Isisekelo Sokubusa Okulungile EMelika

Ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuwumgogodla wokwakha kahulumeni wase-United States, isakhiwo sokwakha sangamabomu esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukufakwa kwegunya nenkululeko. Lesi simiso sihlukanisa amandla kahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo, (legisigali, isikhulu, neyahlulelo) nenye enemithwalo ehlukene, futhi enye iqinisekisa ukuthi lamagatsha angahlolana. Njengoba uJames Madison abhaliwe ku-Féderalist No. 51, , [[FLT:]] i-ambqution kumelwe yenziwe ukuba imelane. Lesimiso sisalokhu sibalulekile namuhla njengango 1787, sikha isikhonkwa sentando yentando yentando yeningi nesivikelo sezakhamuzi.

Umsuka Ongokomlando Nobuhlakani

Umqondo wokuhlukanisa imibuso kahulumeni awusungulwanga ngabasunguli baseMelika. Uhlaka lwawo lohlu lozalo luhlehlela emuva eGrisi naseRoma yasendulo, kodwa ithonya eliqondile livela ku-Alson de Montesquieu isazi sefilosofi esingumFulentshi sokukhanyiselwa u-Baron de Montesquieu. Emsebenzini wakhe we 1748 Umoya woMthetho [, uMontesquieu waphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko yezombangazwe ifuna ukuba amandla abe yisekuhloleni amandla.[[FLT] Wagota, umphathi, namandla okwahlulela ahlanganiswa kulowo muntu noma umzimba, ubushiqela.

Lemibono yathinta kakhulu amakoloni aseMelika, ayebone lokho ayekubheka njengokuphambana nombuso ohlangene waseBrithani nePhalamende. Ngemva kokuwina ukukhululeka, imibuso esanda kumiswa yazama izikhulu ezibuthakathaka nezishaya umthetho ezinamandla ngaphansi kweZihlokwana zeNhloko zegatsha elilodwa qhaqha ukuthola ukuthi amandla okugxilisa egatsheni elilodwa adala isiphithiphithiphithi futhi ahluleka. IConstitution ye-Constitutional ka-1787 yayihlose ukusungula uhulumeni olinganiselayo futhi wagwema kokubili ubushiqela benkosi kanye nokungalawuleki kwemithetho engokomthetho.

Izifulemu ’ I - blueprint

Abameleli be-Assembly, kuhlanganise noJames Madison, u-Alexander Hamilton noGeorge Washington, baklama ngokucophelela isimiso sokuhamba ngezinyawo. Badweba i-Montesquieu kodwa banezela uhlelo olucacile lwaseMelika: isimiso esiqinile sokuhlolwa nokulinganisa esanikeza igatsha ngalinye izindlela zokumelana nokungezwani kwezinye ezinye. Kufedalist No. , uMadison wavikela lesisakhiwo ngokubonisa ukuthi ukwahlukana kwemibuso kwakungasho ukuthi ukuzihlukanisa okuphelele okungasho ukuthi ukuhlukana kwegatsha kungasho ukuthi i-ithreatry, ukuze igatsha ngalinye likwazi ukuvikela indawo yalo siqu.

  • [ Amandla asemthethweni abekwa eSishayamthetho, nendlu emelela abantu neSigele esimelela izifundazwe.
  • [ Amandla asebenzayo[ aphathiswa uMongameli oyedwa, okwaziyo ukwenza ngokuwujuqu kodwa ngaphansi kwemithetho enqabelayo nokwahlulela.
  • [ Amandla ombuso anikezwa ijaji likahulumeni elizimele, abahluleli bephethe isikhundla phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle.

Lesakhiwo sasingaqanjiwe nje. AbaseFramers benza ngamabomu igatsha ngalinye libe nesibopho sokulandisa kwezombangazwe: iNdlu ngokuqondile kubavoti, iSigele ekuqaleni yaya kubamisi bomthetho, uMongameli weElectoral College, nejaji loMthetho - sisekelo ngokwawo.

