Table of Contents

Ukuqamba amalungelo kuyisisekelo sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi e-United States. Ikhono lokufaka i-colot futhi izwi lakho lizwiwe okhethweni lingelinye lamalungelo ayisisekelo kakhulu emphakathini wentando yeningi. Nokho, lelilungelo alizange litholakale njalo emhlabeni wonke. Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, imithetho ehlukahlukene, ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, nokumiswa komthetho kahulumeni ukuvikela nokwandisa amalungelo okuvota, kuqinisekisa ukuthi isakhamuzi ngasinye esifanelekayo singahlanganyela enqubweni yokhetho ngaphandle kokubheka imingcele noma imingcele engalungile.

Ukuqonda ukuthi amalungelo okuvota aqinisekiswa kanjani kudinga ukuhlola ukuhlanganiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo, umthetho kahulumeni, imithetho kahulumeni, nezinselele eziqhubekayo zomthetho.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokusekela Amalungelo

Umthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wase-U.S., owamukelwa ngo-1787, awuchazanga ngokuqondile ukuthi ubani owayenelungelo lokuvota. Lencwadi ibhekisela ekukhethweni kwamalungu oKhongolo-mthetho noMongameli, kodwa ayichazi ukuthi ubani ongavota lawo mavoti. Ekuqaleni, amalungelo okuvota ayeshiyelwa emibusoni ngayinye ukuba inqume, okwaphumela ekuvinjelweni okuphawulekayo. Lapho uMthetho-sisekelo uqala ukusebenza ngo-1789, abantu kuphela e-United States ababevunyelwe ukuvota babengamadoda amhlophe ayizimpahla.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uMthetho-sisekelo uye walungiswa kaningi ukuze kwandiswe futhi kuvikelwe amalungelo okuvota amaqembu ahlukahlukene amaMelika. Lokhu kulungisa kumelela izikhathi ezibalulekile ekulweleni okuqhubekayo kwezwe ukudala idemokrasi ehlanganisa i-democracy.

Iziphendu Zokuvuselela

Ngemva kweMpi Yangaphakathi, iziHlanziso ezintathu zokwakha kabusha zagunyazwa futhi zalinganiselwa iziqondiso zezizwe ngezimfanelo zabavoti. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu (1870) sinikeza ukuthi ilungelo lezakhamuzi zase-United States lokuvota ngeke liphucwe noma livalwe yi-United States noma yinoma yimuphi uMbuso ngenxa yobuhlanga, ibala, noma isimo sobugqila. Lokhu kususwa kwabangelwa yiphutha, njengoba kwandisa amalungelo okuvota kubantu baseAfrika abalandela ukuqedwa kobugqila.

AmaMelika aseAfrika afaka inkululeko yawo entsha ekusebenziseni, ukuvota kubantu abaningi abansundu abazokwenziwa abamnyama. Phakathi nokuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo, amadoda amnyama angu - 16 akhonza eSikhungweni soMkhandlu namadoda ansundu angu - 2 000 akhonza ezikhundleni ezikhethiwe zendawo, uhulumeni, nohulumeni. Lenkathi yamelela intuthuko ephawulekayo ekuhlanganyeleni kwezombangazwe kubantu ababeyizigqila.

Nokho, isithembiso seSichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu asizange sifezeke ngokugcwele cishe cishe iminyaka eyikhulu. Ilungelo lokuvota lachazwa ngokuncane kakhulu iNkantolo Ephakeme ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 naphakathi kwekhulu lama-20. Icala leNkantolo Ephakeme ka-1876 eUnited States v. uReese wanquma ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu asilinikanga ilungelo lokuvota, kodwa kunalokho salenqabela ukuvinjelwa kwaso. Le ncazelo encane yavumela ukuba kusetshenziswe imikhuba ehlukahlukene yokuhlukanisa i-dirryryrycrancrintory eyahlula ngokuphumelelayo i-Afrika American Revotation.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesishiyagalolunye: Impoqo Yabesifazane

ISichibiyelo sekhulu le-19, esagunyazwa ngo-1920, sanika abesifazane baseMelika ilungelo lokuvota. Lokhu kulunga kwaba ukuphela kwamashumi eminyaka empi yokuzitika ngezikhulu zempi ezazilwela ukungalingani kwabesifazane kwezombangazwe. Impi yabesifazane yayiyimpi ende, ehilela izizukulwane zabashisekeli benguquko abanesibindi ababelwela ushintsho ezweni, ezweni, nasezindaweni.

Inhlangano yabesifazane yokungalawuleki imelela okunye kokwanda okuphawulekayo kokuhlanganyela ngentando yeningi emlandweni waseMelika, ngokuphumelelayo kuphinde inani labavoti futhi kuqaphele abesifazane njengabahlanganyela ngokugcwele kwezombangazwe enqubweni yentando yeningi.

