Inqubo yokwahlulela yakha umgogodla wesimiso somthetho ngasinye, inikeza uhlelo lapho izingxabano zixazululwa khona, amalungelo avikelwe, futhi kunikezwa ubulungisa. Kubafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo, beqonda okwenzekayo ngaphakathi enkantolo, kungenza lokho okungabonakala kuyinto esabisayo nengenalusizo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okusheshayo kwecala, kusukela ekufakeni izikhalo zokuqala ngokudlulisa isikhalo sokugcina, futhi siqokomisa indima ebalulekile efezwa abahluleli, abameli, nabameleli.

Ukubukeza Inqubo Yokwahlulela

Inqubo yokwahlulela ihlanganisa zonke izinyathelo ezilandelwa inkantolo ukuzwa nokunquma icala. Isebenza kokubili ezindabeni zomphakathi nezezigebengu, nakuba uhlobo ngalunye lunombono walo. Phakathi nendawo, inqubo ihloselwe ukunikeza ukungathathi hlangothi lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi, izimpikiswano zenziwa, futhi kukhishwa isinqumo esibophekayo. Izigaba ezinkulu zihlanganisa ukuqulisa isikhalo, imisebenzi yangaphambi komthetho, ukuqulwa kwecala ngokwako, ukuqulwa kwecala ngokwako, ukudluliswa kwemithetho, futhi okungakholeki. Isigaba ngasinye sibuswa imithetho ye-procetura evikela amalungelo futhi silondoloze ukuhleleka enkantolo. [[FLT] [FLD:].

Izinhlobo Zamacala Enkantolo: Icala Lenkantolo Limelene Nezigebengu

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene ezinyathelweni ze-procedal, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko zezikhalo ezivela enkantolo. Icala eliyi-CIII lihlanganisa izingxabano phakathi kwabantu, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezilwela amalungelo, izivumelwano, impahla, noma ukulimala komuntu siqu. Umuntu oletha ikhasi yisigebengu, futhi lowo omangalelwayo ungummangalelwa. Ikhambi ngokuvamile liyimali ekhalakele noma impoqo. Icala elibalelayo , kwezinye izandla, lilethwa nguhulumeni (ukubulala) umuntu obekwe icala lokwephula umthetho. Ubufakazi obuvamile "ukungabaza," kusetshenziswa kakhulu "kusetshenziswa ubufakazi obuvamile" ngenxa yomthetho ovamile.

Ukukhononda

Inqubo yokwahlulela iqala lapho iqembu liqala ukumangalelana nenkantolo efanelekile. Ukukhononda kuyincwadi engokomthetho echaza izikhalo zommangaleli, isisekelo esingokomthetho secala, nokukhululeka okufunwayo. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukuqulwa kwamacala, inkulumo ecacile yamaqiniso aphakamisa impikiswano, imibono engokomthetho (njengokwephula noma ukwephula isivumelwano), kanye neseluleko esiceliwe (umz., isijeziso, ukusebenza okuthile, noma ukwahlulela okuqondile). Uma senziwa, inkantolo ithumela inombolo yecala nomahluleli. Ukukhononda kumelwe kusebenzele kummangalelwa kanye nokumangalelwa, okungammangalelwa kwesivumelwano. Lokhu kubeka inyathelo lokuqala ekukhankanyelweni kwecala. [[5]

Ukuqhubeka Kwangaphambili

Ngemva kokuba isikhalo sesiquliwe futhi siqulwe, icala liqala isigaba sangaphambi kokuhlolwa, ngokuvamile esiyingxenye ende kakhulu yokuqulwa kwecala. Phakathi nalenkathi, abahlali bashintshana ngokwaziswa, ukuthatha amafayela, nokuzama ukuxazulula icala ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala. Izinyathelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

Inkonzo yenhlelo

Ummangalelwa kumelwe atshelwe ngokomthetho ngamacala. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuhambisa ikhophi yecala futhi abize ngokwemithetho yenqubo yomphakathi. Inkonzo efanele iqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuba abe nethuba lokusabela nokuthi inkantolo inegunya phezu komuntu.