Amagatsha Amathathu Ajulile

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ingqungquthela Njengegatsha Lokuqala

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo simisa iSishaya-mthetho njengendikimba yokwenza umthetho. Sihlukaniswa sibe amagumbi amabili: Indlu yabameleli (izimpawu ze-procession, enamalungu angu-435) neSigele (isimemo esilinganayo, esinezimemo ezimbili esisesifundazweni ngasinye). Lesi sakhiwo se-biobaral sasiwukuhlehlela phakathi kwezifunda ezinkulu nezincane, kodwa futhi sisebenza njengekheli elingaphakathi lokuhlola (noma isiphi isiphakamiso kumelwe sidlule zombili izindlu ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba zibe umthetho.

UKhongolose lunamandla abalayo, kuhlanganise namandla entela, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe, ukumisa impi, ukuphakamisa amabutho, nokumisa amahhovisi eposi. Ngaphansi kwe-Idict ne-Seaty Claus (ISiqesha se-I, Ingxenye 8, u-Claus 18), uKhongolo lungenza yonke imithetho eyimfuneko nefanele [[[[FLT:]] yokuphatha imibuso yayo ebaliwe (isigaba esiye saba yindaba yokuchazwa kabanzi.)

Isihluthulelo Sokuhlola Izinqubo Zokuvivinya Izishaya - mthetho

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukudlulisa izikhokhi: Uphenya izenzo zegatsha eliphetheyo ngokuzwa nangamabhande.
  • [ Indlu ingayekelela uMongameli, abahluleli, nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni ze , ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme kanye nezingalahliwe.[ ISigele siphinde sibe necala lokulahla isigwebo noma ukukhulula.
  • Isivumelwano nokuvumelana: ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli weKhabhinethi, abahluleli bamazwe, namanxusa, futhi sigunyaza izivumelwano ngevoti eyisithathu.
  • [[INTLA:0]Control yentengo:[ kuphela i-Gcorces ifanele imali(ayikho imali engasetshenziswa kuTreeter ngaphandle komthetho.

Igatsha Eliphethe: UMongameli Nombuso

Isihloko II siphakamisa amandla okuphatha kuMongameli wase-United States, okhonza igama elithatha iminyaka emine kanye noMongameli. UMongameli uyinhloko kahulumeni, umphathi wezikhulu zamabutho ahlomile, futhi unomthwalo wemfanelo wokubulala ukunakekela ukuba iMithetho ibulawe ngokwethembeka. Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa iWhite House, iminyango yeKhabhinethi, nezinhlangano eziningi ezizimele ezisebenzisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni.

UMongameli ’ imibuso ihlanganisa ukukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu, izivumelwano (ezingaphansi kokuvunyelwa kweSigele), ukuxolelwa kwamacala kahulumeni, nokukhipha amajaji kahulumeni namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinga legunya lokuphatha liye lakhula (ngokukakhulu) ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe nakulondeka kwesizwe. Nokho, isimiso sokuhlola siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kamongameli awasoze aphelela.

Ama - expoir

  • Veto Engaphethe: Isikhongozeli singadlula i-veto kamongameli ngenani eliphindwe kabili-ntathu emagumbini womabili.
  • Ukumisa Isiqiniseko:[ Ukumiswa okukhulu kudinga ukuvunyelwa kwesigele (uma iSigele senqaba umnyuziyamu, umongameli kumelwe akhethe enye.
  • [ Imfundo: Omongameli abathathu (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, noDonald Trump kabili) baye badedelwa yindlu; uRichard Nixon wahoxiswa ngaphambi kokuba angayifuni.
  • [ Judicial Review:[ Izinkantolo zingashaya izenzo zezikhulu eziphula uMthetho-sisekelo noma imithetho.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Amandla aphezulu entengo: Izikhomba-khampathi zingalulaza ukuthatha izinyathelo zokubusa eziphikisayo.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: ISigungu Esizimele

ISiphakamiso III sidala iNkantolo Ephakeme futhi sivumela uMkhandlu ukuba umise izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni. Abahluleli bamahhovisi phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle, kusho ukuphila konke ngaphandle kokuba ilulekwa futhi ibekwe icala. Lokhu ukuzimela kwaklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji anganquma amacala asekelwe emthethweni naseMthethweni, hhayi ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe kwamanye amagatsha.

