Ukuthutha komphakathi kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni zasedolobheni nasezindaweni ezihlala abantu, ukuthwala izigidi zabantu nsuku zonke beya emsebenzini, ezikoleni, ezikoleni, nasemisebenzini yezezokwelapha. Ukufinyelela nokuthembeka kwazo akuwona nje umphumela wamandla ezentengiselwano. Ukuphumelela, ukukwazi ukuthwala nokusekela kwanoma isiphi isimiso sokuhamba kuklanywe ngokujulile ngezinqumo ezenziwa endaweni, ezindaweni, nasemazingeni ohulumeni. Ukusukela ekubizeni izigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali ekusekelweni kwemali ekushicicishweni okuhle kwemithetho yezemali, isenzo sikahulumeni (noma ukwenziwa) sinquma ngokuqondile ukuthi kulula kangakanani - noma kunzima kangakanani - kuya eqophelweni le A ngaphandle kwemoto. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukucubunga okugcwele kobuhlobo, ukunikela nokusekela okucacile kokukhetha kwenqubo yokuzihambela ezingenisweni ezisemfashinini ezisemkhathini.

Isandla SikaHulumeni Ekushintshweni: Ukuhlela, Ukuxhasa, Nokubuyiselwa

Ukuthutha komphakathi akusebenzi endaweni engenalutho. Ngokungafani nezinkonzo zokuhamba noma zokuhambisa, izimiso zokuthutha eziningi zivame ukuba zezomuntu, zilawulwa kakhulu yizinhlangano zomphakathi. Ukuhileleka kukahulumeni ngokuvamile kuwela ezindaweni ezintathu ezihlangene:

  • Izindleko zokusebenza zonyaka nonyaka. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Foderal Transtit Administration (FT) isakaza izigidi zezigidi ngezindlela kanye nezibonelelo zokuncintisana. Izinqumo mayelana nokuthi imali engakanani egeleza kula mabhakethe – nokuthi ikhona yini imvume yokusebenza yokuhlanganisa izinto ezintsha nesolosuku nosuku lonke.
  • Imisebenzi ye-Frames ne-Regatorial: Imithetho kanye nezimiso ezilawulayo zimise imithetho elawula imisebenzi yokuthutha. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izimfuneko zezisebenzi (umz., izivumelwano zenyunyana), izindinganiso zokuphepha, ukulawulwa kwendawo ezungezile (umz., ukukhishwa kwemiyalo yamabhasi), kanye nemithetho engaphansi kwemithetho efana namaMelika enomthetho ephethe ukukhubazeka komthetho (ADA). Lemithetho ingasheshisa noma ibangele imithwalo yokukhomba noma ukukhomba.
  • Uhulumeni ohlela ukuhlanganisa nokusebenzisa i-Land - Usebenzise i-Intractation: unquma ukuthi imigwaqo, amaphasishi esitimela, nemizila yamabhasi iyaphi. Futhi ulawula ukuhlanganisa nokuthuthukisa iziteshi zezithuthi. Uhulumeni ohlela ukunqwabelana, intuthuko exubeneyo eseduze ne-injini emiswayo yenza “intuthuko esekelwe ku-" i-transtive tracted. Uhulumeni ovumela ukunweba, amadolobhana e-at hamba-atrocle ayenza iphumelele kakhulu.

Ukuqonda lemixhantela kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuqaphela ukuthi ukuhamba kwakho kwansuku zonke akuyona nje indaba yesimiso kuphela — kuwukubonakaliswa kwezinto eziza kuqala kwezombangazwe.

Izinhlobo Zokuhamba Komphakathi Nendlela Uhulumeni Olawula Ngazinye Indlela

Izindlela zokuthutha ezihlukene zinezici ezihlukene kanye nohambo. Ngasinye sihlobene nesinqumo sikahulumeni, kusukela emalini enzima kuya ezingeni elisebenzayo.

