Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Senkululeko Yombango

I-United States Constitution, ikakhulukazi ngeSiphakamiso samalungelo abantu neSichibiyelo seshumi nane, imisa uhlelo lwenkululeko yomphakathi. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yezindaba, yesifunda, yesifunda, yesikhankatho. Isichibiyeli sesine sivimbela ukuphenywa okungacabangeli nokuqubuka, kuyilapho iSichibiyelo sesihlanu siqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile nesivikelo ekuzibekeleni imingcele yezentengiselwano. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sinyusela lesivikelo kuhulumeni ngemfundiso yokuthatha isikhundla, siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mbuso ongaphazamisa noma yimuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma inqubo engafanele yomthetho.

Inkululeko yomphakathi ihlukile kumalungelo omphakathi: inkululeko ivikelekile ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni, kuyilapho amalungelo ngokuvamile edinga ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni sokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulingana. Zombili lezizigaba ziye zavela ngencazelo yokwahlulela, imithetho, nangezinhlangano zezenhlalo. Ukuqonda lesi sisekelo kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi kungani amacala ashiwo ngezansi enesisindo esinjalo emthethweni waseMelika.

Izenzakalo Eziwuphawu Ezathonya Inkululeko YaseMelika Engomphakathi

Izenzakalo ezilandelayo zimelela izikhathi ezibucayi lapho kuqhubeka kusungulwa umthetho wenkululeko yomphakathi.

Schenck v. waseUnited States (1919)

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, uCharles Schenkck wasakaza amapheshana akhuthaza ukumelana nomthetho wezempi, aholela ekumangalweni ngaphansi koMthetho we-Espionage wango1917. INkantolo Ephakeme, ivumelana nombono kaMahluleli u-Over Wendell Holmes Jr., yasekela ukuqiniseka futhi yasungula isiqinisekiso "ingozi ekhona". Holmes wachaza ukuthi inkulumo ingavinjelwa uma isongela ukulondeka kwesizwe noma ukuhleleka komphakathi, ingazange iphawule ukuthi ukumemeza ngokungeyiphutha kwe "mlilo" enkundla yemidlalo egcwele abantu ayivikelwe. Lelicala lihlala liyitshe letshe lesandla lokuqonda imingcele yenkulumo ekhululekile phakathi nezikhathi zenhlekelele yesizwe. Izenzakalo ezinjengale h649. [1969], zicwe zifuna ukuvikelwa ngokuseduze kwendlela yokuvikelwa kwemithetho, kodwa uScheck umthetho wokuqala alisunguli.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Mhlawumbe icala elidume kakhulu lamalungelo omphakathi emlandweni waseMelika, Brown v. Board of Education yaqeda ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi. INkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngokuthi izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukene azilingani ngokwemvelo, iphula iSivikelo sika-Elinganayo sika-Claus weSiphetho se-144thth Refecment. Lesi sinqumo sayilahla i-"sihlukene kodwa silingana" imfundiso eyasungulwa ePlessy v. Ferguson (1996). I-Proguearl Warrenton yabhala ukuthi ukuncitshiswa kwezekelelo kuveza umuzwa wokuthi "ukulahlekelwa idolo lokufunda umntwana." Isinqumo se-katilyz sawayisusa amalungelo ezakhamuzi futhi sahlukanisa indlela yokususa ezinye iziqinisekiso zomthetho womthetho wezekelo zomphakathi. Isinqumo esifuze salandelana nesesikoleni, ukusekela isikole semfundo yezemfundo.

Miranda v. e - Arizona (1966)

Ernesto Miranda waboshwa ngenxa yokuthumba nokudlwengula, futhi ngemva kwamahora amabili ephenywa, wasayina ukuvuma ngaphandle kokutshelwa ngelungelo lakhe lokuthula. INkantolo Ephakeme, esinqumweni esingu-54, yanquma ukuthi ukuphenywa kwelungelo lokunakekela idinga ukuqashelwa komthetho ukuze kwazise abasola amalungelo abo eSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngokumelene nokuzijezisa nokuncintisana kwenkululeko yabo kanye neSimemezelo sawo seSithandathu kunommeli. Lendaba ihlaziyile iMirnar Miranda futhi igcizelela isimiso sokuvikela amalungelo obugebengu ngisho nangelungelo lokungakhululeki lapho kusetshenziswa noma yini enkantolo, ilunga kummeli, futhi ilungiselelo lommeli uma esolwayo ingenakukwazi ukukhokhela noma isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphi isigwebo. Lesimiso sokulungisa izimiso zamaphoyisa nesimiso sobulungisa kumelwe sivikelwa ngisho nalapho kuvikelwa ngisho nemithetho yomthetho.

