Ukulandisa kuhulumeni kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo esiqinisekisa izikhulu zomphakathi ukuba zinikezwe icala ngezenzo zazo, izinqumo, nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yomphakathi. Yingcina efaka ukubusa kwentando yeningi, ilondoloza ukuthembana phakathi kwezakhamuzi nabaholi bazo kuyilapho ivimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla. Ngaphandle kwezimiso eziqinile zokulandisa, ngisho nezizathu eziqinile zohulumeni ezichayeke engozini ekonakalani, ukuhluleka, nokulawula. Lesi sihloko sihlola umqondo wokulandisa kukahulumeni ngokujule, sihlola izindlela eziyinhloko ezivimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, izinselele ezibhekene nazo, isayensi yezwe yangempela, nokuvela kwezenzo ezizothinta ikusasa lokubusa okuzoba nesibopho sokubusa.

Kuyini Ukulandisa Kukahulumeni?

Kulokhu kulandisa okulula, okuwukulandisa kuhulumeni kusho ukuthi izikhulu zomphakathi zibophekile ukuchaza izinqumo zazo, zithethelele izenzo zazo, futhi zamukele imiphumela yezehluleko noma ukuziphatha okubi. Lesibopho sihamba ngezindlela ezimbili: ukulandisa okuphezulu emagunyeni aphakeme noma umthetho, futhi ukulandisa okuphansi emphakathini eziwukhonzayo. Ukulandisa akusona isenzo esisodwa kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo ehilela ukuba sobala, ukuqondisa, nokuqinisa.

Lomqondo usekelwe ezinsikeni eziningi. Okokuqala, ukuphenduleka . Isibopho sezikhulu ukutshela nokuchaza izenzo zazo ezindikimbeni zokwengamela noma emphakathini. Okwesibili, impoqo[[[FLT:]]] [ikhono lokuphoqa ukujezisa ukwenza okubi], kungaba ngesijeziso esingokomthetho, ukususwa kwesikhundla, noma ukulahlwa komphakathi. Izenzo zesithathu, [[FLT]] ] ukulindela ukuthi izikhulu zizolungisa ukuziphatha okusekelwe ekuqondiseni nasekuhloleni., zonke lezi zikhandleka isimiso lapho amandla encishiniwe futhi umphakathi ekhona.

Ukulandisa kuvame ukuhlukaniswa kube ukuphakama kanye nobubanzi. Ukulandisa okuqondile kubhekisela ezakhamuzini ezibeke abaholi bazo abalandisa ngokhetho, ngemithombo yezindaba, nangomphakathi. Ukulandisa okuthe xaxa kuhilela izinhlangano ezingokomthetho //izikhokhiso, izishaya-mthetho, izinhlangano zokubala-zincwadi .] Zombili zidingekile embusweni yentando yeningi.

Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nezindaba Zokulandisa: Amahlelo Entando Yeningi

Ukulandisa akuyona nje inhloso yombuso; kuthinta ukuphila kwabantu ngokuqondile. Uma ukulandisa kubuthakathaka, ohulumeni bangampompa izimali zomphakathi, bacindezele ukungavumelani, noma bahluleke ukunikeza izinkonzo eziyisisekelo njengokunakekela impilo nemfundo.

  • Ukususwa kwenkohlakalo: Inkohlakalo engokomthetho ibiza umnotho wembulunga yonke olinganiselwa ku-R2,6 yizigidi zezigidi ngonyaka, ngokwe-International Monetary Fund[. Izimiso zokulandisa . Izimiso zezimiso zokwenza imbubhiso yezezimali kanye nezindikimba ezizimele ezimelene nenkohlakalo. /I-application]
  • Imisebenzi kahulumeni evulekile ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi izinqumo zenziwe kanjani futhi zabelwe kanjani imithombo. Ukubona bhabha kuyimfuneko ekuthatheni izikhulu i-akhawunti.
  • [ Ukwakha ukuthenjelwa komphakathi: Ukwethemba uhulumeni kusezingeni eziphansi kakhulu ezingokomlando ezizweni eziningi. Lapho izakhamuzi zibona ukuthi abenzi bobubi bayajeziswa futhi izinqumo zichazwa, ukuqiniseka kuyaphinda kubuye kwakhiwe.
  • [ Izakhamuzi ezithatha iqhaza: Ohulumeni abanecala bathambekele kakhulu ekuthintaneni nabantu babo, ukumema ukuzwana, futhi bahlanganise amaqembu ahluliwe. Lokhu kudala umjikelezo omuhle wokuthembisana nokusemthethweni.