I - “bus ”

Amabhayisikili ayindlela evumelana kakhulu neyandile yokuhamba komphakathi. Angasebenza ezindaweni eziphansi ezihambayo, ashintshe imizila ngokushesha, futhi abiza kancane ngemayela alingana nesitimela. Nokho, umsebenzi webhasi uvame ukuba ngowokuqala ukulimala phakathi nokwehla kwemali. Izinqumo zikahulumeni mayelana nemigwaqo yamabhasi enikezelweyo, izimpawu eziphambili, nokushesha ukuphazamisa ukuthembeka kwebhasi. Amadolobha athengisela eBus Rapid Transit (BRT) - nezindlela ezihlukene nenkongozelelwano-mbo eqolo - intuthuko evame ukubona intuthuko yemali ehambayo. Ngokuhlukile, uma ohulumeni bendawo behluleka ukuvikela imijaho emo yezimoto, amabhasi aba nejubane elihambayo futhi elingathembeki, asekela ukubheka ukuthi ibhasi liyindlela ehamba ngohlobo lwesibili.

Imigwaqo Engaphansi Nengamanzi Anzima

Izimiso zikajantshi ezisindayo (imisele, i-metros) zinkulu kakhulu, zinezimali ezishibhile ezidinga amashumi eminyaka esibopho sikahulumeni. Isinqumo sokwakha umzila omusha wangaphansi komhlaba sihlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwendawo ezungezile, amaphakethe ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ze-dilorlar, nezingxoxo zezombangazwe ezikweminye imibuso eminingi. Uma yake yakhiwa, uhulumeni ukhokhela izindleko ezinkulu zezindleko, ngoba imali iyodwa ayivamile ukuhlanganisa izindleko ezigcwele. Izinqumo eziphathelele ukugcinwa nokugcinwa kwemali nenqubo yesimanje ye-MTA - nohlelo oluyinhloko lwe-Tube eLondon - thola ukuthi abagibeli bayazi ukuthi isitimela samanje yini nemisebenzi ethembekile noma ukuthatha isikhathi esibhidlizayo.

I - rail Nezinqola Ezilula

Ujantshi wokukhanya usendaweni ephakathi: ububanzi obuphakeme kunamabhasi kodwa obushibhile kunesitimela esisindayo. Amadolobha amaningi asemaphakathi aye asebenzisa izinja ezilula njengengxenye yokuvuselelwa kwedolobha. Izinqumo zikahulumeni zokuqondisa umzila (umz., ukuthi angahamba ezindaweni eziminyene noma ezindleleni ezinkulu) kanye nokuhamba kaningi (umz., njalo ngemizuzu engu-10) asebenzisa impumelelo yezimiso ezifana ne-Portland’s MX noma i-DRTD ihlobene ngokuqondile nokuhlela izinqumo ezimayelana nokuhanjiswa kwesikhululo sebhasi nokuhlangana kwamabhasi.

Ama - “Ferres ”

Izikhulu zikahulumeni zibhekene nezinkulu emadolobheni asogwini njengeSeattle, Vancouver, ne-Istanbul. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zivame ukulawula kokubili imikhumbi nezindawo zokulayisha imikhumbi, nezinqumo mayelana nemijikelezo yokubuyisela imikhumbi kanye nokukhokhela izimali zokuqinisekisa ukuthi imoto ihlala ikhona yini indlela yokuhamba. Imithetho yendawo ezungezile – njengezimfuneko zokulungisa izinjini zesikebhe ezihamba kancane – futhi zilungise izindleko.

Izinqumo Eziyinhloko Zikahulumeni Eziluthinta Ngokuqondile Uhambo Lwakho

Izinhlobo eziningana zezinqumo zikahulumeni zinethonya elisheshayo, elibonakalayo kulokho okwenzeka nsuku zonke kubantu abasebenzisa izithuthi zomphakathi:

