Umshini Olawulayo: Indlela AmaKomiti Nempikiswano Okuyilolonga Ngayo Imithetho Esilawulayo

Umthetho ngamunye othinta ukuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke — kusukela emoyeni esiwuphefumulela izikole izingane zethu eziwuthathayo njengomqondo owodwa. Kodwa ukwenza lowo mbono ube yisikhombane esiyinkimbinkimbi, esibanzi esisesiteji esisemqoka sedemokrati emelelwa ngentando yeningi. Ukuqonda lenqubo yomthetho akuyona nje indlela yokusebenzisa isayensi enkulu yezezombangazwe; lulwazi olubalulekile kusona sonke isakhamuzi esinolwazi. [FLT], inkundla lapho ibona khona imibukiso ephikisanayo. [FLT] ithatha lesihloko] izibophopho ezisebenzayo, esebenza njengezinsikeni zeze, futhi ewusebenzisayo njengemiklamo yeze, futhi ilawula kahle indlela yokulungisa. [[FLT] futhi impikiswano ewuhlobomunca.[FLT], lapho i-'injini ehlangene.

Ukubukeza Inqubo Yomthetho: Uhambo Lwebhuloho Luyaqala

Inqubo yomthetho e-United States Congress (nasezindlini eziningi zezishaya-mthetho) ilandela ukulandelana okumiswe kahle okuklanyelwe ukukhuthaza ukucubungula, ukubona, nokulandisa.

  1. [ I-introduction yomthetho [ – Ilungu le-Congress noma ummisi-mthetho kazwelonke usekela ingxenye yomthetho bese ufaka umthetho kumphathi.
  2. I-partheral ekomitini – Isikhulu esengamele, uSilimi eMzini noma isikhulu esiphethe iSigele, sabela ikomiti incwadi yemali ngegunya lendaba yayo.
  3. [ Isinyathelo sokusebenza somnyakazo - Ikomiti iphethe ukuqulwa, iphethe iziqephu zokunyusa, futhi ivoti ukuthi ingabika noma imvume, ngezinguquko, noma ithengise.
  4. [ Ukucabangela [ - Uma kubikwa, isaziso sibekwa ekhalendeni ukuze kuxoxwe, kulungiswe, futhi kuvotelwe okokugcina ngegumbi eligcwele.
  5. [ Ukuvumelana phakathi kwamagumbi – Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinguqulo ezihlukene, ikomiti yengqungquthela (noma ukushintshisana ngezimo) ixazulula ukungaboni ngaso linye.
  6. Isenzo seProfetial - Isivumelwano sokugcina sithunyelwa kuMongameli, ongasayina umthetho, i-veto, noma ayivumele ukuba ibe umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwe.

Ngasinye salezi zinyathelo sisebenza njengendawo yokuhlola, siphoqelele abasekeli ukuba bakhe icala, bakhulume, futhi basekele iphuzu elibanzi. Ukuhlola okukhulu kuvame ukuba khona ezingxenyeni zesibili nesine, ukubukeza nempikiswano esesitezini, manje esihlola ngokuningiliziwe.

AmaKomiti: Izindawo Zomsebenzi Ezikhethekile Zomthetho

Uma kusungulwa isikweleti, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ilungu ngalinye lesishaya-mthetho linesikhathi noma ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola imisebenzi yalo. Yilapho amakomiti engena khona. amakhommette angamaqembu amancane abenzi bomthetho abahlakulela ulwazi olujulile endaweni ethile yesimiso [[ . Ngokufana nezolimo, ubuhlobo bakwamanye amazwe, impilo, noma i-judiary. Asebenza njengesehluzo sokuqala, ahlukanise iziphakamiso ezisebenzayo kwalabo ababunjwe kabi, abafaka amakhophi aphansi, noma abangenangqondo engathinti.