ISichibiyelo Sehora Lama - 20: Ukuqeda Intela Yempova

ISichibiyelo sama-24, esagunyazwa ngo-1964, sasusa intela yenhlawulo. Lentela yayiye yasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ama-Afrika aseMelika ekuvoteni okhethweni lukahulumeni. Intela yokuhoxa yayingenye yezithiyo zezomnotho eziningana ezazihloselwe ukuvimbela izakhamuzi ezimpofu, ikakhulukazi amaMelika ase-Afrika, ekusebenziseni ilungelo lazo lokuvota. Ngokufuna ukukhokhwa ukuze kuvote, lentela yaze yalahla ngokuphumelelayo labo ababengenamali yokukhokha.

Ukuqedwa kwentela yokuvota kwakuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekususeni izithiyo zezomnotho ekuvoteni nasekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota alixhomekile esimweni sezimali.

ISichibiyelo Samashumi Amabili Nesithupha: Ukunciphisa Inkathi Yokudla

ISichibiyelo Se - 26 esagunyazwa ngo - 1971, sanciphisa inkathi yokuvota ukuze bonke okhethweni babe yi - 18. Lokhu kulungisa kwabangelwa ngokuyinhloko yiphuzu lokuthi uma abantu abasha babebadala ngokwanele ukuba babuthwe futhi balwe eMpini yaseVietnam, kufanele babe badala ngokwanele ukuba bavote.

I - Voting Rights Act ka - 1965: Umthetho We - Landmark

Nakuba ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo kwanikeza isisekelo sokuvikelwa kwamalungelo okuvota, ukugcinwa kwamalungelo kwaqhubeka kuyinselele enkulu. Naphezu kwesithembiso seSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu, izifunda eziningana zasungula imithetho enqabela noma elinganiselwe amathuba okuvotela izakhamuzi eziNsundu, njengentela yokuvota nokuhlola ukufunda. Lamacebo alulaza noma aqeda amandla ezombangazwe emiphakathini yabaNsundu, ngisho nalapho zaziyinani elikhulu labantu.

Indlela Eya Endinganisweni Yamalungelo Abantu

Ukudlula kweVoting Rights Act kwabangelwa izenzakalo eziphawulekayo emzabalazweni wamalungelo abantu. Ukuhlasela okungaphazanyiswanga ngoMatshi 7, 1965, kwamabutho amabutho awela i-Edmund Pettus Bridge eSelma, Alabama, ehamba ngendlela eya e-capitol kazwelonke eMontgomery, kwakhuthaza uMongameli noMkhandlu ukuba banqobe ukumelana komthetho wokuvota osebenzayo. Lesi senzakalo, esaziwa ngokuthi "iSonto Lobudoda," sashaqisa isizwe futhi sasekela umthetho we-vota obanzi.

Ngo-6 August 1965 uMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson wasayina iVoting Rights Act eqenjini lomthetho, ethi usuku "ukunqoba kwenkululeko enkulu njenganoma yikuphi ukunqoba okwake kwazuzwa kunoma iyiphi impi." Lomthetho wafika ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisikhombisa ngemva kokuba uMartin Luther King King esungule umkhankaso we-Southern Christian Leaderfunce Conference (SC) osekelwe eSelma, e-Alabama, ngenjongo yokucindezela uMkhandlu ukuba udlulise umthetho onjalo.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Omthetho Wokudlulisela Amalungelo

UMthendeleko Wamalungelo Abantu ka - 1965 ubhekwa kabanzi njengenye yezingxenye eziphumelela kakhulu zomthetho wamalungelo abantu emlandweni waseMelika. Ngokwe - U.S., loMthetho ubhekwa njengoyingxenye ephumelela kakhulu yomthetho wamalungelo abantu owake wamiswa.

Lo Mthendeleko unamalungiselelo amaningana abalulekile ahloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo okuvota:

Ukukhetha 2: Ingxenye 2 iyilungiselelo elivamile elinqabela umbuso nohulumeni wendawo ukumisa noma imuphi umthetho wokuthi "igunya ekunqabeni noma isiphi izakhamuzi ukuba zivote ngesizwe noma ngebala" noma amalungu eqembu lolimi oluncane. Lelungiselelo lisebenza ezweni lonke futhi livumela abantu ukuba baphikise imikhuba yokuvota ngokukhetha nge-litaciation.

Isiqinisekiso sezisetshenziswa zomgunyathi: Amanye amalungiselelo okuhlola okungafundi nokubhala okungekho emthethweni kanye nemishini efana nayo eyasetshenziselwa ngaphambili ukulahla izinhlanga ezincane. Umthetho we-Voting Rights ka-65 waqeda ukuhlola ukufunda nokukhokha intela yokukhothoza okuklanyelwe ukulahla ukuvota kwe-Afrikan America futhi wanika uhulumeni igunya lokuthatha ukuvota ngokukhetha okuqhubekayo.