URade (1973)

Lelicala laqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokuvikela imfihlo ehlanganisa isinqumo sowesifazane sokuqeda ukukhulelwa. INkantolo Ephakeme, esinqumweni esingu-7-2, yathi i-Unit Procession Claus yeSichibiyelo se 14neth ivikela ukukhethwa kowesifazane, nakuba ilungelo lingaphelele futhi kumelwe lilinganiswe ngokumelene nezithakazelo zikahulumeni empilweni kamama nasebusweni bokuphila. Umbono kaJaji uHarry Blackmun wamisa uhlelo olungcono kakhulu: phakathi nenkathi yokuqala ye-Cestenate, awenakuvimbela ukukhishwa kwesisu; phakathi nolwesibili, bangalawula ukuvikela impilo kamama; futhi phakathi nesesithathu, bangavimbela noma ukukhishwa kwezisu ukuze bavikele i-Parenvie. Ngokushosho okusemthethweni, u-Rode wamisa esinye sezinquluko eziphikiswa kakhulu emlandweni, ukuphazamisa amashumi eminyaka empikiswa kwezempi yezombangazwe. Inhlangano yezeMpi yeze-Dobberbertion yayijikishine.

United States v. Nixon (1974)

Phakathi nehlazo laseWatergate, uMongameli uRichard Nixon waqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvimba amakhasethi kanye namaphepha abhalwe umshushisi okhethekile uLeon Jaworski. INkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngazwi linye ngokuthi uMongameli kumelwe avumelane ne-subpoena, enqaba iziphakamiso zelungelo eliphelele lokubusa. UMahluleli omkhulu uWarren Burger wabhala ukuthi imfundiso yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso noma isidingo sokufihla imfihlo akunakuthethelelwa ilungelo elingafanele lomongameli ngokuhlola ikomiti. Lesinqumo saphoqelela uNixon ukuba akhulule amakhasethi, awembule ukuhileleka kwakhe ekufumbeleni kwese. Icala laveza ukuthi umongameli uBushineli akakho ngaphezu komthetho nalelo gunyazo, nakuba kufanelekile, kumelwe anikeze imfuneko yesimiso sokwahlulela somthetho. i-United Statesv.

UGideon (1963)

UClarence Gideon wabekwa icala lokugqekeza igumbi lokulala eFlorida. Engenalungelo lokuthola ummeli, wacela ukuba inkantolo imenzele elinye, kodwa umthetho kahulumeni wamane wanikeza iseluleko emacaleni abulalayo. UGideyoni wazimela futhi waboshwa. INkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngazwi linye yasilahla isiqinisekiso, iphethe ukuthi ilungelo leSimemezelo seSithathu somthetho liyilungelo elibalulekile elisebenza ezindaweni eziseSiphendulweni Sezine. UJajikisha Blabhulabhuli wabhala ukuthi "amthetho ezinkantolo zobugebengu yisidingo, hhayi izimpahla eziphambili." uGideyoni wafuna ukuba kunikezwe abameli abamangalelwa kuzo zonke izigwebo zecala, kamuva linyuselwe ekubeni likwazi ukuvalelwa ngecala elifaneleyo eArgerser v. Hamlin.

Des Moines Independent School District (1969)

NgoDecember 1965, abafundi abathathu, uJohn Tinker, uMary Eckhardt, noChristopher Eckhardt bafunda esikoleni beboshelwe iMpi yaseVietnam. Izikhulu zesikole zabaphakamisile, zaveza ukuphazamiseka. INkantolo Ephakeme, esinqumweni esingu-7-2, yanquma ukuthi abafundi ‘ abawachithi amalungelo abo asemthethweni enkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokukhuluma esangoni lesikole. INkantolo yabambelela ukuthi ingalo yayiyisimo senkulumo engokomfanekiso evikelwe yiSiphendulo Sokuqala, futhi izikhulu zesikole azinakulinganiselangasiciphi isikhala ngaphandle kokuba ziphazamise imisebenzi yesikole. ITankerker yasungula ukuthi umfundi ujabulela isivikelo esingoko somthetho, nakuba kamuva kunezimo ezinjengeSikole sesikole saseHaulwood. Kuithme (1988) noMorse (200) zinezingagwegwegwegwegwegwegwe yizi.