Izinhlobo Zamakomiti: Ithuluzi Elihlukile

Izikhulu zemithetho zisebenzisa izinhlobo eziningana zamakomiti, ngayinye ifeza injongo ehlukile:

  • Amakomiti amisayo:[ amakomiti ahlala njalo amiswe yimithetho yaleligumbi. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iKomiti yendlu yezindlela ne-Fracts ne Komiti yeSishaya-mthetho yezezimali. Basingatha umsebenzi omningi womthetho futhi baqhubeke besuka kuMkhandlu owodwa ukuya kolandelayo.
  • Ikomiti yamakomiti ama- Amahlelo amancane phakathi kwekomiti emile egxila ngisho nasezihlokweni ezimngcingo. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti yokuphanga i House inezibopho ezingaphansi ze-Cedence, Agriculture, nemfundo. Amakomiti angaphansi ngokuvamile abamba izikhalo zokuqala futhi aphawule izikweletu ngaphambi kokuba zidlulisele ekomitini egcwele.
  • AmaKomiti ahlotshisiwe: Akhiwe amalungu avela kokubili endlu naseSikhungweni, la makomiti avame ukutadisha izindaba (umz., iKomiti yezentengiselwano) kunokuba abike umthetho. Nokho, amanye, njenge Komiti yeQembu ePhakathi, akhiqiza ukuhlolwa okungeyiyo i-662partisan.
  • Amakomiti e-Hod Hoc (Khetha noma khethekile): Amakomiti esikhashana enzelwe ukuhlola umagazini othile noma ukusingatha incwadi eyinkimbinkimbi engafanelani kahle nezindawo zokulawula ezikhona. Indlu Khetha iKomiti ku-January 6 Ihlasela iyisibonelo samuva. Uma umsebenzi usuphelele, ikomiti iyancibilika.

Umsebenzi Wekhorali YeKomiti: Ukuzwa, Ukuphawula Nokubika

Uma kubhekiswa isikweleti ekomitini, isihlalo (kuyilungu elikhulu) sinquma ukuthi kufanele siqhubeke kanjani.

1]. Ukulalela -Amakomiti amema ochwepheshe, izikhulu zikahulumeni, abagcini bemali, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zifakazele. OFakazi banikeza imininingwane, baxoxela abanye izindaba, futhi baphendule imibuzo. Ukuzwa kuvame ukuba obala futhi kugelezela kuyi-intanethi, kunikeza ifasitela elibalulekile enkingeni yenqubo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzwa ngenguquko ehlongozwayo yempilo kungahlanganisa ubufakazi obuvela kodokotela, abaphathi bemishuwalenselense, abameleli abaguli, abasekela iziguli, kanye nezezomnotho. Umlando okhiqiniswe phakathi nalezi zikhalo owe yi-ikhasicate yesikhathi esizayo.

2. I- Markup - Ngemva kokuzwa isiphetho, ikomiti iphethe isimiso sokunyusa. Lapha, amalungu acabangela ukubuyiselwa komgqebhezana wemigqa. Yilapho ukuhlelwa kwangempela kwemithetho kwenzeka khona: isimemezelo singaphinde sibhalwe phansi kakhulu, sibe nengxenye esenezelwe noma ikhishwe, noma sithathelwe indawo ngokuphelele nge- “cread" esikhundleni. Amaphawu angaphikisana, ngokuvota. Abaphathi bomthetho bacindezela ukuba bathathe izikhundla ezicacile, ezibhalelwe ukuhlola umphakathi.

3. Umbiko - Uma ikomiti ivumela imvume (ngevoti eningi), uveza umbiko wekomiti. Lo mbiko uchaza umthetho, imininingwane yezinguquko ezithathiwe, futhi ngokuvamile uhlanganisa imibono emincane yamalungu aphikisa isilinganiso. Umbiko ubalulekile egumbini eligcwele, njengoba inikeza umongo nenhloso. Imali engabikwanga ukuthi isihlalo siyehluleka ukwenza inqubo noma ngenxa yokuthi iningi levota liyafa ngokulandelana kwemithetho. Lokhu kungenza ukuba amakomiti abizwa ngokuthi “indlu yemithetho”: inani elikhulu lenkokhelo alilokothi liyiphumele ngaphandle.

Imisebenzi ye- e-addation: Ngalé kwezindleko zokubukeza, amakomiti futhi aqondisa izinhlangano eziphethe, ahlola amahlazo, futhi aqinisekisa ukumiswa kukamongameli (eSigele). Amandla awo adlulela ngalé kwenqubo yomthetho ngokwayo.

Impikiswano: INgqungquthela Enkulu Yokuthonya Neyokuphikisana

Uma isikhwama semali siphela, singena esitezini ukuze sihlolwe yindikimba yonke. Ingxoxo ebanzi ilapho idrama yokwenza umthetho ibonakala kakhulu khona: abamisi-mthetho baqala ukukhuluma, ukubhuza, nokuhlangana. Isimo sengxoxo siyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwendlu neSigele, siveza amasiko nemithetho ehlukene.