Imishini Ebalulekile Yokulandisa: Izimiso zangaphakathi nezangaphandle

Ohulumeni basebenzisa ingxubevange yezinqubo zangaphakathi nezingaphandle ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi bazolandisa. Izimiso zangaphakathi zisebenza ngaphakathi kwemishini kahulumeni, kuyilapho izinqubo zangaphandle zixhomeke kubadlali abangaphandle kukahulumeni(((izimboni), i-jaji, imithombo yezindaba, kanye nomphakathi womphakathi. Kokubili kubalulekile futhi kuqinisekisiwe.

Imishini Yangaphakathi: Ihlola Uhulumeni

Izimiso zokulandisa zangaphakathi zakhelwe ekwakhekeni kukahulumeni. Zihlanganisa izikhungo ezingokomthetho, ezingokwezinhlangano, nezingokwemikhakha eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma yiliphi igatsha elilodwa noma isikhulu ukuba siqoqe amandla angavinjelwe.

  • Uphawu noMaphakathi: Ezimisweni eziningi zentando yeningi, isikhulu, i-propatission, namagatsha okwahlulela anemibuso ehlukene futhi angalawulana. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli angawukhipha umthetho, kodwa isishayamthetho angawuqeda lowoveto; izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho engahleliwe; futhi izishaya-mthetho-mthetho zingavimbela izikhulu ezibusayo. Lokhu kwahlukana kuvimbela ukubusa kwanoma yiliphi igatsha elilodwa.
  • Imikhankaso yokuhlola nokuhlola: Amahhovisi ezwe okuhlola, njengeHhovisi lobukhazikhazi likahulumeni wase-U.S. (GAO) noma i-Indiya Comptroller and General (CAG), ngokuzimele ihlola impumelelo nokusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni. Imibiko yabo ivame ukubangela ukuqulwa kwemithetho noma ukuphenywa kobugebengu.
  • I-Internal Oversight Bodies: Ohulumeni abaningi baye banikezela amayunithi okuhlola angaphakathi ``izaziso zezimiso'', amakomiti ezimiso,'okanye amanxusa amelene nenkohlakalo ) ahlola ukuziphatha okubi phakathi kwezinhlangano. Ngokwesibonelo, iHhovisi Lezeluleko Ezikhethekile livikela abafuyi bempempe futhi lihlole imikhuba yezisebenzi enqatshelwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Amahhovisi ombuds: Umhloli we-ombudsman usebenza njengomphenyi ozimele, ongakhethi wezakhamuzi ezikhononda ngezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ukuvela eSweden, indima iye yamukelwa amazwe angaphezu kuka-140 futhi ibhekwa kabanzi njengethuluzi lokulandisa eliphumelelayo.

Imishini Yangaphandle: Indima Yomphakathi Wasebuthweni Lezakhamuzi, EzobuMede, Nezinkantolo

Izindlela zokulandisa zangaphandle zinikeza ukuqondisa okubalulekile okungenakufinyelelwa ngaphakathi, okusebenza njengamehlo nezindlebe zomphakathi, kuphoqelela ukuba isenzo sikahulumeni sihlangabezane nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho nezingokokuziphatha.

  • Jodicial Review:[ Izinkantolo zingalahla izenzo zezikhulu noma zemithetho ephula umthetho womthetho-mthetho. Izinqumo zeLandmark, njengesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo, iphoqelele ohulumeni ukulungisa ukungalungi kwezimiso zezwe. Ukukhululeka kwezomthetho kuyagxeka kulomsebenzi.
  • IMedia ne Investigative Journalism: Umshini wamahhala ubizwa kaningi ngokuthi “isiqeshana sesine” ngenxa yendima yaso yokugada inja. Izintatheli ezingenisa imali ziye zadalula amahlazo amakhulu okonakala . Ukusuka eWatergate ukuya ePanama Panama Papers `oke yahlala ifihliwe. Nokho, cindezela inkululeko ingaphansi kosongo emazweni amaningi; Abahoxisi abangenayo imidaba ye-Press Publis Free Index Index[]
  • Izinhlangano zeNhlangano (CSOS): Inzuzo enjenge Transparency International, Human Rights Watch, kanye nezindawo zobushiqela zihlola ukusebenza kukahulumeni, ukulwela izinguquko, nezakhamuzi ezifundisayo. Zinikeza usizo olungokomthetho ezisulwini zokuxhashazwa nguhulumeni.
  • I-Akhawuntial Living: njalo, ngesihle, nangobulungisa okhethweni bavumela abavoti ukuba bajezise noma bavuze abamele. Nakuba abakhethi bengaphelele, abangase bantule ulwazi noma izimiso ezisetshenziswayo zobuso.]
  • [ Isivikelo sobuphekula: Imithetho evikela izisebenzi zikahulumeni ezibika ububi ikhuthaza ukulandisa ngaphakathi. Izivikelo eziqinile, njengalezo ezise-Whistleer Protect ye-Whistleer Protection, ibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni isiko lobuqotho.