Umphumela Obanzi Walamacala Kumphakathi WaseMelika

Umphumela ogcwele walemithetho ephawulekayo udlulela ngalé kwamaqiniso akhethekile endabeni ngayinye. Baye bahlela ukuma kwemithetho engokomthetho ezindaweni eziningi ezibucayi. Okokuqala, baye basungula izivikelo ezingokwesiko ezivikela abantu phakathi komthetho olandelwayo, kusukela ekuxwayisweni kweMiranda ukuya elungelweni lokululeka. Okwesibili, baye bacacisa imingcele yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, bevumela impikiswano eqinile kuyilapho beqaphela imingcele engokomthetho esekelwe ekulondekeni kwesizwe nasekuhlelekeni komphakathi. Okwesithathu, baye bathuthukisa ukulingana ngokohlanga ngokulahla isivikelo esilinganayo futhi baqinisekisa isibopho somthetho-mgaqo womthetho sokuvikela amalungelo alingana ngaphansi komthetho. Okwesine, baye bachaza izinga lamalungelo emfihlolo, ikakhulukazi ekwenzeni izinqumo zokuzala, ngisho nanjengoba lawo malungelo ayaqhubeka ekwazi ukusungula. Ngo-15, baye baqinisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kwezimiso zezeluleko nokuqondisa kwezikhulu.

Lamacala abonisa futhi indlela enamandla yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo. Imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme iye yashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ekusabeleni ekushintsheni kwezenhlalo, ulwazi olungokomthetho, nakwezinguquko zefilosofi yokwahlulela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlolwa "kanokuqondisisa nengozi yamanje" eSchenc kamuva kwathathelwa indawo yindinganiso "yokungabi namthetho" eBrandenburg v. Ohio, ebonisa indlela yokuvikela ngokwengeziwe yokukhuluma. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlelwa kwendlela engcono kakhulu eRoe kwagxekwa ngenxa yokuqina kwayo, okwaholela ekuzingeni esilinganisweni sokulunga ePlanned Parenvation v. Casey (e) nasekuguquleni ekugcineni eDobbs. Le nkolelo-mhindu ibonisa ukuthi inkululeko yomphakathi ayicacile; iphinde ibekwe ngokucandayo, umthetho, umthetho, nenkulumo-mphakathi.

Ukuziphendukela Okuqhubekayo Kwenkululeko Yombango

Izimpikiswano zenkululeko yomphakathi ngokuvamile zigxile ebuchwepheshini obuvelayo, ekulondekeni kwesizwe, nasebuthweni lezokuxhumana. Izimpikiswano ezinjengobuqapheli bukahulumeni ngaphansi koMthetho wePatriot, ukuvulwa kwemibhalo eyimfihlo namalungelo eyimfihlo, nomthetho we-website yenkulumo kuveza izinselele ezintsha ezingase zidinge ukucaciswa komthetho. Icala elinjengoCarpententer v. United States (208), elithi uhulumeni udinga imvume yokuthola ukwaziswa kocingo, libonisa indlela izinkantolo ezivumelanisa ngayo izimiso zeSine Sezinqumo nezokuzinzekantu zobuchwepheshe. Ngokufanayo, izimpikiswano ngokumelene nenzondo, ukuxoxilonga impucuko, nokulinganisela kokwaziswa kuphakamisa imibuzo ngemikhawulo yenkululeko yocingo enkathi ye-Interne.

Ukuthatha i-inmigration, amalungelo okuvota, kanye ne-LGBTQ + ukulingana kuhlala kunezici ezisebenzayo ezibekwa imvume yenkululeko yomphakathi. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme e-Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) saqaphela umshado owengeziwe we-soxxted njengelungelo lomthetho-mfashini, kuyilapho iBostock v. Clayton County 2020) yandisa isivikelo somsebenzi sokucwasa i-LGBTQ+ izisebenzi. Ukubheka amalungelo afana ne-Shelby County v. Raker (203) ne-Der National Committeement (2021) ngokuphawulekayo i-democractic Comment e-Frogist. Lezi zenzakalo ziqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokuhlola nokuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi iyaqhubeka, ngesizukulwane ngasinye sibhekenemibuzo ehlukene ngenkululeko yomphakathi ngamunye kanye nenkululeko yombuso wombuso wombuso wombuso wombuso.