  • I-Infrastructure and Seant: Isimo samapulatifomu, imikhondo, amabhasi, nezitimela siwumphumela oqondile wezinqumo zokutshala inhloko. Ukulondolozwa okuqinile kuholela ekuwohlokeni, ezindaweni ezihamba kancane, nasemsebenzini ongathembekile. Ngokwe-American Society of Civil Engineers, i-U.S. isakhiwo sinesimo esinezigidi eziyindilinga ze-dellar-dilor yokulungisa kahle. Ngokungafani, ohulumeni bahlela ukuxhasa njalo ukuvuselelwa kwezimiso zokuvuselela inzuzo kugcina izinhlelo zisebenza kahle.
  • Imigangatho ye-FarePricies ne-Subster: Izinga lobuFarethi livame ukubekwa amabhodi okuthutha noma imikhandlu yedolobha, ukulinganisela inzuzo edingekayo ngokumelene nemigomo yokulinganisela. Amanye amadolobha anikeza amabala ajulile kubagibeli abathola imali ephansi (umz., izinhlelo ezincishisiwe eSeattle nase San Francisco), kuyilapho amanye elondoloza izimadlana ezicabayo ukuze kube lula. Isinqumo sokwamukela inzuzo esekelwe ezindaweni eziqhelene noma ezisekelwe esikhathini sithinta futhi ukukhokha kwe-attings.
  • [[FLT :0] Imithetho engokomsuka: Uhulumeni ugunyaza amabhasi ahamba phambili (umzk., ukubusa kokulawula kweKhalifoniya okungalawuleki oku-Innovative Ceapute Transit) ukuphoqelela izinhlangano zemikhumbi ye-diesel ukuba zithathe indawo ngezimoto zikagesi noma ze-hydrogen. Nakuba lokhu kuthuthukisa izinga lomoya futhi kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwecarbon, kudinga futhi kukhuphule isikhungo sokulawula izakhiwo futhi kungaholela ekuphazamiseni izinkonzo phakathi noshintsho lwezinguquko uma lungalawulwa ngokucophelela.
  • Ukuhlela nokuhlela: Isinqumo sokuvumela indawo yokuhlala ephakeme eseduze nezitishi zezokuthutha singenye yamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu ohulumeni bendawo abanawo. Uma izifunda zendawo zizungeze iziteshi, bakha isisekelo somkhumbi we-ozoni esakhelwe ngaphakathi futhi benze ukuthutha kutholakale kubantu abengeziwe. Ngokuphikisana, ukuvimbela ukuthuthukisa amakhaya omkhaya owodwa kude nokuthutha kulula ukulinganisela ukuphumelela kwesimiso.

Okwenza Izinto Zokuhamba Zomphakathi Zibe Nezinkinga: Azikho Ezingalawuleki

Ukubaluleka kokuthutha umphakathi kudlulela ngalé kosizo lomuntu siqu. Izinqumo zikahulumeni eziqinisa noma zenza buthaka izingcingo zokuhamba emphakathini ngezindlela eziningi ezibucayi:

Izinzuzo Zendawo Ezungezile

Ukuthutha komphakathi kungukusebenza okusheshayo okungamandla kakhulu kwabagibeli ngokwezimonyo zezimoto ezizimele. Ngokwe-American Public Transportation Association (APTA), umuntu oyedwa oshintshayo ehamba emotweni angayi ezindaweni ezithuthwayo anganciphisa i-carbon meter yawo ngamakhilogremu angaphezu kwama-4,800 ngonyaka. Izimiso zikahulumeni ezandisa izinkonzo zokuthutha nokuhlela imikhumbi imoto inikele ngokuqondile ekuhlanzeni umoya kanye nemigomo yesimo sezulu. Izibalo ze-APTA [ zibonisa ukuthi i-US isilinganiso se-US.

Umphumela Ongokomnotho

I-University of California ihlola ukuthi ukwandisa ukungena kwezokuthutha endaweni yasedolobheni kundisa izinga lemisebenzi lezakhamuzi ezingenisa imali ephansi ngamaphesenti angu-7. Ohulumeni abafaka imali ekuthutheni bahlanganisa izisebenzi emsebenzini, amakhasimende asebenza emabhizinisini, nezimpahla. Ucwaningo lwe-U.S. oluthi i-R2 000 000 000 000 zezigidi zemali ethengwa ekuthutheni kuveza imisebenzi elinganiselwa ku-50 000, ngokwe-U.S. Department of traport.