Impendulo

Ummangalelwa ufaka amaface incwadi esabelayo ebizwa ngokuthi impendulo, lapho bevuma noma bephika khona ukumangalelwa ngakunye ekukhonondeni. Impendulo ingahlanganisa futhi uvuma (njengomthetho wokulinganiselwa) futhi iphikisane nomphathi.

Ukuthola

Ukuvubukulwa kuyinqubo engokomthetho lapho zombili izinhlangothi ziqoqa khona ubufakazi. Kungahlanganisa ukufakwa kwe-lives (ubufakazi obuyi-sworn buthathwe ngaphandle kwenkantolo), ukuphenya (imibuzo okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo), izicelo zokukhiqizwa kwezincwadi, nezicelo zokulaliswa. Ukudwetshwa kwemidanti kuklanyelwe ukugwema ukumangaliswa nokukhuthaza ukuhlaliswa ngokwembula amandla nobuthakathaka becala ngalinye.

Ukuhamba

Amadili angahlanganisa iminyaka ehlukahlukene ukuhlela udaba. Izenzo ezivamile zangaphambi komthetho zihlanganisa ukunyakazisa ukukhipha izwi, ukunyakaza kwesahlulelo esifushanisiwe (ukuveza ukuthi awekho amaqiniso aphikiswayo futhi iqembu elishukumisayo linelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho), kanye nezenzo zokuphoqelela ukuzwa. Le ntshukumo inqunywa umahluleli osekelwe emifishaneni ebhaliwe futhi ngezinye izikhathi impikiswano eshiwo ngomlomo.

Imihlangano Yangaphambi Kwezenzakalo

Ezinkantolo eziningi, ijaji likhuthaza ezinye izimpikiswano kulelizinga, njengokukhipha isinqumo noma ukukhipha isinqumo.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala lingaxazululeki noma lingaphendulwa phakathi necala langaphambi kwecala, liqhubekelwa ecaleni. Icala ukuqulwa kwecala lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi, ubufakazi, futhi kufinyelelwe isinqumo. Kuye ngokwesimo secala, icala lingase libe phambi komahluleli (ukuqulwa kwecala) noma ijaji. Isimo esivamile secala sihlanganisa:

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Emacaleni abahluleli, amajaji nabameli babuza iqembu elithile labangase babe abahluleli ukuze baqinisekise ukungakhethi. zombili izinhlangothi zingabekela abahluleli inselele ngembangela (umz., ubandlululo) noma zisebenzise izinselele ezilinganiselwe zokubulala abajaji ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Ummeli we - caltiff (noma umshushisi ecaleni lobugebengu) unikeza inkulumo yokuqala, echaza ubufakazi abahlela ukubunikeza.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Ummangalelwa uveza icala lakhe kuqala, ubiza ofakazi nokwazisa imibukiso. Ufakazi ngamunye uhlolwa yiqembu elibabizayo (ukuhlola okuqondile), bese eqamba uphambano olumelene nolunye uhlangothi. Khona - ke ummangalelwa unikeza ubufakazi balo. Imithetho yobufakazi, njengobubaluleke kakhulu nenzwa, ibusa lokho okungase kwenziwe.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba sebunikezwe bonke ubufakazi, uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza impikiswano yokuphetha, lufingqa ubufakazi futhi lunxusa ijaji noma abahluleli ukuba balutholele umusa.

Iziqondiso Nesiyalo

Uma kuqulwa icala labahluleli, umahluleli ufunda iziyalezo ngomthetho osebenzayo. Khona - ke amajaji akhipha isinqumo ngasese futhi aphindisele isinqumo. Uma icala liphambi kwejaji, umahluleli ukhipha isinqumo (ngezinye izikhathi okubhekiselwa kuso njengesahlulelo) ngemva kokucabangela ubufakazi.

