Isingeniso: Amandla Ebhola

I-consing ime njengetshe likahulumeni ozimele omelela intando yeningi, inikeza izakhamuzi amandla okuhlela uhulumeni wazo nokuthonya isimiso somphakathi. Uma abantu befaka iziteshi zabo, abamane bakhetha umbhadane; baqinisekisa isivumelwano somphakathi, baveza izinto eziza kuqala, futhi babeke abaholi icala. Lesi sihloko sihlola umlando ocebile wokuvota, abavoti banamuhla, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemincintiswano yokhetho, ukubaluleka okujulile kokuthatha iqhaza komphakathi, kanye nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezisongela ubuqotho benqubo yokuvota. Ukuqonda lezizi zibalulekile kusenzelo ngalunye olufuna ukuhileleka ngokunenjongo enqubwebweni yentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuziphendukela Kwamalungelo

Umqondo wokuvota uye washintsha ngokuphawulekayo kusukela emisukeni yawo yamadolobha asendulo kuya ezimisweni zanamuhla ezigcwele. Ekuqaleni, ukuvota kwakuyilungelo eligcinelwe abantu abambalwa abakhethiwe, elichazwa ngokuba nempahla, ubulili, noma isigaba somphakathi. Izenzakalo ezingokomlando eziyinhloko zibonisa loluhambo olude noluvame ukuphikisana oluya endaweni yonke.

Imizi Yasendulo Nentuthuko Yangenkathi Ephakathi

E-Athene yasendulo cishe ngekhulu lesihlanu leminyaka BCE, izakhamuzi zabesilisa zazingavota ngokuqondile emthetho nasezinqumweni zokuqondisa. (a) ukuhlola okukhulu kokuqondisa idemokrasi. Nokho, abesifazane, izigqila, kanye nabantu abangebona abameleli bakhishwa ngaphandle. Kamuva iRiphabliki yeRoma yasungula imihlangano yabameleli, kodwa futhi, ukuthatha uhlangothi kwakulinganiselwe. Ukusayinwa kwe uMagna Carta [1215] kwavimbela amandla aphelele enkosi yaseNgilandi futhi kwamisa isimiso sokuthi inkosi yayingaphansi komthetho. Le ncwajana yabeka isisekelo esithambile sedemocritheryism kamuva, nakuba ukuvota kwakugcinwe kumnini-mhlaba nasebukhosini.

Ukuvela Kukahulumeni Omelelayo

I-Lill of Rights yaseNgilandi ka-1689 yaqinisekisa amalungelo athile ePhalamende kanye nokhetho, kodwa kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-19 lapho ukuvota kwaqala ukwanda khona. E-United States, uMthetho-sisekelo waqale washiya izimfanelo zokuvota ezindaweni, ngokuvamile owazibekela imingcele kubanikazi bempahla abamhlophe. [[FLT:] iSichithi se-arhente [[FL:] ebanzi [[FLT] [[FLT:] [1920] [i-U-UFLT]] yathola amandla ezimpikiswayo ngezinhlangano ezinjengeThithi ye-Chartics eBrithani nangamalungelo abesifazane e-1965] e-Actic Act: [5] inters yobandlululo lwamashumi eminyaka.[FG.[FLD] [iK]

Ukwanda Komhlaba Wonke Nezinguquko Zesikhathi Esidlule

Kuwo wonke ama-produkthi awekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, amazwe emhlabeni wonke anweba i-france. I-New Zealand yaba izwe lokuqala elizivotelayo ukuze linike abesifazane ukuvota ngo-1893. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, amazwe amasha azimeleyo ngokuvamile agcwele i-suffrineji yembulunga yonke emithethweni yawo. Namuhla, cishe wonke amademokrasi asebenza ngesimiso sentando yeningi “umuntu oyedwa, ivota eyodwa,” nakuba ukusungula kwayo kuyahlukahluka. Ngokwesibonelo, amanye amazwe anobhalisa ngokuzenza amavoti, kuyilapho amanye efuna ukubhalisa ngokusemthethweni. Ukulwela amalungelo okuvota kuyaqhubeka, ngemithetho ye-ID yovoti, i-fenformance, nokumelelwa kwezindawo ezisemthethweni. Ngokwesikhathi esingokomthetho se-spuffgence, bheka [Fln]

Indlela Inqubo Yokuthutha Igesi Esebenza Ngayo

Nakuba izimiso zokuvota zihluka kwezinye izindawo, okhetho abaningi bentando yeningi balandela izinyathelo ezilandelanayo. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza abavoti ukuba balawule imithwalo yabo yemfanelo futhi baqaphele ukuthi imiphi imigoqo noma ukungavumelani okungase kuvele.