Ukuhlanganisa 5 Preclarance: Ilungiselelo elikhethekile i-Candelo 5 langaphambi kokucacisa, elinqabela imibuso ethile ukuba isebenzise noma yiluphi ushintsho oluthinta ukuvota ngaphandle kokuthola isiqinisekiso sokuqala esivela eNkantolo yeSigodi ye-D.C. u-A. ushintsho alubandluli amaqembu amancane avikelwe. Lelungiselelo lalinamandla kakhulu ekuvimbeleni izinguquko zokuvota ngaphandle kokuthola ku-galelo lwe-option kuqala ku-U.S. u-gardern e-gement ye-octives.

Usizo lolimi lweSicelo: Izimfuneko zezindawo ezithile zokunikeza usizo lolimi kumavoti emiphakathini lapho kunezakhamuzi ezingenalwazi oluthengiswe esiNgisini lokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo enqubweni yokuvota. Lelilungiselelo lenezelwe eMthethweni Wamalungelo Omthetho ka-1975.

Umphumela Womthetho Wokuphana Ngamalungelo

IVoting Rights Act yaba nethonya elisheshayo neliphawulekayo ekubhalisweni nasekuhlanganyeleni kovoti. Ekupheleni kuka-1965, ingxenye yesine yesigidi yabavoti abasha abaNsundu yabhaliswa, ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabahloli bakahulumeni. Ekupheleni kuka-1966, ezine kuphela emazweni aseningizimu angu-13 ayengaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-50 ama-Afrika abhaliselwe ukuvota.

Eminyakeni engemva kohambo lwe-Voting Rights Act, ukwehluka kwamazinga okubhalisa phakathi kwamazinga abamhlophe nabamnyama abavoti kwehla kusuka kumashumi amathathu ngamaphesenti ekuqaleni kwawo-1960 kuya kumaphesenti angu-8 amaphuzu nje eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva. Lokhu ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwegebe lohlanga ekubhalisweni komvoti kubonisa ukusebenza kwezimiso zokugcinwa komthetho.

Umthetho uye waba isihlangu esiphumelela kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezilinganisela noma ezilulaza amandla okuvota emiphakathi ngomlando wokuncishiswa kwemithetho. Lesivikelo siye sasiza ngokukhethekile ezinqubweni ezinjengokuvuselela, okuye kwaholela ekukhethweni kwamakhulu kahulumeni, uhulumeni, nababefuna imibala emazweni nomlando wokucwaswa.

Izivikelo Zemali Ezingokwenani Ezingokwengeziwe Zokuhwebelana Ngamalungelo

Ngalé koMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu, uMkhandlu uye wamisa umthetho owengeziwe ukuze uvikele futhi usize amalungelo okuvota.

Umthetho Wokubhalisa Wesizwe

INational Voter Rebibligial Act ka 1993, eyayaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "Umthetho Wovoter Voter," yayiklanyelwe ukwenza ukubhalisa kovoti kungeneke kangcono kubo bonke abantu baseMelika. Lomthetho ufuna ukuba kunikezwe amathuba okubhalisa uma abantu befaka noma bevuselela amalayisense abo okushayela, befaka isicelo sosizo lomphakathi, noma besebenzelana namahhovisi enkonzo okukhubazeka. I-Act ihlose ukwandisa amazinga okubhalisa ngokuvula inqubo elula neyamukeleka.

Ngokuhlanganisa ukubhalisa umvoti ezinkonzweni zikahulumeni ezivamile, i - National Voter Brigister Act iye yasiza izigidi zabantu baseMelika ukuba zibhalise amavoti okungenzeka ayebhekene nezithiyo zokubhalisa.

Usizo Olwathathwa EMelika

Idlulisiwe ngo-2002 ekukhetheni umongameli okwaphikiswana ngaye ngo- 2000, iHelp America Vote Act (HAVA) yamisa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zezimiso zokuvota nokhetho. I-Act yanikeza izimali zikahulumeni ukuba zithathe indawo yemishini yokuvota ephelelwe isikhathi, yasungula i-Ecomment Appect Commission ukuze isize ezindaweni ekuhlanganeni nezimfuneko ze-HIVA, futhi yamisa izinqubo zokuvota ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi abavoti abasemthethweni abamagama abo angekho ezinhlabeni zokubhalisa abazobalwa bayakwazi ukuveza izinombolo uma ukufaneleka kwabo kuqinisekiswe kamuva.