Ukulingana Kwezenhlalo

Kubantu abayizigidi-zigidi – ikakhulukazi asebekhulile, abantu abakhubazekile, nabangenayo imiphakathi ephansi yokuthutha komphakathi abakhethi kodwa yisidingo. Izimiso zikahulumeni zezokuhamba ezigcina izindleko ziphansi futhi zisebenza kaningi ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhambo luhlala luyinto elinganayo. Emadolobheni aye asungula izinhlelo zamasheya zamahhala noma ezilula kakhulu kubagibeli abahlawulwa abaphansi, ukuhlola kubonisa ukunyakaza nokwazi ukungena ezinkonzweni ezibalulekile. Inhlangano yezentengiselwano [ iqokomisa ukuthi ukuhamba okungenanzuzo kungabamba imikhaya ebumpofu ngokulinganisela amathuba omsebenzi.

Impilo Nenhlalakahle

Abagibeli bezimoto ngokuvamile bahamba kakhulu kunabashayeli: uhambo lokuya nokusuka esitobhini sebhasi noma esiteshini sesitimela lunezela ukuvivinya umzimba esimisweni sansuku zonke. Ukunciphisa ukuminyana kwezimoto nakho kunciphisa ukucindezeleka futhi kuthuthukise izinga lomoya. Izinqumo zikahulumeni ezihlela ukuthutha kakhulu kunemishini yezimoto zingaletha izinzuzo ezingcono zempilo yomphakathi, kuhlanganise nezinga eliphansi lokukhuluphala nokugula kwemigudu yokuphefumula.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Ezibhekene Nezokuhamba Komphakathi

Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezitholakalayo, izinto zokuhamba zomphakathi ezifundeni eziningi zilwisana nenhlanganisela yezinselele zezombangazwe nezomnotho:

  • Ukuhlela I- Shortfalls ne Volatial: Izinhlangano zeTransit ngokuvamile zixhomeke ezintelani zokuthengisa, izintela zikaphethiloli, noma iminikelo yezimali jikelele eguquguqukayo nezomnotho. Phakathi nokwehla kwezomnotho, ukuncishiswa kwenkonzo kuvamile, okuholela emjikelezweni omubi wabagibeli abancishiweyo futhi ngisho nasekusekeleni okuncane kwezombangazwe. Amanye amazwe, njengaseJalimane naseJapani, anezindlela eziqinile zokuxhasa imali ezivikela imali esetshenziswayo.
  • Izinguquko zeProject Nolibaziseko: Imisebenzi emikhulu yokuthutha ingathatha iminyaka engu-15-20 kusukela ekuhleleni ukuvula – isikhathi eside kunemijikelezo eminingi yezombangazwe. Isimiso esisha singase sisule noma sisuse umsebenzi wokuqala, sichithe izigidi zezindleko ezintengantengayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umsebenzi we-Honolulu, ubhekene nokulibala okuphindaphindiwe nokubizayo ngenxa yokushintsha kwemimoya yezombangazwe kanye nezinguquko zenguquko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukungaboni kahle ngokuphepha, ukuhlanzeka, noma ukuthembeka kungacindezela ukugibela ihhashi ngisho nalapho umsebenzi usulungele. Umqedazwe we-COVID waziqeda lezi zinselele, njengoba abagibeli abaningi beshintshela ezimotweni noma emsebenzini okude. Imikhankaso yezokuxhumana nokwesheshisa intetheko esobala ehlanzekileni nokuphepha kubaluleke kakhulu ekuvuseleleni kabusha ukuthembana.
  • Ukuhlela ama-infractive: emadolobheni amaningi amadala, izakhiwo zokuthutha zisukela emuva ekhulwini leminyaka noma ngaphezulu. Umzila wesiteshi waseNew York City usasebenzisa izimpawu ezifakwe kuma-1930 kwezinye izingxenye, eziholela ekubambezeleni okungapheli. Ukubuyisela noma ukuvuselela izimiso ezinjalo kudinga isikhathi esingapheli, ukutshala imali enzima – ukuthengwa uma uhlelo lwemali luqinile.

Ikusasa Lokuthutha Komphakathi: Izikhungo Ezishintshayo Zalolongwa Uhulumeni

Uma sibheka phambili, ithonya lokuhamba komphakathi liyochazwa ngendlela ohulumeni abasabela ngayo ekushintsheni kwezobuchwepheshe, ekushintshweni kwesimo sezulu nasekushintsheni kwezindlela zokuhamba.