Ukuhamba Kwangemva Komsindo

Uma isahlulelo sesikhishiwe, umkhandlu olahlekelwayo angafaka istem ezithathayo zangemva komthetho ukuze aphikise ngomphumela. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuqulwa kwesahlulelo njengendaba yoMthetho (eyayiyi JNOV): icela inkantolo ukuba igumbuqele isinqumo sejaji ngoba akukho bahluleli abanengqondo ababengafinyelela leso siphetho ngokusekelwe ebufakazini.
  • [ Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha: Kucelwa ukuba kuphinde kuqulwe ngenxa yamaphutha angokomthetho, ukuziphatha okubi, noma ubufakazi obusanda kutholakala.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuhlela ukuguqula noma ukubuyisa isahlulelo: kufuna ukulungisa uhlelo lokugcina lwenkantolo ngaphandle kokuqulwa okuphelele.

Le mithetho kumelwe igcinwe ngemva kwesikhashana ngemva kwesinqumo, ngokuvamile izinsuku eziyishumi kuya kwezingu - 30 kuye ngokuthi ihlelwe kanjani. Uma inqatshwa, idili lingase lidlulise icala.

Ukukhanga

Inqubo ye-appellate ivumela iqembu elalahlekelwa icala ukuba licele inkantolo ephakeme ukuba ibukeze isinqumo samaphutha angokomthetho. Izikhalo azizona izaba eziphinde zaqulwa; inkantolo ihlola umbhalo ogciniwe wokuqulwa (imibhalo edlulisiweyo, imibukiso, nezindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo) ukuze kubonwe ukuthi umahluleli oqulwayo wenza iphutha lomthetho noma inqubo ethinta umphumela. Izinyathelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Notice of Appeal:[ Isaziso phakathi kwesakhelo sesikhathi esimisiwe (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-30).
  • Iqophelo lokudlulisa: Inkantolo equlunqayo ihlanganisa irekhodi elingokomthetho, kuhlanganise wonke amaphepha kanye nemvume yecala.
  • Izinso:[ Zombili izinhlangothi zifaka izimpikiswano ezibhaliwe. Incazelo emfushane yomphathi ichaza ukuthi kungani inkantolo yamacala yenze iphutha; izimpikiswano ezimfushane zommeli zisho ukuthi isinqumo silungile.
  • Impikiswano: Ezinkantolo eziningi ze-appellate, abameli banikeza izimpikiswano zomlomo eqenjini lamajaji (ngokuvamile amathathu). Leli ithuba lokuphendula imibuzo yamajaji.
  • Ukuqulwa: Inkantolo ethatha isigwebo ingaqinisekisa, ibuye, noma ilungise isinqumo senkantolo ephansi. Ingabuyisela icala emuva uma kubhekiswa phambili inqubo evumelana nombono wayo.

Uma iqembu lisanelisekile, bangafuna ukubukezwa enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu (umz., iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. noma inkantolo ephakeme yase-U.S.), kodwa ukubukeza okunjalo kungukuqondisisa futhi akuvamile ukunikezwa. iNhlangano yezemfundo yomphakathi yeMelika Bar [ inikeza imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nendlela yokunxusa okusebenza ngayo.

Izindima Zabahlanganyeli Abayinhloko Enkantolo

Ukuqonda indima yabo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda inqubo yokwahlulela:

