Isiqalo: Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nezindaba Zokulandisa Ngokuphoqelelwa

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo ziwumgogodla wokubusa kwanamuhla, zisebenza ngokuguqula izinhloso zokushaya umthetho zibe imithetho ephoqelelwe evikela impilo yomphakathi, ukuphepha, ukuqina kwezimali, nendawo ezungezile. Nokho amandla okulawula athwala izingozi ezingokwemvelo: ngaphandle kwezimiso eziqinile zokulandisa, izinhlangano zingaba eziqinile, zibambe, noma zibe lukhuni. Ukugcinwa kwemithetho esemthethweni akuyona into yokunethezeka ewumthetho, ukukhohlakala, ukuthenjwa umphakathi, nomthetho. Uma izakhamuzi namabhizinisi zizazi ukuthi iziqondiso ziyosetshenziswa ngokufanelekile, ngokusobala, nangokungaguquguquki, ukuthuthukisa nokuqinisa kwezivumelwano zomphakathi. Ngokungafani, lapho ukuphoqelelwa kubhekwa njengokungadingekile noma okushukunyiswa kwezombangazwe, ukukhohlakazwa njengokuwukwa okungathembekile, ukukhohlakazeka komthetho.

Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso eziyisisekelo zokulandisa ngokugcinwa kwemithetho, imisebenzi eyinhloko eyenziwa yizinhlangano, izinselele eziphikelelayo ezibhekana nazo, namasu angajulisa ukulandisa. Sithola izibonelo zangempela ezivela ezinhlanganweni ezinkulu eUnited States naseYurophu, futhi sibheke phambili ekutheni ubuchwepheshe nokubambisana kwembulunga yonke kulungisa kanjani ukulandisa kwezwe.

Isisekelo Sokulandisa

Ukubona Kahle Njengekhorali

Ukubona sobala kuyisici esibonakala kakhulu sokulandisa. Kudinga izinhlangano ukushicilela imithetho yazo, izinqumo zokuphoqelela, iziphakamiso, kanye nemininingwane yomsebenzi. Inkululeko yolwazi (FONT) eUnited States nemithetho efanayo kwenye idemocracy ephoqelela izinhlangano ukuba zidlulisele ulwazi ngezicelo zazo, kodwa ukuveza ngokuphandle ukwaziswa ngaphandle kokubuzwa ukuthi kungcono kakhulu. Isibonelo, i-ENT] I-ENTER progentialtial Agement (EPA) igcina iziteshi zezethu zezenzwe nezipho zezembubhiyo, ivumela umphakathi ukuba uviko lwezentengo.

Ukubusa KoMthetho Nenqubo Efanele

Ukulandisa kudinga futhi ukuba izinhlangano zisebenze ngemingcele ecacile engokomthetho. Imithetho kumelwe ikhishwe ngezinqubo ezingokomthetho zokunikeza ukukhulumela komphakathi, futhi izenzo zokuphoqelela kumelwe zilandele izinqubo ezimisiwe. Inqubo emisiwe ivikela izinhlangano ezilawulwayo ezijezisweni ezizimele. E-United States, i-Administrative Proceduture Act (APA) inikeza uhlelo olungokomthetho lwalokhu, nakuba kuyi-European Union, isimiso sokuhlela i-live ehlelayo ukuthi i-aced trantings. Inqubo enamathela ekutholeni isilinganiso esingokomthetho esingokwezigwebo nokwethenjwa umphakathi.

Ukuzimela Ekucindezeleni Kwezombangazwe Nekwezentengiselwano

Umlawuli onomthwalo wemfanelo kumelwe avikelwe emijikelezweni emifushane yezombangazwe nasekuthunjweni izimboni eziqondisayo. Inkululeko ayisho ukuthi ayaziwa; kunalokho, kusho ukuthi izinqumo zokuphoqelela zenziwa ngokusekelwe ebufakazini nasemthethoni, hhayi ekunikezeleni iziqondiso noma ekufuneni impompompo. [[[FL:0] U.S. u-Securitive and Exchange Commission (SEC) wakhiwe njengenhlangano ezimele emiswe yizinyuko labaphathi bemithetho ebekwe ukuba ihlaziswe, inciphisa ingozi yokushintshashintsha kwezimiso ngokushesha. Ngokufanayo, [[[FLT:] Medicinetic Medicial Agency (EFLT)[FLT] [FLT]] [FULT]] isebenza ngokuzibusayo kwezesayensi, isilinganiso sezidakamizwa esiyenzile somphakathi.