I-judicaary ’ umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuchaza imithetho noMthetho-sisekelo. Ithuluzi layo elinamandla kakhulu ukubukeza [[FLT: 0] . .Igunya lokumemezela izenzo zeKhongolo noma isikhulu esingekho emthethweni. Lombuso awubhalwanga ngokuqondile eMthethweni weSivumelwaneni kodwa wamiswa yicala lophawu [FLT:] Marbury v. Madison (1803]). IJaji eliyinhloko lamemezela ukuthi [FLT:] u-'igorialtiom' nenkonzo yokwahlulela ayisho ngokugcizelela ukuthi umthetho uyini.[FLT:] [FFF]

Ukuzibusa Kokwahlulela Nokulinganiselwa Kwako

  • [ Ukumisa nokuqinisekisa: UMongameli umisa amajaji, futhi iSigele sibaqinisekisa, ngokukhipha isisefo sezombangazwe.
  • Ukulawula kwe Juriscion: Izikhomishane zingachaza futhi zilinganise ukulawulwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme (nemingcele ethile engokomthetho).
  • [ Imfundo:[ Abahluleli bangasuswa ngenqubo efanayo yokungathobeli njengoMongameli, nakuba ivela kancane kakhulu.
  • I-Relie Relietive on the Guide: Ijaji alinawo amandla okuphoqelela iziyalezo zalo; lixhomeke egatsheni eliphethe ukuba lifeze iziyalezo zenkantolo.

Amasheke nokulinganisela okusendisweni: Izibonelo zezwe langempela

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela asiyona into ecatshangelwayo; sisebenza nsuku zonke ekuphileni kwesizwe.

Amandla E - Veto Nemingcele Yawo

Umongameli uFranklin Franklin D. Roosevelt wakhipha izikweleti ezingu-635 phakathi nobumongameli bakhe. Nokho, iSishaya-mthetho sidlulela kakhulu ku-9 kuphela kulezo zindawo. Ngokuphambene, uMongameli uGerald Ford voto wakhipha izindleko ezingu-66 futhi wahluleka izikhathi ezingu-12, ebonisa ukuthi uma uMkhandlu unentando eyanele yezombangazwe, unganqoba ukumelana nesikhundla sokulawula. I-veto ngokwayo iyinhlolo embi, kodwa usongo lokuzikhulula ludala izindleko ezinamandla zalowo mthetho olawulayo.

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela: [[QULT: 0] Marbury[[FLT][1]

Ngaphandle [ (1954]), iNkantolo yamemezela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi , iNkantolo ePhakamileyo iye yawisa amakhulu emithetho kahulumeni nekazwe. Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo[ [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT] [54]] [7], iNkauPronti ephoqelelwe ukuba iguqulele i-paintionstions, iphike ilungelo lakhe eliphelele lokucushela amagatsha enkonzo.[FLT], [vlt:] ku-Fom] i-FLT] i-Foctive [5], i-pane ngokomthetho wesigeqesekelo, i-getton (umthetho) kungathi umthetho owe-'umthetho owe-'umthetho owe-'uhlu.[20]

Ukuzikhohlisa: Ikhambi Elikhulu

Ukuqashelwa yi-Constitution ’ ukunqabela ukuxhashazwa kwezikhali zenuzi ngokusetshenziswa kabi kwezikhulu zikahulumeni noma kokwahlulela. Indlu iye yaqashelwa kaningi, kodwa bangabameli abathathu kuphela abaye baphoqwa futhi bazama eSigqeni: uAndrew Johnson (1868), uBill Clinton (1998), noDonald Trump (209 no-2021). Akukho noyedwa owalahlwa icala ngo----"Igesagele") oyehluleka ukufinyelela emngceleni onezintluthuthu. Noma kunjalo le nqubo isebenza njengesithiyo esinamandla kanye nezindlela zokuziphendulela komphakathi.