  • Ukwahlulela: Umahluleli wengamela imicimbi, imithetho ngemiyalo, ufundisa amajaji ngomthetho, futhi lapho kuqulwa ibhentshi, unquma amaqiniso futhi akhiphe isinqumo. Ukungakhethi kubaluleke kakhulu.
  • Jury: Ijaji lezakhamuzi ezikhethwe emphakathini linquma amaqiniso ecala elisekelwe ebufakazini obunikezwayo. Ezimweni zobugebengu, isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane (kwizifunda eziningi); ezimweni zomphakathi, ukungalingani kungadingeka.
  • Upoltiff/Prosecut: Ezindabeni zomphakathi, ummangalelwa uletha icala; emacaleni obugebengu, umshushisi (ummeli kahulumeni) umelela umbuso. Bobabili bathwala umthwalo wobufakazi.
  • [[QULT: 0] I-defanti: Umuntu noma inhlangano emangalelwayo noma emangalelwayo. Abalweli banelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, ofakazi be-examine, futhi, ezimweni zobugebengu, ilungelo lokuthula futhi bamelelwe ngeseluleko.
  • Ama-Attoney:[ Abameli basekela amakhasimende abo, balungiselela izimpikiswano zomthetho, bahlola ofakazi, futhi baqinisekise ukuvumelana nemithetho elandelwayo. Izibopho ze-Picedism zihlanganisa ukungagunci enkantolo.
  • Courtains:[ Intatheli yenkantolo yenza umbhalo oqinile wanoma yini eshiwo phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, okubalulekile ekunxuseni.
  • [[IQUMT:0] Ibhailili:[ I-beif igcina ukuhleleka enkantolo, ivikela abahluleli, futhi iphethe imibukiso.
  • I-Clerk yaseNkantolo:[ Umabhalane uphatha amafayela amacala, izikhankaso ezibizayo, kanye namazahlulelo.

Umbambi qhaza ngamunye usebenza ohlelweni lwemithetho eklanyelwe ukukhuthaza ukulunga. incazelo yendima yenkantolo [ inikeza ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngalezi zikhundla.

Ukubaluleka Kobufakazi

Ukulingwa akukhululekile ngenxa yama-all; kulawulwa yimithetho eqinile yobufakazi obunganqunywa umahluleli noma ijaji. Imithetho esemthethweni yobufakazi (ebekwe ezinkantolo eziningi) imisa izindinganiso zokusebenza, ukuqinisekisa, nelungelo. Njengesibonelo, ihemothsimetha , `arn's-areat-all engawakhomba athenjiwe ukuze kufakazelwe iqiniso lendaba egodliweyo [[[FLT]] ngokuvamile ingenakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuba ibekwe ngaphandle. Lemithetho ikhona ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi obungathembekile noma obungathonyelisi umphumela. Ubufakazi kumelwe futhi bubonise ngokufanelekile, okusho ufakazi kumelwe ufakazele ukuthi ibhukwana noma into ethile. Ngaphandle kwalento egobekiwe, ngaphandle kwenqubo yokwahlulela ngokungafanele. [Fod Trum]][2]

Enye Impi Engaxazululwa

Akuzona zonke izimpikiswano eziphelayo ekuqulweni kwecala. Eqinisweni, izimpikiswano eziningi zixazululwa ngokuxazulula noma ngesinqumo sokuphikisana okungesikho (ADR) izindlela ezinjenge-mediation ne-rritration. Imediation[ ihlanganisa iqembu lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi elizama ukuqapha kodwa elingaphoqeleli isinqumo. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [[FLT]] ingokomthetho kakhulu: umthumeli uzwa ubufakazi futhi unikeza inqubo ebophayo noma engabopheki. Izinkantolo zivame ukudinga izigijikizo zokuzama i-ADR ngaphambi kokuzama ukunciphisa ukulayisha izinto nezindleko. [indlela yokuzingameleli lutho] [i-ADR]

Indima Yezandulela

Izinqumo zokwahlulela azenzeki ngokungenanjongo. Isimiso se samacashar decis [ngesiLatini se "ukuma ngezinto ezinqunyiwe"] sidinga izinkantolo ukuba zilandele izicathulo ezimiswe izinkantolo eziphakeme noma izinqumo zokuqala zenkantolo enye. Isimiso sidala ukubikezela nokungaguquguquki emthethweni. Ngokwesibonelo, umahluleli owenkantolo yesifunda kumelwe alandele ukubusa kweNkantolo yamacala anqumayo. Uma kungekho mthetho owethulwayo owethungathayo, uma uma uma ijaji lizobheka emacaleni aphakeme, igunya elithonyayo elivela kwezinye izifunda, noma ngaphansi kwezimiso ezingokomthetho. Icala liqala futhi liqala ngesikhathi njengoshintsho emphakathini lapho iNkadelu lwezinkantolo ebusa, futhi libonisa ukuthi izikhululo zomthetho zisebenza kanjani.