Impikiswano Ngezimbobo

Kuyindlu yabameleli, impikiswano ilawulwa kakhulu. IMithetho Committee ikhipha “imithetho” elawula indlela umthetho ozothathwa ngayo ``isikhathi esingakanani uhlangothi ngalunye luzothathwa, okulungiswayo, futhi ukuthi ivoti yokugcina izakundulelwa ngentshukumo yokuphinde ibophe. Izindleko ezinkulu ziphikisana ngaphansi kwe-“mthetho oqinile” obekelwe imingcele ekwamukelwe uhlu lwe-precaraa eyamukelekayo. Le misebenzi yenza ukuba iNdlu yendlu ikwazi ukwenza umqulu ophezulu wemithetho kodwa igxilise amandla embusweni naseKomitini yemithetho.

Ku . .Impikiswano ivulekile kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwemithetho emisiwe yeSigele (ngaphandle kokuba kubekwe ukunyakaza), noma yimuphi umsizi angakhuluma isikhathi eside uma efisa ingendaba noma kunoma isiphi isihloko esihlobene. Lomkhuba wempikiswano engenamkhawulo ubangela ukuba i-bacbuster/a icebo lokuvimbela ukulibala noma ukuvota. I-Refalbuster yanamuhla ivame ukusebenza nge-proccodential kunokuba i-iaspeech; usongo nje lungadinga amavoti angu-60 ukuze iqede impikiswano (clocation).

Izinqumo Phakathi Nempikiswano

Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zengxoxo yasesitezi yithuba lokulungisa. KuyiSigele, amajenali angasikisela ukuthi “i-germane” ilungiswe (i-avsenser enhlonhleni) kanye kanye nengeyona ijikelezo, engaphansi kwemingcele ethile. Imithetho yendlu iqine kakhulu: ukulungisa kuphela okugunyaza okungagunyazi ne-precadaa evunyelwe yiKomiti yemithetho ngokuvamile kuyavunyelwa. [[FLT: 0] I-werpraczed ampements ingaguqula kakhulu isimende noma ngisho nesisekelo sokuhleba i-part.

Indima Ebucayi Yempikiswano

Kungani impikiswano yaphansi ingaphezu nje kwenkundla yezombangazwe?

  • Ikhono lokuzimela nokuziphendulela: Yonke inkulumo, zonke izivoti ekulungiseni, futhi zonke izinyathelo zenqubo zibhalwe. Abameleli bangabona ukuthi abameleli babo abakhethiwe baphikisa kanjani futhi bavote kanjani. Lombhalo womphakathi uyithuluzi elinamandla lokunika abamisimthetho isibopho sokulandisa kukhetho olulandelayo.
  • Ukuhlela umphakathi nabanye abakhi bomthetho: ukuphikisana kufundisa kokubili igumbi elisegumbini kanye nezilaleli ezibanzi. Inkulumo ephendulwe kahle ingaqokomisa imiphumela engalindelekile noma ikhiphe ukwaziswa okusha. I-CîsPAne idla izinkulumo ezibonisa izakhamuzi, izintatheli, namaqembu amaqembu ezindaba.
  • isho irekhodi lokuhlola kokwahlulela: Izinkantolo ezichaza umthetho zivame ukubheka umlando wemithetho (kuhlanganise nezimemezelo zesitezi se-wiregioign), imibiko yamakomiti, kanye namavoti aqoshiwe funa injongo yomthetho. Ngakho ukuphikisana kunezici ezisemthethweni ezihlala njalo.
  • Ukuhlehla: I-dest à productrath yengxoxo ivame ukuholela ekusebenziseni i- minnutute kanye nokulungisa. Imali ebonakala ifile ingavuselelwa ngokulungisa okuxoxiwe ngokucophelela, kugcine umzamo wemithetho nokulungisa izikhalo.
  • ilawula umphakathi:[ Lapho izimpikiswano zihlanganiswa abezindaba, ziphakamisa ukuqaphela ngezindaba ezibalulekile. Ukucindezela komphakathi kungasusa amavoti nokuphoqelela ukuba umholi ukuba azise isikhwama sokuvota noma ukususa isilinganiso sokuphikisana.