HAVA wayala nokuthi kugcinwe iziteshi zokuvota ze - computer ezikuyi - computer futhi kwamiswa izimfuneko zokuhlukanisa umvoti nezinqubo eziyiqiniso.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Ayabonakaliswa

I-Civil Rights Acts yasungula ezinye zezivikelo zokuqala zikahulumeni ekukhetheni ukucwasa. Lezi zivikelo zabekwa okokuqala yi-Civil Rights Act ka-1870 futhi kamuva zalungiswa. Umthetho we-Civil Rights Act ka-1970 kanye ne-Civil Rights Act ka-1960 wawunawo nomthetho ohloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo okuvota, nakuba zazinganele ukunqoba ukuhlukana okuhleliwe okwenzeka emazweni amaningi.

Izithiyo Ezingokomlando Zokwamukelwa Kwamalungelo

Ukuqonda ukuthi amalungelo okuvota aqinisekiswa kanjani namuhla kudinga ukuhlola amasu ahlukahlukene ayesetshenziswa ngokomlando ukuze kuphikwe noma kuvinjelwe ukungenela kokuvota. Lemikhuba yobandlululo yayiklanyelwe ukugwema isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo futhi ivimbele amaqembu athile, ikakhulukazi amaMelika ase - Afrika, ekusebenziseni ilungelo lawo lokuvota.

Ukuhlola Ukufunda Nokubhala

Ukuhlola ukufunda nokubhala kwakungenye yamathuluzi avame kakhulu asetshenziswa ukulahla abavoti. Lokhu kuhlola kwadinga abangase bavoti ukubonisa amakhono okufunda nokubhala, ngokuvamile ngokuhlola okungenangqondo nangokucabangela. Izikhulu zokhetho zazinokuhlakanipha okukhulu ekunikezeni lokhu kuhlola futhi zazivame ukuwasebenzisa ukuze zingabafaneleki abavoti baseAfrika baseMelika kuyilapho zivumela abamhlophe ukuba badlule, kungakhathaliseki amazinga abo okufunda angokoqobo.

Ngisho namaMelika ase - Afrika afundile ayehluleka ukubhekana nokwahlulela okunemibono eqinile yabaphathi bokhetho abanobandlululo.

Intela Yembimbi

Intela yokukhokha yabangela ukuba izakhamuzi zikhokhe imali ethile ukuze zivote. Nakuba kubonakala sengathi azithathi hlangothi, lezintela zathinta izakhamuzi ezimpofu, ikakhulukazi ama-Afrika neLungu ampofu eNingizimu. Umphumela owengeziwe wentela yokuvota yaminyaka yonke ungadala isithiyo esikhulu esingokwezimali ekuvoteni, ngokuphumelelayo sikhipheni izakhamuzi eziningi ekuhlanganyeleni kwezombangazwe.

Umkhulu UClaus

Abavoti abaningi abansundu namaWood White amaningi abansundu balahlwa yintela yokuvota nokuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, phakathi kwezinye izithiyo zokuvota, lapho abamhlophe ababevota babehliswa khona yizimemezelo zikamkhulu. Izimemezelo eziphezulu zavumela abantu ukuba bavote uma omkhulu babo babefaneleka ukuvota, ngokuphumelela kakhulu bakhulula abamhlophe abavoti ekuhlolweni kokufunda nokukhokha izintela zokuvota kuyilapho besasebenzisa lezi zimfuneko kuma-Afrika ase-Afrika asegqila.

Amaza Amhlophe

Isimiso sezigebengu ezimhlophe kanye nokwesatshiswa ngobudlova yi-Democrates phakathi kwe-Ku Klux Klan (KKK) nakho kwavimbela ukuhlanganyela kwabansundu. Izindawo ezimhlophe zahlukanisa ama-Afrika angayifaki i-gasmes ekuhlanganyeleni kokhetho oluyinhloko, okwasho ukususwa kokuphela kwemincintiswano yokukhetha enenjongo ekhona ewukuyi-Democrates.

Ubudlova Nokwesaba

AmaMelika aseAfrika eSelma nakwamanye amadolobha aseningizimu ayesaba, ehlukunyezwa futhi ehlaselwa lapho efuna ukubhalisa ukuze avote. ubudlova obungokomzimba, ukuziphindiselela kwezomnotho, nezinsongo kwasetshenziswa ngokuhlelekile ukuze kunqande amaMelika aseAfrika ukuba azame ukubhalisa noma ukuvota. Lesimo sokwesaba sasivimbela kakhulu ukuba ahlanganyele kwezombangazwe.

Indlela Amalungelo Aphoqelelwa Ngayo Namuhla

Izimiso ezihlukahlukene nezinqubo zisebenza ndawonye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imithetho yokuvota isekelwe futhi kuqondiswe ukuthi ukuphulwa kwemithetho yamalungelo ovota kuyasekelwa.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamandla

UMnyango Wezobulungisa wase-U.S. unendima enkulu ekumiseni imithetho yokuvota esemthethweni. Umthetho woMnyango Wamalungelo Omphakathi unecala lokuphenya izikhalo ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo okuvota, ukumangalela amagunya aphula umthetho kahulumeni, nokuhlola ukhetho kwezinye izifunda zezindawo ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nesivikelo samalungelo okuvota.