Imisebenzi yesihluthulelo yokuqondisa engxandeni yokuphoqelela

Ukulandisa kusetshenziswa ngesimiso semisebenzi eyinhloko okumelwe ukuba yonke inhlangano eqondisayo iyenze ngokuphumelelayo:

  • Ukwenza: ukudlulisela iziyalo zemithetho ezibanzi zemithetho ngokwezimiso eziqondile, eziphoqelelwe. Lokhu kuhilela ukuhlaziya izindleko, ukubhucunga komfaki-mgunyaziso, nokunyathelisa ezibhalisayo ezisemthethweni. Izimo zobuchwepheshe kumele ziqinisekise ukuthi imithetho ayinzima kakhulu kodwa ifeze imiphumela yazo ehlosiwe.
  • [[NTLT: 0] Ukuhlola nokuhlolwa: ukuqondisa okuqhubekayo kwezinto ezilawulwayo ukuzwa ukungahlangani. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuhlola okungahambisani nokuhlolwa, izimfuneko zokwaziswa, kanye nobuchwepheshe obukude. Ngokwesibonelo, Ukugada nokuHlaziya Impilo (OSA) kuhlela kokubili ukuhlolwa nokukhalaza.
  • [ Izenzo zomthetho: ukuthatha izinyathelo ezilinganayo ngokuphula umthetho abaphule izixwayiso, ngokusuka ezinhlahleni ezithi zithathwe ezinhlamvini kanye nasezinhlahleni zomthetho ezigunyaza ukunqandwa kwemithetho. Ukwethembeka kokugcinwa kwemithetho kuxhomeke ekusetshenzisweni okuqinisekile kwezijeziso.
  • Imfundo kanye nokufinyelela: Ukusiza izinhlangano ezilawulwayo ukuba ziqonde futhi zivumelane nemithetho. Isiqondiso esisebenzayo singanciphisa ukwephulwa ngokungahlosile futhi sakhe ubuhlobo obuzwanayo.
  • [[[UMTH:0] Ukuhlolwa kokuhlola: ukulinganisa ithonya lezimiso kanye namasu okuqinisekisa, futhi ukondla lokho kuqonda emuva ekwenzeni imibuso kanye nenkokhelo yezimpahla.

Ukuphikelela Kwezinselele Ziya Endulweni

Naphezu kwalezi zikhungo ezifanelekayo, eziqondisayo zisebenza endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi evivinya ukulandisa kwazo ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Imithombo Yezinto Nezikhawu Zokuphumelela

Izinhlangano eziningi azigunyazwa njalo ngokuvumelana nemithetho yazo. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), ngokwesibonelo, zihlola ingxenye encane kakhulu yezindawo zokukhiqiza izidakamizwa zakwamanye amazwe unyaka ngamunye, zithembele ekuhlolweni okusekelwe engozini. Izimali ezilinganiselwe zisho futhi inani elincane lezisebenzi ekuhlolweni kokwaziswa, ukuqulwa kwamacala angokomthetho, nokukhishwa. Uma imithombo intuthu, izinhlangano zingaphoqelelwa ukuba zifake imibandela esemthethweni, okungabonakala njengesibopho esiwukwenzisayo futhi esiwo.

Ukucindezela Kwezombangazwe Nezezimboni

Izinhlangano zingabhekana nokunxenxa okukhulu okuvela kubadlali bezombangazwe nasezimbonini ezizilawulayo. Usongo lokunqanyulwa kwemali, ushintsho lobuholi, noma ukumiswa kwemithetho kungabangela unya olunamandla. Izikhulu zezinhlangano ziqinisa ubuhlobo obuseduze nabameleli bezimboni, okuholela ekuthatheni udwendwe olubi" oluvumela ukuncitshiswa. Ukuchitheka kuka-oyile we-Deeaterriyorry kanye nenhlekelele yezezimali yowama 2008 kokubili kubonisa indlela abalawuli abahluleka ngayo ukuphoqelela imithetho ekhona, kanye nemiphumela eyinhlekelele.

