Ukuklanywa Kwamandla Ahlukene Phakathi

Abakhi bomthetho-mthetho we-United States bakha isimiso esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma yiliphi i-conomention eyodwa. − noma yinani elikhulu noma elihlelwe kahle − ekubuseni uhulumeni. Phakathi nendawo, ukwahlukana kwamagunya kuhlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo: i-coconstription, i-compant, ne-justior. Igatsha ngalinye linikezwa imisebenzi ehlukile, kodwa linikezwa namathuluzi okuhlola amanye. Lesi sakhiwo, esidume ngokudume kakhulu [FLT]] u-FLT [51]., , zenza "ukulondeka okuphindiweyo" amalungelo abantu. Ngokulwa kwentando, kuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha alikho nenkoni encipheni eqekelelwayo.[FLT]]

Ukuhlakanipha kwalelilungiselelo ukuthi alinciki kuphela ekutholweni yizikhulu ezikhethiwe. Kunalokho, lihlanganisa ukungezwani. Ukuze umthetho udlule, kumelwe uqhubeke usinda empikiswaneni ye-bidamaral eKhompisweni, usinda ekuhlolweni kwe-veto, futhi umelane nokubukezwa komthetho-sisekelo yizinkantolo. Isithiyo ngasinye sinikeza abameleli bamalungelo amancane amathuba okuvimbela, ukuqeda, noma ukubekela inselele okungalimaza. Lokhu kuvusemgangathweni wobumongameli kuyisivikelo sabambalwa eMelika.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ukumelela Nokukhipha Inkululeko

I-Congress, njengoba igatsha lokuqala libalwe kuMthetho-sisekelo, isebenza ekwenzeni imithetho. Isakhiwo sayo se-bimeral ."Indlu yabameleli ehlukaniswa abantu neSigele esivela ezweni ngalinye(] yona ngokwayo yayiwukuhlehla okuklanyelwe ukuvikela izifunda ezincane, futhi, ngokwengxenye, izithakazelo ze-octives. Inqubo yemithetho ithatha ijubane. U-Bhillis makadlule ngamakomiti, asinda ezimpikiswaneni zasesiteji, futhi alonde abantu abaningi abavamile kuwo womabili amakamu ngaphambi kokuba afike kuMongameli.

Kumaqembu amancane, lejubane lobugqizimbela linikeza isikhathi sokuqapha. Amaqembu anesithakazelo angahlela imikhankaso yokubhala izincwadi, ahlangane nabenzi bomthetho, futhi afakazele ekulaleleni. Isimiso sekomiti sivumela ukuhlolwa okukhethekile: umthetho ongathi ngokungenakulinganiswa uthinte uhlanga noma umphakathi wenkolo ungahlolwa ngokujule kakhulu ngaphambi kokuvota. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfuneko enkulu yeSigele sokulawula igebe eliphethe (ukuhlanganisa ne-pancinterbuster) isho ukuthi idla i-omzamzamzamzanyana yama-sene ingavimbela umthetho oyingozi kubantu abangavikelekile. Nakuba i-Relivbuster ngezinye izikhathi iye yagxekwa ngenxa yokuvimbela amalungelo ezakhamuzi, iye yasetshenziswa futhi ukuvimbela ukuvikelwa kwesivikelo okufanayo.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukuphoqelelwa Ngokuhlakanipha

UMongameli, njengenhloko yegatsha eliphethe, kumelwe "Qaphelisisa ukuba iMiyalo ifezwe ngokwethembeka." Lo msebenzi unikeza umongameli amandla amakhulu, kodwa futhi ubeka uMongameli esimweni sokuvikela amaqoqo amancane. UMongameli anganikeza iziyalo eziphethe ezikhuthaza ukulingana − njengokungavumelani namabutho ahlolwayo noma ukunqabela ukucwasa kwabakhi be-okhentine. Amandla eveto ayisihloli esiqondile eSishaya - sisekelo; uMongameli angawenqaba umthetho ozolimaza amalungelo amancane, uphoqeqeshe iHulumeni ukuba iqoqe ama-3 aphakeme kakhulu ukuze ahlulwe.