Lezi zinguquko zinikeza iziKhongolo-mfuno nohulumeni uhulumeni amandla okuphoqelela ukuvikelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngomthetho — oye wasetshenziswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Lamandla aqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo somthetho-mthetho asiyona nje into ecatshangelwayo kodwa sisetshenziswa futhi sivikelwe ngenkuthalo.

Ilungelo Lezenzo Langasese

Ingxenye 2 yomthetho ivumela abantu ukuba bamangalelwe — ngokwabo noma ngosizo loMnyango Wezobulungisa — ukuze balungise imithetho ekhona nezinqubo ezingaphika ithuba elifanayo lezombangazwe lokuvota labo abazozikhethela. Lelilungelo lesenzo langasese linika abantu namalungelo omphakathi amandla okubekela inselele imikhuba yokuvota ngomthetho ngezinkantolo.

Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi ezinjenge - NAACP Legal Defense Fund, i - American Civil Liberties Union, ne - Brennan Center for Justice zivame ukuphimisela amalungelo okuvota ukuze ziphikise imithetho nemikhuba ezikholelwa ukuthi iphula isivikelo sikahulumeni.

Umbuso Nomqondisi Wokukhetha Kwendawo

Nakuba umthetho kahulumeni umisa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe futhi wenqabela imikhuba ethile yokulahla icala, izikhulu zikahulumeni nezindawo zinecala lokuqondisa ukhetho lwezinsuku zonke. Lezizikhulu kumelwe zifake isivikelo samalungelo ovoti kuhulumeni kuyilapho zihambisana nemithetho yokhetho.

Izikhulu zezikhulu ze-ocholation zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokulondoloza izinhlu eziqondile zokuvota, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo zokuvota zitholakala, zinikeza usizo lolimi oludingekile, ziqeqesha izisebenzi zokuvota, futhi zisingatha noma yiziphi izinkinga eziphakamayo ngoSuku Lokhetho. Izinqumo zazo zingalithinta kakhulu ikhono labavoti lokusebenzisa amalungelo abo.

Izibukeli Nezinhloli Ezizimele

Abahloli bokuvota kweFederal nezingqapheli zezindawo ezithile lapho kunobufakazi bemizamo yokwesabisa abavoti abambalwa kuleyo mibono. Ukuba khona kwezingqapheli zikahulumeni kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi okhetho luqhutshwa ngokufanelekile nokuthi abavoti abasatshiswa noma bacwaswe.

Izinselele Zamuva Zokwaba Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu

Nakuba kuye kwenziwa intuthuko enkulu ekuvikeleni amalungelo okuvota, izenzakalo zamuva ziye zabangela ukukhathazeka ngokuguguleka kwalezi sivikelo.

Shelby County v. Hoker (2013)

Ngo-2013, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha isinqumo eShelby County v. UHaker owalulaza kakhulu uMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu. Inkantolo yalahla ilungiselelo eliyinhloko lesenzo esihilela ukuqondisa imithetho yokuvota ezifundazweni ezingu-9. Ngokukhethekile, iNkantolo yalahla indlela yokukhokha imvume yokunquma ukuthi imiphi imithetho eyayingaphansi kwendinganiso yesigaba 5.

Ngemva kwesinqumo, ithi akusadingeki ukuba uhulumeni athole imvume yemithetho yokuvota emisha yabangela igagasi lezimiso elenza kwaba nzima ukuvota. futhi ukucwaninga kweBrennan Center kuye kwabonisa ukuthi igebe lobuhlanga lomvoti liye lakhula ezindaweni eziphethe isiqephu ngaphambili esihlanganiswe isiqephu 5.

Ikomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic National Committee (2021)

Ngo-2021, i-Brnovich v. i-Democratic Committee National Committee inqulu ye-Democratic Committee ibuye ichaze i-Cate 2 ye-Voting Rights Act ka-1965, iyenze yangabi buthaka kakhulu. Isinqumo sachaza "ubungakanani bezimo" ulimi lwesiqephu 2 ukuthi alwenqabeli ngokuvamile imithetho yokuvota esusa ithonya elihlukene emaqenjini ayefuna ukuwavikela.

Ekunqumeni kwayo okungu - 2021 eBrnovich v. Democratic National Committee, iNkantolo Ephakeme yenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukumangalela amacala ngaphansi kweSigaba 2. Lesi sinqumo siye senza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukubekela imingcele yokuvota ethinta ngokungenakuqhathaniswa abavoti abambalwa.