Iziqondiso Zesimiso Sezokuqondisa Nokusabela Kwenhlangano

Abaholi bavame ukusebenzisa iziyalo zezikhulu ukuze bafeze izinhloso zenkambiso ngaphandle komthetho omusha. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Barack Obama ̱ uhlelo lokunqabela ukufika kwabantwana lwasinda ezinkingeni eziningi ezingokomthetho, kodwa futhi lwashukumisa uMkhandlu ukucabangela umthetho wokuguqula isimo. UMongameli uDonald Trump Ù ukuhamba kwavinjelwa futhi kwasekelwa ngokwengxenye yiNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu e Trump v. Hawaii (2017). Umongameli uJoe Biden Ù uhlela icebo lokuthethelela abafundi lokukhokha intengela phansi iNkanto ku-[FLD:2] BBN. v[FLT] [FT] [12]

Okwenza Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Kubaluleke

Ukuvikela Inkululeko Ngamunye

Ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuwukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ngokusakaza amandla ezikhungweni eziningi, isimiso senza kube nzima nganoma yiliphi iqembu elilodwa noma iningi ukuba liphoqelele ukukhipha ifa lalo. ISigqi se-Lill of Rights (iziphetho zokuqala eziyishumi) zinezela isivikelo esiqondile njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, nenqubo efanelekile, kodwa lawomalungelo awanawo amandla angokomthetho ngaphandle kwezinkantolo ezizimele nendlu yomthetho efuna ukudlulisa imithetho ngokucace.

Izakhamuzi zingabekela inselele izenzo zikahulumeni enkantolo kahulumeni. Uma umthetho wephula uMthetho-sisekelo, ijaji lingawuqeda. Uma umphathi esebenzisa kabi igunya lakhe, izinkantolo zinganikeza iziyalo. Isimiso sinikeza amathuba amaningi okulungisa, kusukela ekuvoteleni abameleli abasha ukuba bacele izikhalo ezithenjisiwe.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukulandisa Nenkululeko

Igatsha ngalinye linezisusa zokubuka ezinye. Izindlebe zobubonisi zomthetho zidalula amaphutha ezikhulu; imithombo yezindaba ihlanganisa kokubili; futhi umphakathi ungavota amalungu eSishayamthetho noma uMongameli. Lokhu kuvezwa kwakhelwe kuso kanye isimo sikahulumeni. Imfuneko yokuba zombili izindlu zoMkhandlu zivumelane ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uthathe umthetho futhi uvumelane. Umongameli uqinisekisa ukuthi umphathi unezwi enqubweni yemithetho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwahlukana kwemibuso kubambezela ukwenza isinqumo ngokuxhamazela. Njengoba uAlexander Hamilton waphikisa ku- u-Federalist No. 73, amandla e-veto asiza [ ukumiswa kwemithetho esekelwe entuthukweni yesikhashana. Lomklamo wokulinganisa uyisici, hhayi isici.

Izinselele Zokuhlukana Kwamandla

Nakuba lolu hlaka seludlule amakhulu amabili eminyaka, lubhekene nobunzima obukhulu kule nkathi yanamuhla.

Ukubusa Kwesikhulu Nokuphakama KoMbuso Ophethe

Ukukhula kwesimiso sombuso kufiphaze imigqa phakathi kwamagatsha. Amanxusa azimele anjenge-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA), i-Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), kanye neFederal Reserve quasi-legistive (ukwenza i-gundane), i-quasi-exential (ukunquma), kanye ne-quacutial judiacial (umbuso), amandla okuvikela i-indawo ezungezile. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kusebenza ngaphakathi kwezinhlangano zokulawula kumelene nomthetho wokuqala. INkanto ephakeme ibuye iphinde i-intene yecala enjenge [[FLT:] v[F].[5] i-FF] i-pane ye-profensitiestiesting [Focerst] iqhubekela i-'icences profectionededededededededed:[F] [F]] i-Founce:[5] i-Fographicentium

