Umqondo wokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ubalulekile ekusebenzeni kohulumeni bentando yeningi. Ihlukanisa imithwalo yemfanelo kanye namandla kahulumeni abe amagatsha ahlukene ukuze ivimbele noma iliphi igatsha ekutholeni amandla amaningi kakhulu. Lesimiso sibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, esivikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi futhi silondoloze ukubusa komthetho. Enkathini yokwanda kokuhlelwa kwezombangazwe kanye nemibuzo ephathelene nokuhlelwa komthetho, ukuqonda ukuthi kungani amandla ehlukaniswa phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni kubaluleke kakhulu kunezakhamuzi, abafundisi, nabafundi ngokufanayo.

Kuyini Ukuhlukana Kwamandla?

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kubhekisela ekuhlukaniseni imithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni emagatsheni ahlukene, achazwa ngokuvame ngokuthi amagatsha aphethe, ashaya umthetho, nawakwahlulela. Igatsha ngalinye linegunya nemithwalo yalo yemfanelo, futhi lisebenza ngokwalo. Lesi sakhiwo siklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwamandla nokukhuthaza ukulandisa. Inhloso eyisisekelo iwukuthi akukho muntu oyedwa noma iqembu okumelwe likwazi ukwenza, ukuphoqelela, nokuchaza imithetho ngesikhathi esisodwa. Uma leyomisebenzi ihlangene, ingozi yokubusa kobugovu iyakhula ngokuphawulekayo. Ngokuyigcina ihlukene, ohulumeni bakha isimiso esimelene nokufuna ukuvelela, futhi igatsha ngalinye linomdlandla ongokwemvelo ukuze livikele igunya lalo ngokwalo elingenele kwabanye.

Inkulumo ngokwayo kuthiwa ivela kuMontesquieu isazi sefilosofi saseFrance, kodwa ingqondo eyisisekelo isuka kudala. U-Aristotle, encwadini yakhe uPolistics, waphawula ukuthi ohulumeni abahlelekile bathambekele ekubeni babenendlela ehlukile yokuhlukanisa, ye-gristerial, neyokwahlulela. IRiphabliki yamaRoma ngokufanayo yasebenza ngesethi eyinkimbinkimbi yemibuso ehlukene phakathi kwama-conuli, iSigele, nemihlangano ethandwayo. Nokho, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kwanamuhla, kunikeza lemibono yasendulo uhlobo oluthile oluyinhloko esekelwe eMthethweni we-othoni ye-omgational.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