Isidingo Sokuqhubeka Uqaphile

Njengoba zingekho izimfuneko ezimisiwe, amaqembu amalungelo omphakathi aye adinga ukuncika kakhulu ekutholeni incazelo ngaphansi kweSigaba 2 ukuze alwe nobandlululo esimisweni sezombangazwe, kodwa ukumangalelwa kokuhlehlisa lemithetho engalungile kokubili kuyabiza futhi kuthatha iminyaka — phakathi nakho okhethweni oluqhubekayo. Lokhu kushintsha ezindinganisweni zokuvimbela ukuthatha isinyathelo kuye kwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukuvikela amalungelo okuvota ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukunikeza Ilungelo Lokweqa Uhulumeni Isivikelo

Nakuba umthetho kahulumeni umisa isisekelo sokuvikelwa kwamalungelo okuvota, imibuso eminingi iye yamisa imithetho yayo siqu enikeza ukuvikelwa okwengeziwe noma ukwandisa ukuvota.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Imithetho-sisekelo eminingi iqukethe isivikelo esicacile selungelo lokuvota. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zalungisa imithetho yazo ukuze zibuyisele amalungelo okuvota kubantu abanomthetho onecala, zandise amathuba okuvota kwasekuqaleni, noma zimise izikhomishane ezizimele zokuvimbela ukuvota.

Izinyathelo Zokuthola I - Voter

Izwe linobuhlakani obukhulu endleleni elisebenzisa ngayo okhetho, futhi abaningi baye basebenzisa izimiso eziklanyelwe ukwenza ukuvota kutholakale. Lezi zihlanganisa ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, ukubhalisa usuku olunye, ukungabeki uvoti, inkathi yokuvota yasekuqaleni, nezimiso zokuvota ezithatha iposi.

Lezi zinqubo ezithuthukisiwe zikahulumeni zingakwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukutholakala kwevoti futhi kwenze kube lula ngezakhamuzi ezifanelekayo ukuba zihlanganyele okhethweni.

Indima Yezinkantolo Ekuvikeleni Amalungelo Abantu

Lapho kuphakama izimpikiswano mayelana nokuvinjelwa ngokomthetho kwemithetho yokuvota noma imikhuba, izinkantolo zisebenza njengenkundla yokuxazulula lezingxabano.

Izinselele Zomthetho - sisekelo

Icala lamalungelo livame ukuhlanganisa imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo ngokuphathelene nezigwebo zeGibhithi zeshumi nanhlanu nesihlanu, ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni, kanye nezinga imingcele yokuvota evunyelwe ngalo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele izithakazelo zamazwe ekuqondiseni ukhetho nelungelo eliyisisekelo lokuvota.

Incazelo Eyisisekelo

Izinkantolo zichaza futhi imithetho yamalungelo okuvota kahulumeni, zinqume ukuthi yimiphi imikhuba ephula iVoting Rights Act noma eminye imithetho kahulumeni. Lencazelo ingaba nemiphumela efinyelelekayo yendlela okhethweni abaqhutshwa ngayo kulo lonke izwe.

Izimpikiswano Ezivusayo Ekubongeni Amalungelo

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nomphakathi kushintsha, kuba nezinselele namathuba amasha ahambisana namalungelo okuvota.

Izimfuneko Zokwazi Ukuhlukanisa

Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho efuna abavoti ukuba banikeze ukwaziswa ngaphambi kokufaka ibhodi. Abasekeli balemithetho baphikisa ukuthi lemithetho ivimbela ukukhwabanisa futhi yandisa ukwethemba okhethweni, kuyilapho abagxeki bephikisa ngokungenakuqhathaniswa ukuthi bathwesa umthwalo wabavoti abambalwa, izakhamuzi ezigugile, nabantu abathola imali encane abangase bantule izindlela ezidingekayo zokuzichaza.

Izinkantolo ziye zafinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene ngomthetho - sisekelo wemithetho ehlukahlukene yama - ID, zicabangela izici ezinjengezinhlobo zokuzichaza ezamukelekayo, ukutholakala kwama - state akhululekile, nobufakazi bokukhwabanisa kwabavoti.

Ukugcinwa Kwendwangu

Izwe lilungisa njalo izitatimende zalo zokuvota ukuze lisuse abantu abafile, abathunyiwe, noma abangakufanelekeli ukuvota. Nokho, ukukhishwa kwezincwadi zamavoti ngonya kungaphumela ekususweni kwabavoti abafaneleyo ezinhlabeni zokubhalisa, okungase kubavimbele ekuvotelweni.

Ukulinganisela phakathi kokulondoloza amavoti anembile nokuvikela abafanele ekususweni ngokungafanele kuseyinselele eqhubekayo.