Ukufundisa Inkululeko Yangaphakathi Ekilasini

Kubafundisi, ukufundisa inkululeko yomphakathi kudinga indlela elinganiselayo egcizelela kokubili umongo ongokomlando nokubaluleka kwalezizindaba. Ukufundisa okuphumelelayo kusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukuthi amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo awayona imicabango ecatshangelwayo kodwa ayizinto ezingokoqobo ezithonya ukuphila kwansuku zonke.

Okokuqala, faka izikhankaso ezifingqiwe zecala nemithombo eyinhloko, njengemibono yenkantolo kanye nezimpikiswano zomlomo, ukuze usize abafundi bahlaziye ukucabanga okungokomthetho. i-Oyez Project inikeza ukuqopha okufingqiwe okusheshayo nokushwampuluzwayo kwezezindaba zeNkantolo Ephakeme. Okwesibili, sebenzisa izimo ezicatshangelwayo nezindlela zenkantolo zokuqondisa ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuba basebenzise izimiso ezingokomthetho ezimweni ezintsha. Isibonelo, abafundi bangaphikisana ngokuthi isikole singajezisa umfundi ngezindawo zezenhlalakahle zezenhlalakahle, ukudwebela imicimbi yezezindaba eziwe-Tinker nakamuva. Okwesithathu, xhuma izinqumo ezingoko zezenzakalo zamanje. Ukuxoxa ngendlela i-Carpententergeev v. IUnited States isebenza ngayo ekusebenziseni imithetho yomphakathi noma ukukhipha izisulelo. Okwesine, ukuhlola kwezezombangazwe nemiphumela yezezombangazwe, kuveza izivumelwano zezentembe, izinhlangano zomphakathi, izikhulu zezententente, izikhulu, izikhulu, izikhulu zezentente

I- Cornell Legin Information Institute inikeza umtapo wezincwadi ogcwele wemibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme nemithombo yomthetho-sisekelo elungele ukusetshenziswa ekilasini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-jaji lezemfundo kahulumeni inikeza amapulani esifundo namathuluzi okufundisa ngezinkantolo. Le mitapo ingasiza abafundisi ukuba bakhe izifundo eziqinile nezifinyelelekayo.

Okokugcina, khuthaza abafundi ukuba bahlanganyele engxoxweni ehloniphekile mayelana nokuhweba okuzuzwe ngenkululeko yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukungezwani phakathi kokulondeka kwesizwe nenkululeko yokukhuluma, noma phakathi kokuphepha komphakathi kanye nokuzimela komuntu siqu, kumelana nezimpendulo ezilula. Ngokulwa nalezi zinkimbinkimbinkimbi, abafundi bahlakulela amakhono okuhlupha nokuqonda ngokujulile ngenqubo yentando yeningi. Ukuqonda izindaba eziyinhloko eziye zabumba umthetho waseMelika akuwona nje umsebenzi wemfundo wemfundo kuphela.

Isiphetho

Izehlulelo zeNkantolo evelele ezihlolwa kulesi sihloko zimelela izenzakalo ezibucayi ohambweni oluqhubekayo lokuchaza nokuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi eUnited States. Kusukela kuScheck''''''''''''''''ingozi ekhona" ekuqinisekiseni isiqinisekiso sikaGideon seseluleko, kusukela ekunqabeni kukaBrown ukubekwa kwenkululeko yenkulumo yabafundi, isinqumo ngasinye siye sanikela ekwakheni inkululeko engokomthetho elingana negunya likahulumeni. Lezi zisikhumbuza ukuthi amalungelo omthetho-mthetho-mfa edinga isivikelo nencazelo esebenzayo. Njengoba izinselele ezintsha zivela ekushintsheni kwezenzweni kwezesayensi yezenhlalo, nokushintsha kwezingalo zezombangazwe, izimiso ezisungulwe kulemithetho ziyo ziyaqhubeka ziqondisa izinkantolo, izigebetho, izigebengu-mthetho, kanye nezakhamuzi. Kubafundi nabafundi ngokufanayo, lezi zihlola lezi zimo azikho nje ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho nezimiso zokubusayo.

Ngokufunda esikhathini esidlule, sizihlomisela ukusingatha imibuzo yenkululeko yomphakathi yesikhathi esizayo, siqiniseka ukuthi isithembiso soMthetho - sisekelo sihlala siyinto engokoqobo kubo bonke.