Izinhlangano eziphethe, njenge-Department of Justice and the Auncible Opportunity Commission, i-Auncile Opportunity Commission, i-accomplist wistive ngokomthetho yemithetho yamalungelo omphakathi. Izimiso zabo kanye nezenzo zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo zithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwemiphakathi emincane embalwa. Ngokunikeza iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho, uMnyango wobulungisa ungaletha ukufaneleka ezindaweni ezimelene namalungelo ohulumeni okuvota amavoti noma imithetho engakhethi. Ngaleyondlela imishini emikhulu yokuqondisa yegatsha isebenza njengesivikelo, ifeza isivikelo esiye sadlula iSishaya - judiary.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Umgwebi Wokugcina Wamalungelo

Ijaji, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, lisebenza njengomgcini wokugcina wamalungelo amancane ngamandla okuhlola kokwahlulela. Limiswe [[FLT]] Marbury v. Madison[[FLT]] [1803] [igunya] [i-FLT] [i-103], leligunya livumela izinkantolo ukuba ziwise imithetho ephula umthetho. Kuwo wonke amaqembu amancane, izinkantolo zinikeza indawo lapho izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ezisekelwe kwisivikelo esifanayo nenqubo efanele zinganqoba khona ubandlululo oluvamile.

Izehlakalo ze-Landmark zibonisa lomsebenzi. [FLT]bn v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yamemezela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, ukugumbula "kabili kodwa kulingana" imfundiso eyaye yabekwa indinganiso amashumi eminyaka. [[FLT:] [[FLT]][FLT]] [5]] OFT] wafell v. Hodges[FLT][FLT] [[2017] [20] iqaphele umshado ofanayo owenziwa ngokomthetho ngokomthetho wesizwe ngaphansi kwe-144. Ezimweni zombili, ukubukeliswa komthetho wokwahlulela lapho amagatsha enziwa. Inkantolo yazenza ngokugweba ukuthi aphendulele ngokucunga. Izenzo ezikasha ezikatha ezikathi.

Isisekelo Somlando: Kusukela Ezincwadini Zokuhlela Kuya Ezanduleli Zanamuhla

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kwakungeyona into ecatshangwa ngabasunguli. Kwakuwukusabela ngamabomu kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ngaphansi kokubusa kweBrithani nokufunda kwabo ohulumeni bamaRepublic. UJames Madison, kuFederalist No. 51, waphikisa ngokuthi uma abantu beyizingelosi, akukho hulumeni obekungadingeka. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi abantu abazona izingelosi, uhulumeni kumelwe uhlelwe ukuba ulawule. Abasunguli babesaba kokubili ubushiqela bombuso nobushiqela babantu abaningi. Ngokuhlukanisa imibuso, babethemba ukusungula isimiso lapho ukuvelela, ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, kuhlanganise naleyo yeqembu elincane.

Lolu hlelo lwabhekana novivinyo lwalo lokuqala olukhulu phakathi nokulwa kobugqila futhi kamuva phakathi nokuvuselelwa. Impi yangemva kwe-Civil War ilungisa amaphutha `i-Anters', [i-145th, ne-P5] yamiswa yiKhomishane ezimisele ukuvikela ama-Afrika ayesanda kukhululeka. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme, ekuqaleni yalinganisela lezi zivikelo ezinjengathi [ Ukuhleka-Indlu-''' [[FLT]] [18] kanye ne-v.[FLT][5][FLT] [5] [5]

Ukwahlukana kwemibuso kwasinda futhi encotsheni ye-Civil Rights Movement ngo-1950 nango-1960. Abameli basebenzisa wonke amagatsha amathathu: bacindezela uMkhandlu ukuba udlulise uMthetho wamalungelo omphakathi ka-1964 kanye noMthetho we-Voting Rights ka-1965; banxusa uMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson ukuba athumele amaqembu asemthethweni ukuze avikele abamashayeli; futhi baletha izikhalo ezahlukanisa indawo yokuhlala, imfundo, nomsebenzi. Igatsha ngalinye lafeza indima ehlukile kodwa exhunyiwe. Umphumela waba yinguquko emphakathini waseMelika okungekho gatsha elilodwa elalingaphumelela kuyo.

Izivikelo Ezingokomthetho: Indlela Inhlangano Evikela Ngayo Izici Ezincane

Igunya lombuso kaKhongolose mhlawumbe liyindlela eqondile yokuvikela amalungelo amancane. Ngemithetho, uMkhandlu ungachaza ukuvinjelwa kobandlululo, ukwabiwa kwemithombo yezemisebenzi, futhi wakhe amalungelo ayimfihlo ukuze abantu badlulise icala. I-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 ilokhu iyisibonelo esiqinile. Ikhethe elingekho emthethweni lisekelwe ebala, imibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wesizwe ezindlini zomphakathi, umsebenzi, nezinhlelo ezixhaswa yigunyaziwe.