Ukwehla Kwemibono Yezombangazwe Nokuvaleka Kwemizwa

I-partisan polication ingaguqula isimiso i’ ihlola izimpawu ezivimbela ukubusa. Uma elinye iqembu lilawula iWhite House kanye nomunye ulawulo lwe-Congress, umphumela we-pagconol ngokuvamile uyavala. Inqubo yokuqinisekisa abahluleli namagatsha aphethe i-mineine iye yaqala ukuphikisana kakhulu, njengoba abanye abamine belinde izinyanga noma iminyaka ethile ukuze bavote. Le-gridlock ikhubaza umphakathi futhi ingaqeda ukholo ezikhungweni zedemokhrasi. Nokho, ibuye ibeke phansi lapho izinhlekelele eziphuthumayo − njengoba u-20089 iwile ngokwezimali noma umqedazwelo we-CHOVAD u-19.

Izinsongo Zokuzimela Ekwahluleleni Isahlulelo

Ijaji seliyindawo yempi ehlukene. Ukumiswa kwezivumelwano, njengokuqinisekiswa okucacisiweyo kukaMahluleli u-Amy Coney Barrett ngo-2020, kuye kwandisa ukuqonda ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme iyindikimba yezombangazwe. Ukubiza ukupakisha kwenkantolo, izikhawu, kanye nokulawula okukhushulelwe kubonisa ukukhungatheka okukhulayo ngeNkantolo ’ ukuqanjwa. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ezinye izishayamthetho zezwe ziye zazama ukuvimbela amandla ezinkantolo ngoshintsho lwezokwahlulela nangendlela yokuhlela izimali. Ukuzimela kwenkantolo yokuhlukanisa izikhali kumele ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ekugcineni.

Ukuzishaya Indiva Njengesikhali Sezombangazwe

Eminyakeni yamuva, ukunganaki kuye kwasetshenziswa kaningi, kubangela ukukhathazeka ngokuthi kulahlekelwa amandla akho okuvimbela. Nakuba abakhi beFrame behlose ukuba ikhambi elingavamile lokuxhaphaza okungathi sína, ukuhlukana kwabo kungase kukwenze kube sobala lenqubo. Ngokuphambene, ukwehluleka ukuboshwa kuzo zontathu iziphakamiso zomongameli kungase kukhuthaze omongameli besikhathi esizayo ukuba bahlole imingcele yamandla okulawula, bazi ukuthi ukususwa akunakwenzeka.

Isiphetho: Ukulondoloza Ukulinganisela Kwamandla

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akuyona insalela yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili; iyisici esiphilayo esidinga ukulungiswa njalo. Saklanyelwe isizwe esiqapha kokubili ukubusa kobukhosi nesixuku, futhi siseyisivikelo esiphumelela kakhulu ekubushiqelani okwenziwe. Kodwa kusebenza kuphela lapho igatsha ngalinye livikela amalungelo alo futhi lihlonipha imingcele yabanye. Izakhamuzi zifeza indima ebalulekile ngokubeka abameleli bazo icala, zihileleke empikiswaneni esekelwe ulwazi, futhi zifune ukuba uhulumeni usebenze ngaphansi komthetho.

Ukuqonda ukwahlukana kwemibuso akuwona nje umsebenzi wemfundo, kodwa kuwumsebenzi wemfundo. Ngokuqaphela indlela isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuvikela ngayo inkululeko yethu, siba abaphathi abangcono bezokucwaninga kwentando yeningi. Njengoba uMahluleli uLouis Brandeis abhala ngokudume kakhulu: imfundiso yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso yathathwa yi-Convention ka-1787 ukuba ingaqhubeki phambili kodwa inqande ukusebenzisa amandla omthetho owentando yeningi. Lesimiso sisalokhu sibalulekile namuhla njengakuqala.

Ukufunda Okwengeziwe