Izinselele Ezinkulu Ekulandiseni Kukahulumeni

Naphezu kwezinqubo eziningi, ukulandisa ngokuvamile akusebenzi.

  • [[I-FLT:0] Iphepha le-Transparency and Shiddem:[ Ohulumeni bangahlela ulwazi ngokungadingekile, baqhube imihlangano evalekile, noma bephuze ukusabela ezicelweni zenkululeko yokuchaza. Isithukuthezi sivikela ukuziphatha okubi emphakathini.
  • Izikhulu zingabhekana nokucindezela okungathiwa yiProthetic Pressure and Captution: kokucindezela okuvela kubaholi beqembu, izithakazelo zenkampani, noma abantu abanamandla ukuba bashalazele ububi. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, abadlali abahlolwa ukuba bathathe izindikimba ngokwazo.
  • Izinhlangano zeWeak Institutions ne Resources:[ amahhovisi okuhlola, izifemu, nezinhlangano ezimelene nokonakala zivame ukuncitshiswa, ukuncishiswa, noma ukuphazanyiswa kwezombangazwe. Ngaphandle kwemithombo eyanele, azikwazi ukwenza uphenyo olucophelelayo.
  • Izenzo zikahulumeni zivame ukufihlwa phakathi kwezingqimba ze-tepe ebomvu. Ngisho nezintatheli ezizimisele noma izakhamuzi zingazama ukuthola izinqumo noma ukuveza izikhulu eziphethe.
  • Digital ne-Cybersecurity Usongelo: Njengoba ohulumeni bethembela kakhulu ezimisweni zemishini, ingozi yokushwabana, ukuvuza kokwaziswa, nokukhuphuka kokwaziswa. Ukuhlasela kweCyber kungasusa ubufakazi bokuziphatha okubi noma ukulawula imibhalo yomphakathi.
  • ICultal and Social Barriers:[ Emiphakathini enezinhlanganisela eziqinile zosizo noma isithembiso somphakathi esiphansi, izakhamuzi zinganqikaza ukukhononda noma ukuntula ulwazi ngamalungelo azo.

Ukuhlola Icala: Ukulandisa Kuyasebenza

Ukuhlola izibonelo zezwe langempela kwembula indlela ukusebenza kwemisebenzi elandisayo, noma ukuhluleka ukukwenza.

Ukutadisha Indaba 1: I - ombudsman eSweden

I-Sweden yamisa i-ambudsman yokuqala yomhlaba ngo-1809. Ihhovisi lihlola izikhalo zezakhamuzi ngezinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi lingazisungulela ngokwalo. Iye yaba isibonelo samazwe angaphezu kuka- 140. Izici eziyinhloko zempumelelo zihlanganisa ukuzimela kumphathi, ukuveza okutholakele, kanye nomthetho wokutusa ukuthatha isinyathelo sokujezisa noma ukuquliswa. I-Ombudsman yase-Sweden isingatha izinkulungwane zamacala minyaka yonke, ixazulula ngokutusa okuningi okulula, okugwema ukukhomba okubizayo.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala 2: Inkululeko Yokwaziswa E - United Kingdom

I-Freedom of Information Act ka-UK inikeza izakhamuzi ilungelo lokucela ukwaziswa okubhaliwe kuziphathimandla zomphakathi. Iye yasetshenziselwa ukuthola amahlazo asukela ohlwini lwe-NHS lokulinda kuya ekusebenziseni izindleko ezifihliwe zezivumelwano zikahulumeni. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwemvume kuye kwabhekana nezithiyo: ezinye iziphathimandla ziye zazindela kakhulu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukukhulula kwe- “imfihlo yezezimali” kuyasetshenziswa ngokweqile. Ihhovisi lokwaziswa elizimele le-Ofestriclate liqondisa ukuthobela futhi lingakhipha izaziso. Umthetho usuke usiba ithuluzi elinamandla ku-mimendezi ne-mibhishobhini.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala 3: Umvikeli Womphakathi WaseNingizimu Afrika