Ngaphandle kwezindleko eziphawulekayo zamalungelo abantu, uKhomishane usebenzisa igunya lakhe lokuqondisa ukuqondisa indlela izinhlangano eziphetheyo ezimisa ngayo imithetho. Ukuqulwa kwezindaba zamakomiti kungadalula ukwehluleka ukuvikela imiphakathi emincane, ukukhuthaza izinguquko zokuphatha. Inqubo yokunikeza izinqumo futhi ibalulekile: ukuxhasa izimali ze-Ouncility Opportography Commission noma i-Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department ithonya ngokuqondile ikhono labo lokuhlola izikhalo. Ngakho, izimemezelo ezincane azifaki nje kuphela ezitejiyelweni ze-Propolationsssss.

Imithetho ekhethekile yeSigele, kuhlanganise ne-filbuster, inikeza amaqembu amancane amandla engeziwe. Uma umthetho usongela ukululaza amalungelo okuvota noma ukunciphisa isivikelo sokungavumelani kwemithetho, idlanzana elihlangene eSigodlweni lingavimbela ukuqina, liphoqelele ukuyekethisa noma ukuyeka isilinganiso. Lokhu kungakhungathekisa abaningi, kodwa futhi kuphoqelele ukuncintisana okujulile. Umlando we-Diciobuster uxubene − yasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi phakathi kwawo-1950 nawo 1960, kodwa futhi i-1960, iye yathunyelwa ukuba ivikele isivikelo esikhona. Ukwehlukana kwamandla akuqinisekisi imiphumela ephelele, kodwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi noma isiphi isiphi isithiyo engaphandle selungelo elincane kumelwe linqobile.

Isenzo esiphethe: Indima kaMongameli ekulinganiseni okukhulayo

UMongameli angathatha isinyathelo ngokushesha ngeziqondiso zezikhulu, ezinamandla egatsheni eliphethe. Ngokomlando, lemiyalo ibibalulekile emalungelweni amancane. UMongameli uHarry Truman's Group Order 9981 wahlukanisa amabutho ahlomile ngo-1948. Umongameli uJohn F. Kennedy wakhipha i-Edtic Product Product Programme 10925, efuna ukuba abakhi bohulumeni bathathe isinyathelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi abaphambuki abangenisi abaza ngokomthetho. UMongameli uBack Obama wasebenzisa iziyalezo zesikhulu ukuze avikele iLBGTQ nezisebenzi ze-Defereversed Action for Childhoolding Agellars (DA), evikela abafudukiswe yizingane.

Nokho, iziyalo eziphethe azenzeki unomphela. UMongameli olandelayo angawaqeda, njengoba kuboniswe lapho uMongameli uDonald Trump ezama ukuvala i-DACA (ukuhamba okugcina kuvinjelwe izinkantolo). Lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso: isenzo sokubusa sodwa silula. Isivikelo esiqinile sidinga ukuhlanganiswa komthetho. Kodwa esikhathini esifushane, iziyalezo zesikhulu zinganikeza impumuzo ngokushesha emiphakathini embalwa, zikhombisa isibopho sikaMongameli sokulingana.

UMongameli futhi uqondisa uMnyango wobulungisa ukuba ubeke "izici zesithakazelo" emacaleni amacala kahulumeni amelene nombuso noma ohulumeni bendawo abahlanganyela emikhubeni yokukhipha isigwebo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-DOJ igunyaze imithetho yokumisa imithetho ye-ID ngenhloso yokukhetha noma ngemiphumela. Ngezenzo ezinjalo, igatsha eliphethe lisebenza njengomphoqeleli wamalungelo omphakathi, ukusekela ngasese. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kuqinisekisa ukuthi lobu mthetho ungaphansi kokuqondisa ubuphathi be-ID kanye nokuhlola kokwahlulela, kuvimbela ukuxhashazwa ngenkathi isivikelo.

Ukuba Yiqhawe Nokuhlukana Kwamandla

Amaqembu amancane awanciki ngokungenzi lutho ekuhlukanisweni kwemibuso; ahlanganyela ngokuzikhandla nawo womathathu amagatsha. Izinhlangano zezemfundo ezinjenge- American Civil Liberesties Union (]] ACLU[FLT]]] ) kanye ne- NACP Ecligin Defense and Educational Fund[[FLT:] izikhathi ezivivinyayo ukuze kusungulwe izenzakalo ezintsha zomthetho womthetho. Futhi banxusa uKhomishano-mthetho nokucindezela ukuba bakhiphe iziyalezo eziwusizo. Loluhlelo lweziciko luyisuswe ngokuqondile ekuhlukaneni kwemibuso ehlukene: ngenxa yokuhlukana kwegunya, iziphakathi eziningi.