Ukubhalisa ngevoter

Emazweni amaningi, izakhamuzi ezifanele kumelwe zibhalise ngaphambi kokuba zivote. Ukubhalisa kungazenzakalela (njengasemazweni amaningi aseYurophu) noma kudinge ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo (njengasemazwe amaningi ase-U.S.). Izimfuneko ezifile, izimfuneko zokuhlala, nokwazi ukwamukelwa okuvumelekile. Nakuba kunjalo, e-United States, i- i-National Voter Religionation Act ka 1993 [njengobase-Motor Voter] yenza ukubhalisa kube lula ngokuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibhalise lapho zithola ilayiselo lomshayeli. Noma kunjalo, izithi zokubhalisa zihlala zisengumthombo obalulekile wokwahlukana, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthola okuphansi, ukukhokha, nokukhokha abantu basemaphandleni.

Imikhankaso Nokwaziswa Ngezincwadi

Imikhankaso yokukhetha iyisikhathi lapho abavoti, amaqembu, nenzalo befuna ukunxenxa. Inkampane incike ekukhangiseni, izimpikiswano, ukukhangisa, nokukhipha izinombolo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Abaqondisi-zincwadi kumelwe bahlole ngokucophelela imikhankaso yomkhankaso ukuze bahlukanise iqiniso neqiniso. Izifunda eziningi zisakaza futhi iziqondisi ezisemthethweni nabavoti. Izinhlangano ezizimele zokuhlola, njenge FactCC. org, zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole lokho okushiwoyo.

Ukuphonsa Ibhola

Amavoter angaphonsa amavoloti awo ngezindlela eziningana:

  • [ ekuvoteni [ ngosuku lokhetho ezindaweni ezikhethiwe zokuvota.
  • [[UKWENZEKA:0] uvota kwasekuqaleni ezindaweni ezicacisiwe ngaphambi koSuku Lokhetho.
  • Iposi-mail noma ukungabikho kokhetho, oluvumela abavoti ukuba babuyise amabhola ngeposi noma ngebhokisi lehlise. Lendlela iye yakhula kakhulu, ikakhulukazi phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, futhi ilokhu iyindaba yengxoxo elandelanayo ngokuphepha nokungena.
  • [ Imishini yokuvota engekho emthethweni isetshenziswa emagcekeni amaningi, nakuba kukhathazekile ngokusikwa kwemishini kanye nokugcinwa kwezinhlelo zesoftware kuye kwaholela amanye amazwe ukuba abuyele emaphepheni amaphepha.

Ukubala Izinhlamvu Zemali Nezatifiketi

Ngemva kokuhlola kuvala, amabhola aqoqwa futhi abalwe. Ama-procedre afuna ukuthatha isikhathi esihluka-hlukene: amanye ama-octal scanner, amanye amanani ezandla. Izingqapheli zivela emikhankasweni, amaqembu azimele aqaphe inqubo. Imishini, izibalo, izibalo, nezinselele zomthetho zingabambezela ukuvalwa kwemvume. E-United States, imiphumela yokugcina ifakazelwa nguhulumeni namabhodi okukhetha endawo ngaphambi kokuba abavoti bamiswe kukhethwe ngokhetho lukamongameli. Ukukhanya nokunemba kwalendawo kubalulekile ekuthembeni umphakathi.

Izinhlobo Zokukhetha Nezinjongo Zazo

Akuzona zonke izinqumo ezifanayo; izinhlobo ezihlukene zifeza imisebenzi ehlukile esimisweni sentando yeningi. Ngezansi kuyizigaba ezivame kakhulu.

Ukukhetha Okuvamile

Ukhetho oluvamile lunquma ukuthi ubani ozoba nesikhundla somphakathi esizweni, esizweni, noma endaweni. E-U.S., ukhetho lukahulumeni lwenzeka njalo ngonyaka, ngokhetho lukamongameli njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine nokhetho phakathi kwesimiso somkhandlu, njenge-United Kingdom, yenza ukhetho oluvamile lokukhetha amalungu e House of Commons, cishe njalo ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu ngaphandle kokuba kubizwa ukhetho olungahleliwe.