Ukuqonda indima yegatsha ngalinye kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukubaluleka kokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Nakuba amagama akhethekile nezakhiwo zihluka ngokwezwe, izimiso zentando yeningi zilandela inxenye ezintathu ezifanayo. Nakhu ukucaciswa okuningi kwegatsha ngalinye nendlela elisebenza ngayo.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho linomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho. Leligatsha linephalamende noma ingqungquthela, okuphikisana ngayo, ukulungisa, futhi lidlulisa umthetho. Ezimisweni ze-bidamal njenge-United States Congress, isishayamthetho sihlukaniswa sibe amagumbi amabili — indlu ephansi (Indlu yabameleli) nendlu ephezulu (Indlu yeSishaya-Mnyango) — ngalinye linemibuso ehlukene nezimiso zomthetho. Igatsha lemithetho liphethe amandla esikhwameni: lilawula intela nemali echithwayo, okulenza libe nethonya elikhulu. Imithetho yemithetho inamandla okwengamela, okusho ukuthi lingahlola izenzo zegatsha eliphethe, libambe izimemezelo, futhi liqhube ubufakazi obuvela ezimisweni eziningi. Ezimisweni eziningi, i-paccreastting misa izinhlangano ezithile kanye nezivumelwano zezikhulu zezikhulu, ukunikeza izivumelwano zezinhlangano zezikhulu.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho. Leligatsha liqondiswa umongameli noma undunankulu, oqondisa ukumiswa kwemithetho kanye nokuqondisa uhulumeni usuku nosuku. Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa izinhlangano ezinkulu zeminyango nezinhlangano ezifeza imisebenzi yezwe, kusukela ekuvikeleni kwesizwe kuya ekuqondiseni indawo ezungezile. Kuleyo zimiso zikamongameli, umphathi ukhethwa ngokwehlukana nendlu yomthetho futhi ufeza igama elimisiwe. Ezimisweni zephalamende, umphathi udonswa endlu yomthetho futhi angasuswa ngevoti yokuvota. Isikhulu sigcina amandla abalulekile ezindabeni zangaphandle nakwezomthetho wezwe, kodwa lawo mandla alinganiselwe ngokuxhasa izimali nokuhlola ikomiti yokwahlulela.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela linomthwalo wemfanelo wokuchaza imithetho. Leligatsha lihlanganisa inkantolo, exazulula izimpikiswano futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isebenza ngokungakhethi futhi ngokungaguquguquki. Ezimisweni ezihlukanisa kakhulu imibuso, izinkantolo zinegunya lokuhlola ikomiti — amandla okumemezela izenzo zomthetho noma izenzo zokubusa ngaphandle komthetho. Leli gunya lenza igatsha libe igatsha elilinganayo kunokuba libe yingalo nje ebusayo kahulumeni. Abahluleli bamiswa ngokwenqubo ehilela kokubili amagatsha aphethe nemithetho engokomthetho, futhi ngokuvamile babamba izikhundla zabo phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle (ukuphila okuyishumi) ukuze baqinisekise ukuzimela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Indima ye-judiary ayikona ukwenza inkambiso, kodwa ukuchaza umthetho obhalweyo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imingcele isebenza ngomthetho.

Umlando Ongokomlando: Kusukela EMontesquieu Kuya Emthethweni - sisekelo

Umqondo wokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso usuka enkathini yokukhanyiselwa, ikakhulukazi emibhalweni yezazi zefilosofi ezinjengeMontesquieu. UMontesquieu waphikisa ngokuthi ukuze kuvinjelwe ubushiqela, imibuso kahulumeni kufanele ihlukaniswe phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene. Lomqondo wabathonya kakhulu abakhi boMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, ababefuna ukwakha uhulumeni olinganiselayo ozogwema kokubili ubushiqela benkosi kanye nobushiqela beningi.

Ingxenye yesisekelo se-Montesquieu

UMontesquieu's 1748 usebenza, Umoya woMthetho , wabeka isisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi kwanamuhla. Wahlongoza ukuthi uhulumeni kufanele abe namagatsha amathathu, ngalinye elinamandla ahlukene angahlola amanye. Ukuqonda kwakhe ukuthi "ulwazi oluqhubekayo lusibonisa ukuthi wonke umuntu ophathiswe amandla uthambekele ekuwusebenziseni kabi, futhi aqhube igunya lakhe ngangokwalokho azakuhamba ngakho. Ikhambiso, iMontesquieu wakholelwa ukuthi, kwakungamelwe kuncike ebuhleni bababusi kodwa ukuhlela izinhlangano ukuze "umbuso uhlolwe amandla." Lo ngokomthetho ukwakheka kwe-U. [F]

Imisuka YaseBrithani Nokuhlangenwe Nakho Kwamakoloni

Nakuba iMontesquieu yanikeza uhlelo olucatshangelwayo, abakhi bezakhiwo babesebenzisa kakhulu futhi umthetho - sisekelo waseBrithani kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo siqu kwamathanga. EBrithani, umbuso wahlanganyelwa phakathi kweSihlalo, iNdlu Yobukhosi, neNdlu yoMbuso, nakuba imigqa yayingeyona ehlanzekile. Amakoloni aseMelika ayebone lokho ayekubona njengokuphambaniswa yiNkosi uGeorge III, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo zobukhosi, ukuxoshwa kwezindlu zomthetho, nokusetshenziswa kwegunya lokwahlulela yiSikhulu. Lokhu kwawenza asola kakhulu amandla aphakeme futhi alangazelela ukwakha isimiso esicacile esinemingcele phakathi kwamagatsha. Umbuso wawawubhala ngemithetho ebhalwe ngemva kokuzama ukukhululeka kwemibuso ehlukene, futhi wahlola lokhu kuhlelwa komthetho wombuso wombuso wombuso wombuso ngo 1787.