Ukuvuselela Nokushintsha Izindawo

Inqubo yokudweba imingcele yesifunda sokuvota ingawathinta kakhulu amalungelo okuvota nokumelelwa kwezombangazwe. u-Gerrymandering . Ukusetshenziswa kwemingcele yesifunda ukuze kuzuze ezombangazwe, /-aseculweni lokuvota kweminye imiphakathi, ikakhulukazi izinhlanga ezincane.

I - Voing Rights Act iye yasetshenziswa ngokomlando ekubekeleni inselele amasu okulungisa abangela ukuba abavoti abambalwa bacwaswe, nakuba izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zanciphisa izinselele zalezi zinselele.

Ukulondeka Kokhetho Nobuchwepheshe

Njengoba izimiso zokuvota ziba ama - computer ngokwandayo, ukuqinisekisa ukulondeka nobuqotho bokhetho kuye kwaba ukukhathazeka okukhulu.

Ukuthola Izindawo Phakathi Nezimo Eziphuthumayo

Umqedazwe we-COVOVAD-19 waqokomisa isidingo sokuvota okuvumelana nezimo okuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zivote ngokuphephile phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi. Izifunda eziningi zandisa ukuvota iposi nokuvota kwakuqala phakathi nobhadane, ziphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi iluphi lolu shintsho okufanele lube yizici ezihlala njalo zokhetho.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlanganyela Isivumelwano Sesigqi

Nakuba imithetho nezinhlangano kuyisimiso sokuvikela amalungelo okuvota, ukuthembisana ngentshiseko kwezakhamuzi kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi lamalungelo alondoloziwe futhi asetshenziswa.

Imfundo Yevoter

Imizamo yemfundo yosizo isiza izakhamuzi ukuba zifunde ngezimfuneko zokubhalisa, izinqubo zokuvota, namalungelo azo kuleyo zinhlangano. Izinhlangano ezihlanganisa imikhankaso yezemfundo yezinhlangano zezezombangazwe ezifundisayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo zithola ukwaziswa okudingeka zikuhlanganyele okhethweni.

Ukuzitika Nokuthatha Isinyathelo

Ukwanda kwamalungelo okuvota kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika kuye kwashukunyiswa ukulwa okuqhubekayo nokuthatha isinyathelo. Kusukela kwabalwayo ababelwela amalungelo okuvota kwabesifazane kuya kubashisekeli bamalungelo omphakathi abamasha eSelma, izakhamuzi ezivamile ziye zafeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amalungelo okuvota.

Izinhlangano zombuso ziyaqhubeka nalelisiko, zihlola okhetho, zibekela inselele imikhuba yokukhipha ubandlululo, futhi zilwela izimiso ezinwebayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Enqubweni Yentando Yeningi

Ekugcineni, amalungelo okuvota anenjongo kuphela uma izakhamuzi ziwasebenzisa. amazinga aphakeme okuhlanganyela kumavoti aqinisa idemokrasi futhi aqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe zilandisa kubantu abamelelwayo.

Umbono Womhlaba Wonke Ngokuthola Amalungelo

Ukuhlola indlela ezinye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi ezivikela futhi zisize ngayo ekuvoteni kunganikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo kokuqinisa isivikelo sokuvota eUnited States.

Ukubhalisa okuzenzakalelayo

Amazwe amaningi azenza abhalise zonke izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo ukuba zivote, asusa ukubhalisa njengesithiyo sokuhlanganyela. Amanye amazwe ase - United States aye amukela izimiso ezifanayo zokubhalisa ezizimele, eziye zaboniswa ukuba zandisa amazinga okubhalisa ngokuphawulekayo.

Usuku Lokukhetha Njengeholide

Amanye amazwe akhetha usuku lokhetho njengeholide lesizwe noma aba nokhetho ngezimpelasonto ukuze kuvuleke kalula abantu abasebenzayo ukuba bavote. eUnited States, kwenziwa ukhetho ngoLwesibili, olungadala izinselele kubavoti abasebenza amahora amaningi noma abanezimiso ezingaguquki.

Ukusakaza Ngenkani

Imibuso embalwa yentando yeningi, kuhlanganise neAustralia neBelgium, inemithetho yokuvota ephoqelelwe efuna ukuba izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo ziphonse amavoti.

Imithombo Yezincwadi

Kunemithombo eminingi ewusizo ekusizeni izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde futhi zisebenzise amalungelo azo okuvota.

Imithombo Kahulumeni

I-Evolution Application Commission inikeza ukwaziswa ngokuphathelene nezinqubo zokuvota kanye nokuqondisa ukhetho. Umbuso namahhovisi okhetho endawo kunikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngokuphathelene nezikhathi zokubhalisa, ukuvota, nezimfuneko zokuvota eziqondene negunya ngalinye. I-USA.gov kuwebhusayithi engokomthetho e-https://wwww.av/votion[

Izinhlangano Ezingaphazanyiswa

Izinhlangano ezinjengeNhlangano yabesifazane, i-Rock the Vote, ne-Vote.org zinikeza ukwaziswa okungahlanganisiwe mayelana nokubhaliswa kovoti, izinqubo zokuvota, nabavoti. Lezinhlangano zisebenzela ukwandisa ukuhlanganyela kovoti futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo zingasebenzisa ilungelo lazo lokuvota.