Ukukhetha Kwe - post Ne - Caucus

Lena imincintiswano yangaphakathi yeqembu ukuze kukhethwe umncintiswano wokhetho oluvamile. Izindawo zingavalwa (amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe kuphela) noma zivulwe (noma yimuphi umvoti angase ahlanganyele). I-Caucuse iyimibuthano ehambisanayo lapho abavoti bexoxa khona futhi bevota ngokubonisa izandla noma ngokuzivotela ngasese. Nakuba ama-pricymmee avame kakhulu, ama-caucususe asekhona ezifundazweni ezimbalwa zase-U.S., njenge-Iowa no-Nevada.

Izindlela Zokuthatha Isikole

Ku-astendem, izakhamuzi zivota ngokuqondile ngokulungisa okuqondile okuhlongozwa yisishaya-mthetho. Isinyathelo esithatha isinyathelo yinqubo lapho izakhamuzi zifaka imithetho emisha noma ukusayinwa ngokufaka isicelo, ngemva kwalokho isilinganiso sivela ku-collentator. iSwitzerland edume kakhulu isebenzisa ama-asendrentem njalo, ivumela abavoti ukuba balinganisele yonke into kusukela enkambisweni yezempi kuya ekuthuthweni kwabantu. E-U.S., izifunda eziningi zinezinyathelo zokukhomba ezingokomthetho njengempoqo yokukhokha intela, nokukhishwa kwezisu.

Ukukhetha Kwendawo Nekhethekile

Okhetho bendawo bagcwalisa izikhundla zokhetho ezinjengezimeya, amalungu omkhandlu wedolobha, izikhulu zebhodi lesikole, kanye nezikhulu zesifundazwe. Lokhu kuvota ngokuvamile kunezinhlomo eziphansi kunemincintiswano yezwe, kodwa kuthinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke, kuhlanganise nokuhlala endaweni eyodwa, imfundo yomphakathi, namaphoyisa. Kuhlelwa okhetho olukhethekile ukuze kugcwaliswe izikhala ezibangelwa ukuyeka umsebenzi, ukufa, noma ukususwa komphathi wesisebenzi, noma ukunquma umbuzo ophuthumayo (umz., isibopho sisancence).

Isizathu Sokuba Kuphathwe Izinto

Ukuvota akuyona nje ilungelo; kuwumthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi onemiphumela ejulile emphakathini.

I - metary and theography

Ivoti ngayinye iwuphawu lwentando nezindinganiso zesakhamuzi. Uma amaqembu amakhulu abantu ehlala ekhaya, abakhi bemithetho bangase bangayinaki imfuno yabo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, okhetho oluphambili luveza imiphumela eyengeziwe. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ohulumeni bathambekele ekusabeleni kakhulu ezidingweni zabavoti abahlanganyela njalo, okuyisizathu esenza kube nenselele ukuba ukuvota kwandile.

Ikhasi lokulandisa

Imibono iyindlela eyinhloko izakhamuzi ezijezisa ngayo noma ezivuza ngayo abameleli bazo. Isazi sezombangazwe esihlulekayo ukunikeza izithembiso noma amandla axhashazwayo singavotelwa ngaphandle kwesikhundla. Usongo lokunqotshwa kwevoti lungenza ukusabela nokungakhohlakali kusetshenziswe. Imingcele emisiwe, inkumbulo yokhetho, kanye nomkhankaso wezezimali zithuthukise ukulandisa.

Ukuhlanganyela Kweqembu Nokubambisana Kwezenhlalo

Ukuqamba kuyindlela yokuhlanganyela komphakathi ehlanganisa abantu nomphakathi wabo nombuso. Kukhuthaza umuzwa wokuba abe yilungu nokwenza izinqumo zomphakathi. Ukuthatha iziteshi ngokuvamile kuvumelana nokuthemba kakhulu ezinhlanganweni kanye namazinga aphansi obudlova bezombangazwe. Uma izakhamuzi zizwa izindaba zazo zokuvota, zisengozini enkulu yokuhileleka kwezinye izinhlobo zokuphila komphakathi, njengokunikela, ukuya emahholo edolobha, noma ukusebenzela izikhundla.

Izinselele Zokwakha

Naphezu kokubusa kwayo ngentando yeningi, inqubo yokuvota ibhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu ezingase zinciphise ukuhlanganyela nokuthembana.