Imithetho Eyinkimbinkimbi Nephelelwe Yizimiso

Amapulani alawulayo ngokuvamile alwa kanzima ukuze ahambisane noshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe. Imithetho ebhalelwe izimboni ze-nalog ingase ingasebenzi kahle kumapulatifomu e-technometer, izisebenzi ze-gig-economy, noma izitshalo ezihlelwe ngezakhi zofuzo. Ukubekwa kwemithetho kudala izikhala eziphoqelelwe futhi kumeme izinselele ezingokomthetho. Izinhlangano kumelwe zifake imali ekulungiseni inguquko engokomthetho ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imithetho ihlala icacile futhi igcinwa.

Ukungaphathi Kahle Komphakathi Nokuqamba Icala

Emazweni amaningi, ukuthembela komphakathi ezinhlanganweni kuye kwancipha. Uma izakhamuzi zibheka abalawuli njengabahlukumeza abantu noma abaphumeleli, azinakubika ukuphulwa noma ukubambisana nophenyo. Izezindaba zomphakathi zingandisa imibono yobandlululo, ngisho nalapho ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yezeluleko kudinga ukugcinwa okungcono, kodwa ukukhulumisana okungcono nokubophana komphakathi.

Imishini Yokuziphendulela

Ukulandisa akuzenzakaleli; kumelwe kwakhiwe ngendlela yokuklanywa kwezimiso zokuqondisa ngezinqubo eziningana ezidlulelanayo.

Imizimba Eqaphile Nokubukezwa Kozibuswa

Amagunya amaningi akha izinhlangano ezinikezelwe zokwengamela ukuze zihlole ukusebenza kwezezinkonzo. Ihhovisi likahulumeni lokuqulwa kwamacala (GAO) liqhuba umsebenzi wokuhlola nokuhlola ngesicelo soKhongolo, linyathelisa imibiko eqokomisa ukuswelakala nokutusa izinguquko. E-United Kingdom, e- i-Office ye-National Accordical Accomplication (NAO) yenza umsebenzi ofanayo. Amahhovisi e-opendentsman angasingatha izikhalo ezivela ezakhamuzi nasemabhizinisini aphathelene nokulungisa izinguquko.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekubekeni izinhlangano ezinecala. Izinhlangano ezilawulwayo namaqembu esithakazelo somphakathi zingabekela imithetho inselele nezenzo zokuphoqelela imithetho ezisekelwe emasikweni esizwe noma angaphansi. Nakuba kubalulekile ukubukeza kokwahlulela, kungaba nokuthatha ijubane nokunikeza inzuzo. Ukulinganisela okulungile phakathi kokuzimela ubungcweti bezinhlangano nokuhlola okuqinile kuhlala kuyinselele.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokubona Izibuko

Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi okunenjongo kudlulela ngalé kwezikhathi zokukhulumela ezibekwe emithethweni ehlotshisiwe. Kuhlanganisa amakomiti okuqulwa kwezindaba zomphakathi, ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, kanye nokubambisana nezinhlangano zomphakathi. SEC njalo ufuna ukufakwa komphakathi ezinyatheloni zomthetho, kanye EPA] isebenzisa iziphakamiso zomphakathi zokuhlanza indawo ephezulu. Ubuchwepheshe bunganciphisa imingcele yokuhlanganyela: ama-website kanye nezokuxhumana ezivumela ukuhlangana okunweba.

Izivikelo Zeziphepho Neziteshi Ezibikayo

Isikhuthazo esikhuthaza abangaphakathi ukuba babike ukuziphatha okubi kuyithuluzi elinamandla lokulandisa. Izivikelo ezinamandla zokushaya ikhwela, njengalezo ezise- Dodd-Frank Act [ yemithetho engokwezimali, yenza izisebenzi zikwazi ukudalula ukwehluleka kokuphoqelela inqubo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindisela. Imishini futhi inikeza inqubo yokukhononda yomphakathi.