Amaphepha Nemidanti

Phakathi nezimpikiswano zokuhlukanisa, u-Alexander Madison, ebhala ku-[Foderal:0] i-Federalist Papers, yanikeza isivikelo esiningiliziwe sokuhlukanisa amagunya njengoba ayehlanganiswe kuMthetho-sisekelo ohlongozwayo. KuFederal No. 47, uMadison wakhuluma ngokuqondile ngokumelene ukuthi uMthetho-Constitution awuzange uwahlukanise ngokuphelele. Waphikisa ngokuthi isimiso seqiniso sasithi amagatsha akumelwe abe nesisekelo esingakhethi ezimpini zombuso ngamunye, kodwa wonke amandla omnyango akumelwe asetshenziswe ngezandla ezifanayo ezinamandla aphelele. Kulwa nomthetho ombuso ohlukene. KuFederalight. No. 51, ngokudumile u-Madiane wabhala ukuthi "imbreathrost" futhi isakhiwo sikahulumeni kufanele sinikezele le-'exmongs. — Ikhono elilinganayodwa kodwa eliphelele lokuqondana. I-Gracm)

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Isimiso Esivumelanayo

Amasheke nama-ascer nezilinganiso ziyizindlela eziqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha likahulumeni elinamandla kakhulu. Igatsha ngalinye linamandla okulinganisela amandla abanye, lidala isimiso sokulawula. Lokhu kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukubusa kwentando yeningi nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu siqu. Ukuhlukana kwemibuso kuhlukanisa imisebenzi; ukuhlola nokulinganisela okunikeza izikhali zegatsha ngalinye ukuze zivikele imbulunga yalo nokuhlehlisa ukungenela kwezinye.

Izibonelo Eziningiliziwe Zamagobolondo Nokulinganisela

  • I-Legislative Anchecks kuBuphathi: Isishaya-mkhandlu singayinqoba ivoti kamongameli nenani elingumongameli eliyisithathu kuzo zombili izakhiwo. ISigele siqinisekisa noma senqabe ukumiswa kwezikhulu, kuhlanganise namalungu eKhabhinethi, amajaji ahlangene, amanxusa aphethe. ISishaya-Mnyango siphethe amandla okungagunyazi — iNdluyalo ingayisusa, umongameli, umongameli, umongameli, nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni zokuvukela, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izikhulu zezenzipho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Hulumelo ilawula ukuxhasa kwezimali zikahulumeni futhi igunyaze zonke izindleko.
  • Inquzulwano Yomthetho: Umongameli angawukhipha umthetho odluliswa yi-Congress, nakuba iveto ingangena mlomo. Umongameli futhi unamandla okuhlanganisa iziKhongolo ezikhethekile futhi, kwezinye izimiso, ukuze ahlolele umthetho ngekheli leSizwe le-Union kanye neminye imiyalezo. Igatsha eliphethe nalo linegunya lokuchaza imithetho lapho isetshenziswa, okungahlela ngokuphawulekayo indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo.
  • I-Jodicial Anchecks ku-Bobabini Brands: Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ezingagunyaziswanga ngamandla okwahlulela. Lamandla amiswa enkantolo eveleleni ye-U.S. Icala leNkantolo ePhakeme Marbury v. Madison [18] [1] futhi iye yasetshenziswa izinkulungwane zezikhathi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Abahluleli babamba izibopho phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle, ibavikela ekuphindiselweni kwezombangazwe.
  • I-Legislative Anchers ku-Judia: UKhomishane ungasikisela izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze kushintshwe izincazelo zomthetho-mthetho womthetho-mthetho. UKhongolo lumisa futhi ubukhulu beNkantolo Ephakeme futhi lumise izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni. ISishaya-mthetho siqinisekisa wonke amajaji asemthethweni, futhi iSishaya-Nkathingamende singasusa abahluleli ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi.
  • I-Axicks Eqenjini Lezindaba: Umongameli ubeka izikhalazo zonke izijaji zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. Umongameli futhi unamandla okuthethelela futhi akhiphe iziphetho zomthetho kahulumeni, ezingahlola imiphumela yokwahlulela enzima noma engalungile.

