano aliqinisekile. Okuqinisekile ukuthi i-Electoral College izoqhubeka ibumba i-(lime /) futhi impucuko yezombangazwe yezizukulwane ezizayo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-National Archives ye-Electoral College , ukuhlola kukaFairVote izihlongozo zenguquko, kanye namabalazwe angokomlando angu-270towin abonisa ukulandisa. Lamathuluzi anikeza othisha nabafundi ngemininingwane nangomongo odingekayo ukuze bahlole i-Electoral College ngokujula.