Ubuchwepheshe Obuhlakaniphile Nokusetshenziswa Kwamanani

Imininingwane yangempela efikayo, amathikithi, kanye nemishini yokuhamba-hamba ithuthukise ulwazi lomsebenzisi. Ohulumeni bangasheshisa lomkhuba ngezimiso zemininingwane ezivulekile – ngokwesibonelo, ukwenza imininingwane yemoto yangempela itholakale ngokukhululekile ukuze ikwazi ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo. Amanye amadolobha, njengeHelsinki, azama “ukusebenza njengenkonzo” (MaaS) amapulatifomu ahlanganisa ukuhamba, ibhayisekili-lisha, bese ehahela esikhokhelweni esisodwa. [[FLT: 0]] IMaaS Undalcendial iwusizo ekusekeleni inqubo enjalo.

Imikhuba Esekelayo Nokuhlaziya

Amazwe angaphezu kuka-40 namadolobha amaningi aye amemezela izinhloso zokushintshela kumabhasi ahambayo angenazintambo. Intela kahulumeni ikhokhela ukuthengwa kwamabhasi kagesi ne-hydrogen. EYurophu, i-Chrean Vehicles Directive igunyaza isilinganiso esithile samabhasi ahlanzekile ezikhunjini zomphakathi. Lemiyalo inciphisa ukukhuphuka kwekharbon yohambo kodwa idinga ukukhuphuka nokuqeqeshwa kwezisebenzi ezinakekelayo.

Iziphazamiso Zokusetshenziswa Kwama - dollar Asezindlini Ezintsha: Ama - butler Ne - microtransit

Phambili ohulumeni abacabangayo bahamba ngemisebenzi engokwesiko enziwa nge-routed. Izindawo ezihlanganisa iziteshi zamabhasi, iziteshi ezihamba ngebhayisekili, kanye nokugibela amachashaza okuhamba ngebhayisekili kwenza kube lula ukuxuba ama-transmid” izinkonzo ezivame ukusebenza nge-vanstans-s - zingagcwalisa izikhala ezindaweni eziphansi. Izinhlelo ze-Pilority emadolobheni anjenge-cramento ne-Berlin ziye zabonisa ukuthi ubudlelwane bomphakathi bunganweba ukufinyelela ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwesisekelo esikhulu.

Ukuhlanganyela Emphakathini Nokuzilibazisa

Uma ohulumeni behlanganisa abagibeli behhashi namaqembu omakhelwane ekuhleleni izinqumo, izinkonzo eziwumphumela zisebenza kangcono futhi zisetshenziswa kangcono. Izinqubo zokuhlela uhlelo lwemali (isib., eToronto) ziye zavumela izakhamuzi ukuba zivote ukuthi imizila yamabhasi iphindeka kangakanani. izimali ezinjalo zakha ukwethenjwa futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi izimali ezilinganiselwe zisetshenziswa lapho zibaluleke kakhulu khona.

Isiphetho: Izwi Lakho Enqubweni Yohlelo Lokushintsha

Ngokuya kumphakathi ohamba ngecala lomphakathi, ngokukhetha ibhasi, nokusekela amaqembu omphakathi, ungasiza ekulolongeni isimiso sokuthutha othembele kuso. Njengoba amadolobha ebhekana nezinselele ezihambisana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukulingana kwezomnotho, nokuguga, izinga lokuhamba komphakathi liyoxhomeka kakhulu ekuvivinyweni komphakathi, ngokuvota kokhetho, nangokusekela amaqembu abaphathi bezempakamo, ungasiza ekulolongeni isimiso sokuthutha othembele kuso. Njengoba amadolobha ebhekana nezinselele ezihambisana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukulingana kwezomnotho, kanye nokuguga, izinga lokuhamba komphakathi liyoxhomeka kakhulu ekutholeni imvume yomphakathi. Isikhathi esilandelayo ogibela ibhasi noma isitimela, khumbula: okuhlangenwe nakho namuhla kuye kwalo okwenziwe ngesinqumo esenziwa eminyakeni edlule – futhi izwi lakho lingabumba uhambo lwakho lwakusasa.