Okwenza Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Kubaluleke

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. Kusiza ekuvimbeleni ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya, kuthuthukisa ukulandisa, futhi kuvikela amalungelo abantu. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla awagxili egatsheni elilodwa, kuthuthukisa uhulumeni osabela ezidingweni namalungelo ezakhamuzi zakhe. Lesi sici sokwakha uhulumeni womthetho - sisekelo asisona inqubo engokomthetho — siyisivikelo esiwusizo esinemiphumela yangempela yokuthi abantu babhekana kanjani nohulumeni ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke.

Ukuvimbela Ukuxhaphaza

Enye yezinjongo eziyinhloko zokuhlukanisa imibuso iwukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kombuso futhi iqonde ukuthi ngisho nombuso wentando yeningi ungabuswa kakhulu uma ungalawulwa. Ngokusakaza amandla phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene, uhulumeni cishe akalisebenzisi kabi igunya lawo. Lokhu kwakuyinto eyinhloko yabahleli bomthetho, abaye baphila ngokusetshenziswa kabi kwemibuso ephelele futhi baqonde ukuthi ngisho nemibuso emikhulu yentando yeningi ingaba nonya uma ingalawulwa. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kudala amaphuzu amaningi enqubweni yomthetho, kuyenze ibe nzima kakhulu ukuba noma yisiphi esinye isigaba somphakathi. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kungaholela ekubeni i-gropyd, ukuthi ukuphuza kungenza ukuzimisela, ukuhlehliswa, nokusekela okukhulu ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni ungenza isenzo.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukulandisa Nokubona Ingaphandle

Njengoba igatsha ngalinye linamagunya nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene, kuba lula ukwenza izikhulu zikahulumeni zilandise ngezenzo zazo. Uma elinye igatsha lihluleka ukwenza imisebenzi yalo, elinye lingangenela ukulungisa isimo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma igatsha eliphetheyo lidlulela ngalé kwegunya lalo, izinkantolo zingasithatha isinyathelo, futhi iSishaya-mthetho singahlola futhi sinciphise ukuxhaswa kwezimali. Lokhu kuqondisa kusho ukuthi abavoti bangabona kalula ukuthi igatsha elinesibopho sempumelelo noma ukuhluleka. Uma amandla eqediswa, izakhamuzi zinezindlela eziningi zokufuna izimemezelo ezintsha, zingavotela izimemezelo ezintsha, zinxuse isikhulu sesikhulu, noma insela isenzo sikahulumeni enkantolo. Lolu suku lokulandisa luqinisa ukubusa kwentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Amancane Nomthetho

Ukuhlukana kwemibuso kuvikela futhi amalungelo amancane ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho iqembu elilodwa elingabusa wonke uhulumeni. Ikomiti yejaji, ikakhulukazi, inendima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni abantu ngabanye namaqembu amancane emithethweni ephula amalungelo omthetho. Ijaji elizimele lingashaya umthetho ohlasela amaqembu angathandwayo noma ophula inkululeko eyisisekelo. Imfuneko yokuba wonke amagatsha amathathu asebenze ngokubambisana ukuze akhiphe umthetho obophayo — uHulumeni kumelwe awudlulise, umongameli kumelwe awusayine noma angabi namthetho owethuphazamiso, futhi izinkantolo akumelwe ziwushaye — yenza kube nzima kakhulu ngezindlela ezinkulu zokuthatha izinyathelo zokucindezela. Lokhu kuvimbela kwesikhashana kuyimfanelo, hhayi impoqo, yesimiso somthetho.

Izinselele Zokuhlukana Kwamandla

Nakuba ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, kubhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo. Ukubusa kwezombangazwe, ukuphambana kwezikhulu, ukuqashwa kwemithetho, nokukhula kwesifundazwe kungalulaza ukuphumelela kwalesimiso. Kubalulekile ukuba izakhamuzi zihlale ziqaphile futhi zibophezele ukuvikela lezizimiso ekukhukhulekeni.