Ukucindezelwa Nokudangala Kwezinto Ezingavamile

Ukucindezelwa kwe-Voter kubhekisela emandleleni aklanyelwe ukunciphisa amandla okuvota kwamaqembu athile. Izibonelo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa intela yokuvota, ukuhlola ukufunda nokubhala. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, imithetho ye-ID evimbelayo, ukususwa kwemivoti evotayo, ukucushwa kwezindawo zokuvota, nokugcinwa kwemithetho yokubhalisa okuqinile kuthinta izigidi zezigidi zabantu abambalwa, abaphansi, nabavoti abadala. Ngokwe- Brenan Center for Justice, lezi zinyathelo zingacindezela izigidi zemithetho yokuvota. Felton diffrankrankrunce .[2]

Izithiyo Zokuthola Impumelelo

Imingcele engokomzimba neyokuvota ivimbela izakhamuzi eziningi ezifanelekayo ekuvoteni. Abantu abakhubazekile bangase bathole izindawo zokuvota zingenakufinyelelwa, kuyilapho labo abangenazo izinto zokuhamba noma amahora avumelanayo emsebenzini bezama ukuvota. Imingcele yolimi kanye nokungabi nazinto ezihunyushwayo nakho kulinganisela ukuthatha igalelo. Ukuvota ngeposi kunikeza ikhambi, kodwa kudinga izinkonzo ezithembekile futhi kusengabangela izinselele kulabo abangenalo ikheli elimisiwe noma abantula ithemba ngenqubo.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okungamanga ngabavoti, izinqubo zokuvota, kanye nokwethembeka kokhetho kuye kwafinyelela amazinga ashaqisayo. Amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana angandisa kokubili amaphutha angahlosiwe kanye nemikhankaso yokukhipha ukwaziswa ngamabomu. Abaqondisi bangase badukiswe ngokuhlola izindawo, izikhawu zokubhalisa, noma izimfuneko. Ezimweni ezidlulele, izinkulumo ezingamanga zokukhohlisa ezisakazekile zingaqeda ukuqiniseka esimisweni sokhetho futhi zishukumise izenzo zokusabisa. Ohulumeni nezinhlangano zomphakathi zisebenzela ukulwa nokudunyiswa komphakathi ngokuhlola umphakathi ngemikhankani nangemithwalo yesikhulu.

Ukuhlobisa I - Gerrymandering Nokuhlobisa Isifunda

Ukulawula kuwukusetshenziswa kwemingcele yesifunda esikhethayo ukuze kuzuze iqembu elithile. Ngoku “phonsa” noma “ukuvota” ezifundeni ezithile, abezombangazwe bangakuhlela ngokuphumelelayo ukuphumelela ekunqumeni imiphumela yokhetho. Umkhuba ululaza isimiso sokumelelwa kobulungisa futhi unciphise umncintiswano wokukhetha. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yeSizwe yeSizwe inikeza imithombo yezinguquko ezivuselelayo, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi ezimele esetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo ukunciphisa ubandlululo oluno-Right.

Usongo Lokuphepha

Okhetho banamuhla bancike kakhulu ezisekelweni zemishini, okubenza babe sengozini yokuhlaselwa yizingcingo ze-inthanethi. Ukuphazamisa kwamanye amazwe, ukunqandwa kwemishini yokuvota, nokuhlasela imishini yokuvota kuletha izingozi zangempela. Nakuba okhetho oluningi eUnited States lusebenzisa amavota amaphepha angahlolwa, izifunda eziningi zisasebenzisa imishini yokuvota ngaphandle kwephepha. Ukuqinisa i-inthaneti, ukubheka njalo nokuqondisa abantu kuyingozi ekuvikeleni ubuqotho bokhetho.

Izimiso Zokudlala Nethonya Lazo

Indlela amavoti ahunyushelwa ngayo ezihlalweni inethonya elikhulu emiphumeleni yezombangazwe nasembangweni enamandla. Ukuqonda izimiso ezihlukahlukene zokhetho kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zichaze imiphumela yokukhetha futhi zisekele izinguquko.

U-Past-the Post (Umthetho We-Platural Voting)

Isetshenziswa e-United States, e-United Kingdom, nase-Canada, lesimiso sinikeza umbhalisa isihlalo ngevoti enkulu esifundeni ngasinye, ngisho noma bengamukeli iningi. Kulula kodwa kungaholela ekuvoteleni, “amavoti,” nokuntula ukumelelwa. Ngokuvamile abantu abambalwa bazama ukuwina izihlalo, futhi isimiso sivame ukuveza ukubusa okumbaxambili.

Ukumelelwa KwaleliGama

Ngokwezimiso ezilinganayo, izikhungo zithola izihlalo ngokulingana nengxenye yamavoti eziwatholayo ezweni lonke noma ezifundeni ezinkulu. Amazwe amaningi aseYurophu (umzk., eJalimane, eSweden) asebenzisa lesisimo, esithanda ukuveza izishaya-mthetho eziningi nezindawo zombuso ezihlangene. Izinhlangano ze-Extremmist zingathola indawo elula kakhulu, kodwa isimiso ngokuvamile siqinisekisa ukuthi kumelelwa amaphimbo amadlanzana.