Usizo Olungokomthetho

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho okuvota aphuliwe, usizo olungokomthetho luyatholakala. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-ACLU, i-Lawy's Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, ne-Ecom Provincial Protection zinikeza ukusekela okungokomthetho kwabavoti ababhekene nobandlululo noma ezinye izithiyo zokuvota.

Ukubheka Phambili: Ikusasa Lokuphana Ngamalungelo

Njengoba izinselele ezintsha zivela futhi umphakathi ushintsha, ilungiselelo elingokomthetho lokuvikela amalungelo okuvota kumelwe livumelane nokuqiniseka ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo zingahlanganyela ngokugcwele enqubweni yentando yeningi.

Imithetho Yesifunda Ehlongozwayo

ISishaya - mthetho siye sacabangela izihlongozo ezihlukahlukene ukuze siqinise isivikelo samalungelo okuvota eminyakeni yamuva, lezi zihlanganisa imizamo yokubuyisela amalungiselelo acacile eSivumelwano Samalungelo Abantu, ukumisa izindinganiso zesizwe zokubhaliswa kovoti nokhetho, nokunikeza izinsongo ezintsha zokuvota.

Ukuphumelela kwalemizamo yokushaya umthetho kuyoxhomeka empendeni yezombangazwe nasekusekeleni umphakathi ukuze kuvikelwe futhi kwandiswe amalungelo okuvota.

Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuba nezinselele zokuvota. Ukubhalisa nge - Internet kuye kwenza kwaba lula ngezakhamuzi ukuba zibhalise, kanti ukukhathazeka ngokungalondeki kweze-inthanethi nangokhetho kudinga ukunaka ngokuqhubekayo. Ukuthola izindlela zobuchwepheshe zokwandisa ukutholakala kwemvume kuyilapho ukulondoloza ukulondeka kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kuzuze amalungelo okuvota.

Ukuqapha Okuqhubekayo

Umlando wamalungelo okuvota eMelika ubonisa ukuthi ukuvikela amalungelo okuvota akuzenzakaleli futhi akunakuguquka. Ukuvikela kudinga ukuqapha njalo, ukuphoqelelwa kwesivikelo okukhona, nokuzimisela ukuzivumelanisa nezinselele ezintsha. Izakhamuzi, izinhlangano zezempatho, izikhulu zikahulumeni, nezinkantolo zonke zinendima okufanele zizenze ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota lihlala lilondekile futhi lifinyeleleka kuwo wonke amaMelika afanelekayo.

Isiphetho

Amalungelo aqinisekiswe ngesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokulungisa umthetho-mthetho, umthetho kahulumeni, imithetho kazwelonke, kanye nezimiso zokugcinwa kwemithetho esebenzayo. Kusukela ekunqabeni kweSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu sokucwasa ubandlululo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni isivikelo esibanzi se-Voting Rights Act, umthetho waseMelika uye wasungula ukuze wandise futhi uvikele i-francchise.

Nokho, isiqinisekiso samalungelo okuvota asikona ukuziqeda. Kudinga ukuzibophezela okuqhubekayo kuwo wonke amazinga ohulumeni, ukuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi ngenkuthalo, nokuqapha ngemizamo yokuvimbela ukungena kwe-colot. Ukuqonda indlela amalungelo okuvota avikelwe ngayo, kanye nezimpi ezingokomlando ezaholela ekuvikelweni kwamanje, kubaluleke kakhulu kusona sonke isakhamuzi esibheka ukuhlanganyela ngentando yeningi.

Ilungelo lokuvota liyisisekelo sentando yeningi, futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lelilungelo lifinyeleleka kuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo kuhlala kungezinye zezinselele ezibaluleke kakhulu ezibhekene nomphakathi waseMelika. Ngokuqonda isivikelo esingokomthetho esikhona, izindlela eziphoqelelwa ngazo, futhi ukusongela okuqhubekayo kwamalungelo okuvota, izakhamuzi zingasekela kangcono izimiso eziqinisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi wonke amazwi azwakala enqubweni yokuzikhethela.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngamalungelo akho okuvota nangendlela yokubhalisa ukuvota, vakashela i-U. i-Fount Application Commission noma iwebhusayithi yokhetho kahulumeni wakho. Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngomlando nangesimo samanje sokuvota isivikelo samalungelo, Brennan Center for Justice [ inikeza ukucwaninga okukhulu nokuhlaziya ngezindaba zokuvota.