Ukushintsha Imibono Kwezombangazwe Nokusebenza Kwemithetho

Eminyakeni yamuva, ukwanda kokubekwa kwezindawo kwezombangazwe kuye kwenza kwaba nzima ngegatsha ukuba lisebenze ngokuphumelelayo. Izingxabano ze-partisan zingaholela ekuhleleni i-grip, lapho kungadluli mthetho, kusithiywa ngokomthetho, kusithiywe amandla kahulumeni okusabela ezindabeni eziphonsayo. Uma i-Congress ingenakukwazi ukwenza, kunesilingo sokuba igatsha eliphethe lisebenze ngaphandle komthetho, ukuqondisa, noma izivumelwano zezikhulu ezisemthethweni ezimisweni zangaphandle. Nakuba lezi zenzo zingavunyelwe ngokwezimo ezilinganiselwe, zingalishintsha izinga lokulingana kwegunya kumphathi uma iSishayamthetho singalisebenzisi igunya laso. Ukuzinza okungathinta futhi inqubo yokwahlulela, ngokungenwa yi-mine, okungashiya izinkantolo ngaphansi kwe-cstaffator futhi ezingaphumeli kakhulu.

Ukufinyelela Isikhundla Esiphezulu Nokungaqhubeki Kwezinyathelo

Ngezinye izikhathi, abaholi bangase bazame ukwandisa amandla abo ngaphezu kwalawo avunyelwe ngokomthetho-mthetho noma umfundisi ogunyaziwe. Lokhu kungathatha uhlobo lweziyalezo ezinkulu ezibanzi ezidala ngokuphumelelayo isimiso esisha ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwemithetho, ukusungulwa kwezimali ezifanelekile, noma ukusungulwa kwemisebenzi yezempi ngaphandle kwemvume yokumiswa kwesivumelwano. Le misebenzi ingaholela ekulwisaneni namagatsha esizwe nawabehluleli, okubangela ukukhathazeka ngokulingana kwegunya. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yahlehlela emuva ngezikhathi ezithile ngokumelene nezicukuthunga ezinjalo, njengango 1952 [[FLTL: 0] Intsha eqalayo i-mfaka i-mbhedut & Tube. V. [FLTLD], okuthiwayivile imicimbi ka Pulezi Ndulo yensimbi phakathi neMpilo yase-Korea. Nokho, izinkantolo ezivame ukuva izikhulu zezokuvikela, njengoba isuka kusuka ku-Congresssionst Conglession.

Ukuphakama KoMbuso Ophethe

Enye yezinselele ezibaluleke kakhulu ezikhona ekuhlukanisweni kwemibuso ukukhula kwezwe eliphethe — iqoqo elikhulu lezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezenza imithetho, eziphoqelela imithetho, neziphikisanayo. Lamanxusa ahlanganisa izishaya-mthetho, izikhulu, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela ngendlela eyayiyophazamisa abahleli. Imithetho eshaya impikiswano enamandla omthetho (amandla alwayo), ihlola ukuthobela nokuletha izenzo zokugcinwa (amandla okubulala), futhi ibambe ukuququlwa kwemithetho ukuze ixazulule izingxabano (amandla ombuso). Nakuba iNkantolo ePhakakhulu iye yasekela lesi simiso ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, kuyaqhubeka ukuphikisana ngokuthi kuyavumelana yini nokuhlukaniswa kwezimiso ezingokwezimiso zezimiso. Izinqumo zamuva, kuhlanganise nalawomandla okubekwa kwezinhlangano ezihlelayo, kubonakalisa inzuzo emisha phakathi kwamagatsha.