I-Grassroots inyakatho enjenge Emnyama Lives Matter kanye [FT:2] nophawu lwezeMpilo Yethu [[FLT:] lubopha umbukiso womphakathi ukuze lulolonge isimo sezombangazwe. Uma ukucindezela komphakathi okwanele, abenzi bomthetho nabahluleli bayaqaphela. Icebo le-Civil Rights Movement elingavusiyo liklanyelwe ukuveza ukusabela kuhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe (kakhulu) ngokudalula impatho yomthetho wezwe ewumthetho wethelevishini.

Kulenkathi yanamuhla, ukuhlukaniswa kwemithombo yezokuxhumana kwenza kube lula ukumelana nezimiso zezokuxhumana, kodwa isisekelo salo asishintshi. Umkhankaso wamagciwane ungashukumisela umnini-jenali ukuba akhiphe umthetho, uMongameli ukuba akhiphe umyalo wesikhulu, noma inkantolo ukuba azwe icala. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elingakushaya indiva ukumelana nokungalawuleki phakade. Igatsha ngalinye linolwazi lwalo nolwezwi elivumelana nomphakathi, lidala isimiso esinamandla lapho amaphimbo ambalwa ekugcineni engathola khona ukuvumelana.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nokululama Kwalesi simiso

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, ukwehlukana kwemibuso kubhekene nokucindezela kwamanje okusongela amalungelo amancane. Ukuphakama kwezikhulu eziphakele, ukuhlahlela, nokumisa kokwahlulela okususa ukulinganisela kwemibono yezinkantolo konke kuvivinya ukuqina kwesimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Shelby County v. I-Haller [2013]) yalulaza i-Voting Rights Act ngokushaya imithetho yayo evimbelayo ethinta ukuvota okuncane. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukuhlaziya okufanayo okuvikela amalungelo kungawahlanganisa emuva.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, igatsha lomthetho liye labekwa imingcele ngokwandayo, lihola abaMongameli ukuba bathembele kakhulu eziqondisweni eziphetheyo nasekubuseni. Nakuba lokho kunganikeza amaqembu amancane isikhashana ukuphumelela, futhi kugxilisa amandla egatsheni elilodwa, kululaza isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Uma uMongameli emelene namalungelo amancane angenamthetho eWhite House, iziyalezo zezikhulu zingasetshenziselwa ukulimaza kunokuba zivikele. Ukuzimisela kwalesi simiso kuxhomeke kuwo wonke amagatsha amathathu asele akhuthele nazimele.

Nokho umlando usikisela ukuthi ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuhlala njalo ngoba kuklanyelwe izinselele ezinjalo. Izinkantolo zingashaya indiva ngenxa yokuzama ukuthatha izinyathelo zokubusa; uMkhandlu unganqaba ukusekela izinhlelo ezingathandeki; futhi umphakathi ungakhetha abameleli abasha.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kungaphezu kwelungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo elingaqinile; luyisimiso esiphilayo esiye sasiza ngokuphindaphindiwe ekuvikeleni amalungelo amancane eMelika. Ngokuhlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu nokuhlobisa ngalinye ngemishini yokuhlola amanye, abasunguli bakha isakhiwo lapho kungekho qhinga elilodwa elingazinyathela kalula khona inkululeko yedlanzana. Igatsha lezemithetho linikeza indawo yokuqamba umthetho nokuqondisa; igatsha eliphethe liphoqelela isivikelo futhi lingathatha isinyathelo esiphuthumayo; futhi igatsha lokwahlulela lisebenza njengomsizi wokugcina wencazelo yomthetho-mthetho.

Kusukela e-Civil Rights Movement kuya kumkhankaso womshado wokulingana, amaqembu amancane aye asebenzisa wonke amagatsha amathathu ukuthuthukisa amalungelo awo. Isimiso asiphelele. ("ingathatha kancane, ingakhungathekisa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ingabi nabulungisa.) Kodwa ukungezwani kwayo ngamabomu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zamalungelo amancane ziphikwa ngokuphelele futhi ziqhubeke zihlolwa ngokomthetho. Kulenkathi yokuvukela kwentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ye-United States kusenamandla, uma kungaphelele, ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko encikenekayo encikene nezakhamuziniswe ekuqapheleni kwezakhamuzi futhi abaqonda ukuthi ehulumeni ohlukene, ukulwela ukulingana kumelwe kuqhutshwe ezimpini eziningi.