Isahluko esiyisishiyagalolunye se-Ningizimu Afrika sihlanganisa izinhlangano zoMvikeli womphakathi ohlola ukuziphatha okubi ezindabeni zikahulumeni. Ngo-2016, umbiko ka-Prefel Protection on “Isiko” wembula ukonakala okusakazekile okuhilela uMongameli uJacob Zuma nomndeni wakwaGupta. Nakuba umbiko wabhekana nempicabadala yezombangazwe nezinselele ezingokomthetho, wabangela ukuba kube nemibuzo engokomthetho futhi ekugcineni waba neqhaza ekuyekeni kukaZuma ngo-2018. Indaba ibonisa indlela ngisho nehhovisi elilodwa elingaba nesibopho sokulandisa, kodwa futhi ukugxazulula kwezombangazwe okunganciphisa ngayo ithonya lalo.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezimo 4: Ukusetshenziswa Kwemali Kwendawo EBrazil

Edolobheni lasePorto Alegre, kusukela ngo-1989, isimiso sokuhlela imali yokuhlukanisa savumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinqume ngokuqondile ukuthi ziyoyihlela kanjani ingxenye yemali kamasipala. Lenqubo yokulandisa incishisiwe inciphisile inkohlakalo, ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo okuthuthukisiwe, nokuthembana okwengeziwe. Nokho, lapho inqubo entsha ithatha indawo, lenqubo yancitshiswa, ibonisa ukuthi ukulandisa kudinga ukugcinwa kwentando yezombangazwe.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuqinisa Ukulandisa

Isebenzisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwembulunga yonke, kuye kwavela imikhuba eminingana emihle kakhulu kohulumeni nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezifuna ukusekela ukulandisa.

  • Imisebenzi yasemthethweni evunyelanisiwe: imithetho yokuvikela yekhwelo ebanzi, ukwandisa inkululeko yolwazi, nokuqinisekisa ukuzimela kokwahlulela kuvikelwe ngokomthetho-mthetho.
  • Foster a Culture of Transparency: inyathelisa ngokunenzuzo imininingwane kahulumeni emayelana nohlelo lokuhlela, izivumelwano, nemisebenzi. Sebenzisa ama-metary avulekile nezifushaniso zolimi olucacile ukuze ulwazi lutholakale.
  • Izakhamuzi ezikwaziyo ukuthatha indawo ephezulu eGawulayo: zimisa iziteshi ezingokomthetho zokuhlanganyela komphakathi, njengesakhamuzi samabhodi aqondisayo, amahholo edolobha, namapulatifomu abonisa ukukhishwa kwemisebe. Izimiso ziyanda ukuthengwa nokungamele.
  • [ Imfundo eCapa kanye nokuqeqesha: qeqeshela izisebenzi zomphakathi ukuphatha, izindikimba zokwengamela ukuqoqwa kwezimali ngokwaneleyo, futhi uqinisekise ababali nabacwaningi ngamathuluzi anamuhla.
  • ivikela i-Media ye- Independent ne-Civil Society:[ izivikelo ezingokomthetho zezintatheli, ukusekela ngokulondekile kwezezimali zezenkonzo yomphakathi, kanye nengxenye engazuzisi efuna inzuzo yonke ibalulekile ekuqondiseni ngaphandle. Ohulumeni kufanele bamelane nokunciphisa indawo yomphakathi.
  • [ Ubuchwepheshe be-Leverage bungalawuleki: Sebenzisa iziteshi ezilondekile zemishini ekubikeni ukuziphatha okubi, iziqobo zokugcina amarekhodi abonisayo, kanye nokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela ukuze kutholwe izindleko zikahulumeni.

Ikusasa Lokulandisa Kukahulumeni: Ubuchwepheshe, Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke, Nezindawo Ezintsha Zokuhwebelana

Njengoba umhlaba ushintsha, izinqubo zokulandisa kumelwe zivele. Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuluzi amasha anamandla kodwa futhi budala izingozi ezintsha. Ukwanda kukahulumeni, ukwaziswa okukhulu, nokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela kulungisa indlela ohulumeni abasebenza ngayo nokuthi bangabekwa kanjani icala.