Ukuzimela Kokwahlulela Ngaphansi Kokucindezela

Inkululeko yejaji ibalulekile ekuhlukaniseni amagunya ukuze asebenze, kodwa iye yacindezelwa kakhulu emazweni amaningi. Uma abadlali bezombangazwe behlasela izinkantolo, besongela ukubeka amajaji ahlukene ezinqumweni ezingathandwayo, noma benqaba ukuhambisana nemithetho yokwahlulela, balulaza ikhono lejaji lokusebenza njengendlela enengqondo yokuhlola kwamanye amagatsha. Kwamanye amazwe, abaphathi baye bafaka izinkantolo ezihlangene ngokuphumelelayo nabaqotho, bethatha ukubukezwa kwezokwahlulela ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuvikela ukuzibusa kwamacala akudingi ukuvikelwa kwezakhiwo ezingokomthetho njengesilinganiso seshumi kuphela kodwa futhi futhi nempucuko yezombangazwe ehlonipha ukubusa komthetho nokwamukela izinqumo zokwahlulela ngisho nalapho bengathandwa.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Ngenxa Yokubona Imbulunga Yonke

Nakuba isimiso saseMelika siyisibonelo esaziwa kahle kakhulu, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kunezimo ezihlukene emazweni ahlukene. Izimiso zePhalamende, njengalezo eziseUnited Kingdom, Canada, naseJalimane, zinamagunya ahlangene phakathi kwamagatsha aphetheyo nezomthetho, nondunankulu ne-khathekhatheki ethathwe epalamende. Nokho, lezizimiso zisenazo izisekelo ezizimele zombuso kanye nokuhlola amandla eziphathimandla, kuhlanganise namavoti okungaqiniseki, izifunda zemibuzo, izigaba zokungabaza, nezinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Amazwe amaningi aye athatha izimiso eziyingxube yezakhi zikamongameli nezokushaya umthetho. Ukuqonda lezi zisiza ukuba lezi zisize ukuba ukubekwa kwesimiso esiyisisekelo somthetho — ukuvimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwegunya — kungafinyelelwa ngezindlela eziningi. Okungamele ukuhlelwa kwesimiso esithile kodwa noma kungenziwa yini imingcele engcono nenkululeko yomthetho.

Isiphetho: Ukuvikela Ikusasa Lobubusi Obubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi esisiza ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu ngabanye futhi silondoloze isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ukuqonda lomqondo kubalulekile kubo bobabili othisha nabafundi njengoba behlanganyela ebunkingeni bukahulumeni nomlando. Isimiso asisona isimiso esiyisisekelo sekhulu le-18 — siyinto ephilayo, isici esisebenzayo sokubusa kwanamuhla esidinga ukunakekela okuqhubekayo nokuzivikela. Izakhamuzi eziqonda ukuthi uhulumeni wazo uklanywe kanjani zihlonyiswe kangcono ukuba zigcine abaholi bazo benobuphikisi, ukuqaphela ukuthi amandla akhona akhona, nokusekela izinguquko eziqinisa izinhlangano zentando yeningi.

Ngokuthuthukisa ukwazisa okujulile ngokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, singaqinisekisa ukuthi izizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo zisekela lezizimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu zentando yeningi. Lokhu kusho ukufundisa hhayi nje kuphela indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo kodwa isizathu sokuba uklanywe ngaleyo ndlela — nokuthi yini esengozini lapho ukulinganisela kushintsha. Ezweni lapho ubushiqela busekunyukeni futhi izindinganiso zentando yeningi zingaphansi kwezici ezisezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kufanelwe ukuqashelwa kabusha njengalelo lamathuluzi aphumelela kakhulu ake aklanyelwa ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ekuthambekeleni okungenakugwenywa kwamandla okugxiliswa kulo.

Ukuze kufundwe okwengeziwe ngomlando nohlelo lokuhlukanisa amagunya, inikeza izincazelo eziningiliziwe zegatsha ngalinye njengoba kuchazwe kumthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. .S. izinkantolo zewebhusayithi[ zinikeza ukucaciswa kwendima ye-judicariary's phakathi kwesimiso se-ehlola nezilinganiso. Abafundi benkolelo yezombangazwe bangazuza futhi ekuhloleni [[[FLT:] Minteeu's' izimpikiswano zokuqala[FLT] njengoba kuboniswe kuyi-SCalciencyclopedia of Philosophy.