Indlela Inkantolo Eshintsha Ngayo Inqubo Yobuchwepheshe

Inkantolo yanamuhla iyanda ngobuchwepheshe. Izimiso ze-electronic sescreens (e-e-filfil) zivumela abameli ukuba bangenise amabhukwana athile kuyi-inthanethi. Ubufakazi buvame ukunikezwa ngama-hide evidiyo, imiboniso ye-miboniso ye-amanani, futhi ngisho nangezinye izinto ezingokoqobo ezingokoqobo ezikhona ezikhona ezicatshangelwe ezicatshangelweni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izindlebe ezikude nevidiyo kwazifaka futhi kwanda kakhulu phakathi nobhadaba oluphakathi, futhi izinkantolo eziningi ziye zagcina lezi zikhethelo ezinziwayo zezenzwe. [[FLD]] Ubuchwepheshe obuthiwe] [FLT] [FLT] futhi buhlanganisa nezimiso zokuqopha iziteshi zezokubhala (iiiindlela ezisebenza ezinhlangothini zenkantolo) ezisezingenisiwe kakhulu.[2] I-FOctal Centers, izinhlelo zobuchwepheshe zokuthola ulwazi ezingcono kakhulu zale ngamashumi eminyaka.

Okushiwo Inqubo Yenkantolo

Lapho ziqala ukubukwa, izinqubo zasenkantolo zingase zibonakale zinjengekhasethi elibomvu elibusayo, kodwa zifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile:

  • Ukuzihambela: Ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho okulinganayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi iqembu elicebile alinanzuzo engalungile kunomuntu ovamile.
  • [ Icala: ukuqulwa komphakathi kanye nemibhalo efinyelelwe ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zigcine ubulungisa ngesenzo futhi zigcine isimiso sinecala.
  • ukulandisa: [ Abahluleli, abameli, nofakazi kumelwe banamathele ezindinganisweni zokuziphatha; ukuphuka kungaholela ekujezisweni, ekudukisweni, noma ekudeleleni inkantolo.
  • [[IZInqumo:0] ukwenzeka:[ izinqubo ezihlelwayo zisiza izinkantolo ukuba zilawule amacala anzima futhi zikhiqize izinqumo ezifike ngesikhathi.

Uhlelo lwe-procedism aluyona nje imithetho efuzekeleyo − iyindlela yokukha ukwahlulela ngokulunga. Ngaphandle kwayo, isimiso somthetho besingeke sibe nokubikezela nokufaneleka.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokwahlulela ihlelwe ngokucophelela okuguqula ukuxabana kube yisinqumo ngomthetho. Kusukela kulokhu isikhalo sihlasela ideski lomphathi kuya esinqumweni sokugcina, zonke izinyathelo zihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zisekelwe emaqinisweni, umthetho, nenqubo elungile. Noma umuntu ucwaninga ukuba abe ummeli, umahluleli, noma isakhamuzi esinolwazi, wazi ukuthi kwenzekani enkantolo kukhuthaza inhlonipho ngomthetho nangezinhlangano eziwusekelayo. Uhambo oludabula izinkantolo lungaba yinkimbinkimbi, kodwa luhlala lungelinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu okufinyelela ubulungisa ngaphandle kokuphendukela ebudloveni noma ukuphazabalaza. Ngokuqonda amasigaba, abafundi, nabafundisi abadwebile lapha, futhi bangasondela ngokuqiniseka nangekhono.