I-Ranked-Choice Voing (I-i-intontoff ye-Instant)

Ukuvota okunezikhundla kuvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe izigaba ngokuthanda. Uma kungekho mvoti ofinyelela iningi, umvoti wokugcina uqedwe, futhi amavoti abo adluliselwa kokunye okulandelayo. Lenqubo iphindelela kuze kuvele umnqobi. Ithathwa emadolobheni anjengeSan Francisco neMinneapolis, futhi ibekwe eMaine nase Alaska, ukuvota okunendawo ehlukile kunqanda ukubhikisha, kunciphisa “imiphumela yepesenti,” futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi umnqobi usekela iningi.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ekukhetheni Kwanamuhla

Ubuchwepheshe buye baguqula cishe zonke izici zokhetho, kusukela ekubhalisweni kovoti kuya ekudluliseleni. Nakuba izinto ezintsha zinikeza inzuzo nempumelelo, ziveza futhi ukuvinjelwa okusha.

Ugesi We - Internet Nomshini Wokusakaza Imishini

Amanye amazwe, njenge-Estonia, aye aqala ukuvota nge-inthanethi, evumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziphonse amavoti kunoma yisiphi isisetshenziswa esixhunywe kuyi-intanethi. Nakuba kungcono, ukuvota kuyi-Internet kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu, kuhlanganise nengozi yokugawulwa kwesilinganiso esikhulu nokuhluleka ukuqinisekisa umvoti oyimfihlo. Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi iye yaqapha ngokuvota nge-inthanethi ngenxa yalesizathu. Ukuvota okusekelwe kuyi-geomethi ephephile, kodwa kuseyinselele izinselele zokuhlola nokungaboni mbumbulu.

Idatabheyzi yezincwadi zevoter

Imishini yokuvota iphinde ibhaliswe futhi inciphise imifantu ephindaphindwayo, kodwa futhi iba izisulu zokuhlaselwa kwe-inthanethi. Ngo-2016, abavoti abathola izinhlelo zokuvota ezindaweni eziningi zase-U.S. Ukuhlola ukuvikelwa kwezindawo zokuphepha ezivamile, isisekelo sokungabikho kolayini kanye nezimiso zokungena eziqinile kubalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe lezi zimiso.

Imininingwane Nemicroba Ehambisana Nezinhlayiya

Imikhankaso isebenzisa ukwaziswa okungatholakali kweminye imidanti ukuze kubonwe abasekeli abangase batholwe kanye nezigijimi ezivumelana nezibalo ezithile. Nakuba lokhu kungathuthukisa ukuphumelela, futhi kuphakamisa izinkathazo zomuntu siqu futhi kungasetshenziswa ekusakazeni izinto ezihlukanisayo noma ezidukisayo. I-Cambridge Analytica yaqokomisa ukuthi ukwaziswa okuvuniwe ngokungafanele kungasetshenziswa kanjani ekuthonyeni ukuziphatha kwabavoti. Ukukhangisa kwezokukhangisa kwezombangazwe kuseyindawo encintisanayo.

Isiphetho: Ikusasa Lokukhetha Kwentando Yeningi

Ukuqamba nokhetho yizinhlangano ezinamandla okumelwe zivumelane nokushintsha kwezenhlalo, ezobuchwepheshe, nezezombangazwe. Izimiso eziyisisekelo . `zokuthi sonke isakhamuzi esifanelekayo kufanele sibe nethuba elibalulekile lokuphonsa i-collat futhi labo bavoti kufanele babalwe ngokunembile − zihlala zibalulekile njengakuqala. Izakhamuzi zinganikela ekuqiniseni idemokrasi ngokuhlala zinolwazi, ngokubhalisa, ngokuhlanganyela kunoma iluphi ukhetho, nangokusekela izinguquko ezisusa imingcele nokuvikela ubuqotho. Ezweni lapho abantu abaningi besalwela ilungelo lokuvota, ukusebenzisa lokho kunelungelo nesibopho. Impilo yentando yeningi ixhomeke ekusekeleni izikhali ngokuhlala zinolwazi, ngokuvota, ngokuzi, nangokuhlanganyela ngesibindi ekuhlanganyeleni ekukhetheni inguquko evimbela ubuqotho.