Amathuba: Ukubona Izindawo Ngobuchwepheshe Nezakhamuzi

Izindlela zokuvula ukwaziswa, njenge I-budmini yombuso evulekile , iye yasakazeka embulungeni yonke. Ohulumeni manje basakaza ukwaziswa kwangempela kwezemali, ukuqoqwa, namavoti emithetho. Lokhu kubonakala ngengozi kwenza izakhamuzi, izintatheli, namaqembu enjabu ekwazi ukubona ukungalingani. Amapulatifomu abika ngokushesha, njengewebhusayithi yaseNdiya i-Paid yokufumba, yenza ukuba kungabiki ukukhohlakala okuncane. Izinhlelo ze-mijahosholo zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zithathe izinhlelo zomphakathi noma izinkonzo zezemali zikahulumeni.

Ubuchwepheshe be-blockchain bunikeza amarekhodi okungangeni ngendawo ebhaliwe, izimiso zokuvota, kanye nentengiselwano yezimali. Isibonelo se-e-e-overnance, nesimiso sayo sokwaziswa sobuchwepheshe, kuyiphayona ekuhlanganiseni ukukhanya nendawo eyimfihlo. inyathelo lokuqala le-Estonia [ libonisa indlela ubuchwepheshe obunganciphisa ngayo ukonakala kokulawula futhi bakhe ukwethembana.

Izinselele: Usongo Lwe - cyber Nokuhlukana Kwamanani

Nokho, ubuchwepheshe bubuye buqale ukuphazamisa. Ukuphuka komthetho kungasusa noma kushintshe amarekhodi omphakathi, kunciphise ukwethembana. Imikhankaso yokukhipha impempe noma ukuqamba amahlazo. Ukwehlukana kwamanani kungahlukanisa izigidigidi ngaphandle kokungena kolayini ye-intanethi ekuthatheni iqhaza ezinqubeni ze-internet. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwenza izinqumo zomthetho womthetho womthetho kungathi kusekuhlaleni kwenhlalakahle noma ekugwetshweni kwecala lobugebengu, kungenza kube lula futhi kube nokuthathelwa icala.

Enye inselele eyandayo indima yezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe nezinhlangano zomhlaba. Njengoba amandla esuka kohulumeni bezizwe kuya kubadlali bembulunga yonke − njengemikhulu yezobuchwepheshe, izinhlangano zezimali, kanye nezindikimba zomhlaba wonke ("izinqubo zokuziphendulela ngokwesiko") ukubusa kwezizwe zonke kudinga izisekelo ezintsha, njengeNhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene emelene noHlobolo ne-Piffermenting Idefiction.

Imijaho Emisha: Ukulandisa Okunengxenye Nemithetho Yomthetho

Kuvela nezinga lokuhlola ukulandisa. Ukuhlola ukubheka izindleko zohulumeni, lapho izakhamuzi eziqeqeshiwe zisiza khona ekuhloleni imali kahulumeni wendawo, kuye kwazanywa eBrazil nase Kenya. Amahhovisi okuvuna i-algoric ahlongozwa ukuba kuhlolwe izimiso zesinqumo ezisetshenziswa ohulumeni. Lezi zici zihloselwe ukugcwalisa amagebe aphuzwayo amasu angokwesiko.

Ikusasa lokulandisa lizoxhomeka futhi ekuxhunyaneni kwembulunga yonke. Ukukhohlakala nokusebenzisa kabi amandla ngokuvamile kunqamula imingcele ngokuthuthwa kwemali, izikhungo zentela, nokugeleza kwempahla engekho emthethweni. Izivumelwano zezizwe zonke, ukusizana ngokomthetho, kanye nezinhlelo ezihlanganyelweyo (njengemitapo yokululama kwembulunga yonke) kubalulekile. i-Global Cormoxeter [ i-Effective International Reconst Barose]

Isiphetho: Ukwakha Isiko Eliyolandisa

Ukulandisa kuhulumeni akusona isimo sokuphela kodwa umzamo oqhubekayo. Kudinga ukuqapha njalo, izinhlangano ezivumelanisa isimilo, kanye nobuzwe obukhuthele. Akukho nqubo eyanele; ulwembu lwe-checks ezihlalisanayo(-internal", olungokomthetho nolungaphandle,(isidingo sokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya). Ubufakazi obuvela emhlabeni wonke bubonisa ukuthi lapho ukulandisa kunamandla, ukonakala kuphansi, izinkonzo zomphakathi zithuthuka, futhi idemocracyism iyakhula. Lapho ibuthakathaka, amandla agxila khona, futhi anciphe.

Ohulumeni kumelwe benze umsebenzi wokubona, bafake izimali ekuqondiseni, futhi bavikele labo abakhuluma iqiniso emandleni. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zifune amalungelo azo futhi zifune abaholi bazo ukuba balandise ngokhetho, ngezicelo, nangenkulumo - mpikiswano yomphakathi.