I - Filibuster Nomphumela Wayo Enqubweni Yomthetho

Akukho kuphikisana okuphelele kwenkulumo yeSigele ngaphandle kokukhuluma ne-palbuster. Ekuqaleni indlela yokunwebela impikiswano ukuze kwakhiwe ukuvumelana noma kudalulwe iningi elinonya, i-finbuster iye yaguqukela ekubeni imfuneko ye- 6066vote ephezulu kakhulu yemithetho emikhulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ivimbela iSigele futhi ivimbela iningi ukuba lithathe izigijimi zaso. Abalweli baphikisa ukuthi ivikela amalungelo aso aphezulu futhi ikhuthaza ukufakwa kwe-bipartariancastry. i-parentsster yanamuhla “inkulu”[[FLT:] [insel:] futhi ivimbela ukuba iqhubeke, futhi iningi limele i-hele le-meaultration. Umbango ophakeme ngaphandle kokuba inqanyuliwe ngenqubo yokubuyisana (i-20) futhi idlulise i-200) idlulise kungoko lokuhola okuvamile kwenani elivamile: futhi lisebenza ngenani elincane kakhulu.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi: Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingawathonya Ngayo Amakomiti Nempikiswano

Inqubo yokushaya umthetho ingase ibonakale ikude, kodwa iklanyelwe ukuba ikwazi ukulawulwa. Izakhamuzi zinamaphuzu amaningi okungena athonya umsebenzi wamakomiti nenkulumo-mpikiswano ephansi:

  • Ukuhlolwa emacaleni:[ Amakomiti amaningi amukela izicelo zokufakaza komphakathi. Ama-Grassroot asekela abantu futhi athintana nabo bangahlanganyela okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu okubumba ukulandisa.
  • Amalungu ekomiti nama-seneta: Aphenywa kakhulu ama-imeyili, izingcingo, nezinhlamvu zezinhlamvu,] ikakhulukazi lawo acaphuna umthetho othile, [1] angalawula ukuvota komenzi womthetho phakathi nengxoxo yokuchonga noma yephansi.
  • umthetho wokuvala: Iwebhusayithi ezinjenge [.Gov ne Govrack. inikeza mahhala, i-tectname yolwazi ngesimo semithetho, izenzo zekomiti, namarekhodi evoti.
  • [ izimpikiswano ezibukayo nezinhlolo: Izindawo ezihlala imifula nezinqolobane eziseNdlu nezomnyango wesigele yenza izakhamuzi zibone lenqubo isenzeka", bese zibheka abameleli bazo ukuba balandise ngalokho abakushoyo nendlela abavota ngayo.
  • Amaqembu ahamba ngezinhlangano zezezimali: Amaqembu anjengeNhlangano yabesifazane [LV] kanye ne-American Liberties Union [ACLU] umholi ocacisa ngokuningilingwa kwezindleko kanye nokucindezelwa komphakathi phakathi nekomiti egxekayo nephansi.

Isiphetho: Ukunika Amandla Ngokuqonda

Inqubo yomthetho ingase ibonakale i-libyrinine [1] iwuhide lwengxoxo ecushwe yikomiti ehlotshisiwe, ukuvota kwaphansi, nokuthatha imingcele. Kodwa phakathi nendawo, lesi simiso sincike emabuthweni amabili anamandla: amakomiti akhethekile[ anikeza ukucubungula, ukucubungula kobucukubhede, kanye [[FLT:]]] nengxoxo yasobala [[FLT:] leyo iphoqelela ukuvuleka nokuhlehla. Ngokuqonda indlela amakomiti ahluphayo akhahlela futhi alungisa ngayo izikwe, izakhamuzi zingaba izigaba eziphumelela kakhulu ekulawuleni kwazo siqu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubhala iphepha lokucwaninga, umfundisi wokuhlela izifundo, noma unethemba lokushintsha umthetho, uyakwazi ukuguqula umthetho, ukuwenza ngenkaniza kuqala.

Njengoba isisho sisho, “Ama-Law afana namasoseji .it kungcono ukungawaboni enziwa.” Kodwa embusweni wentando yeningi, asinalo ilungelo lokubheka kude. Sinelungelo lokubona, ilungelo lokukhuluma, namandla okugcina izikhulu zethu ezikhethiwe zinecala kuzo zonke izinga lenqubo yomthetho. Ukuze sisebenzise lawomandla, kumelwe siqale siqonde uhambo lwesibhamu. Amakomiti nempikiswano akuzona nje izinqubo zezentengiselwano; ziyizikhundla lapho ikusasa lomphakathi wethu lishintshwa khona.