Amasu Okufaka Icala

Ngokusekelwe ezinkingeni nasezimisweni okuxoxwe ngazo, izinhlangano eziqondisayo zingasebenzisa la masu alandelayo ukuze ziqinise ukulandisa kwazo ekuqikelweni kwamandla okusebenza.

Ukuhlola Ukunakekela Idatha

Izinhlangano zanamuhla zisebenzisa i-algorics ezinkulu futhi zibikezela ukuthi zifuna ukuhlasela imithombo yamandla okuqinisekisa impumelelo. I-Internal Revenue Service (IIRS) isebenzisa i-algoriths ukukhomba ukubuya kwentela, kuyilapho i- Facerational Administration Administration (FAA) ihlola ukwaziswa kokundiza ukuze kubonwe izingozi zokuphepha. Ukukhanya futhi kwenza abacwaningi bangaphandle bakwazi ukuhlola ukusebenza kwezehluleko. Nokho, izinhlangano kumelwe ziqaphe ngokukhetha ukwenziwa kwe-algalitistiki nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwaziswa kuyazindla ngokwako.

Ukuqinisa Inkululeko Ngezinguquko Zokubusa

Ukuze kuncishiswe ukucindezela kwezombangazwe, amanye amazwe aye avikela izinhlangano ngamabhodi anezitho eziningi, amagama amisiwe omholi, kanye nemifula enikezelwe. I-Eupanon Central Bank[ (akuyona inhlangano elawulayo ngokwe-se, kodwa isibonelo sokuzibusa) ibonisa indlela ukulawulwa kwezakhiwo okungasekela ngayo ukugcinwa ngokungaguquki kwemithetho yokubhaka. Izinhlangano ezikhona, izinguquko ezinjengokuzimela imali ezikhona, njengendlela yokuhlela imali ebhalisweni ezindaweni ezisebenza minyaka yonke zingasiza ngayo.

Ukwakha Isiko Lezimiso Zokuziphatha Nezokufunda

Ukulandisa kwangaphakathi kuqala ngokuqeqeshwa kwezisebenzi nangeziqondiso zezimiso zokuziphatha. Izimo eziphuthumayo kufanele zikhuthaze i-"apoint" masiko lapho izisebenzi zingaphakamisa khona ukukhathazeka ngaphandle kokwesaba. Ukuhlola njalo ngemva kwezenzo zokwehluleka kwamaphoyisa kungaveza izinkinga zesimiso sohlelo. U.S. Nuclear Regatority Commission (NRC)[FL:1] inesimiso esifunde kahle "amakhelifa afundile" uhlelo oluba yibhu eliba yibhu elingokomthetho ngemva kwezenzakalo ezibalulekile.

Ukuhlanganyela Umphakathi Njengomngane

Kunokuba ziphathe umphakathi njengabathumeli bemithetho, izinhlangano zingahlanganisa izakhamuzi ekugadweni nasekuqinisisweni. Izinhlelo zokuhlola, njengokuhlola amanzi komphakathi ngokubambisana ne EPA, zinika imiphakathi yendawo amandla futhi zinikeze ukwaziswa okwengeziwe. Lendlela ayithuthukisi ukulandisa kuphela kodwa futhi yakha nokwethembana.

Umbono Wembulunga Yonke Ngokulandisa

Amasiko ahlukene angokomthetho nangobupolitika aveza izibonelo ezihlukene zokulandisa. E-United States, kugcizelelwa ukugcinwa kwemithetho esemthethweni eqinile (iNkantolo ye-Europe yeSimiso) ukugcinwa njalo nokubekwa kwe-countalia. i-Eupanon Union [ incike kakhulu ekubukezeni kontanga phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu kanye nenkantolo enamandla (iNkantolo ye-Reauverst) yokuphoqelela ukulandisa. I-Earting, enjenge-Indiya neBrazil, iye yadala izindikimba ezizimele zezindawo ezizimele zezindawo ezinjenge-tellinal kanye nogesi, kodwa izama kakhulu ukungenela amandla nokungenela kwezombangazwe. [[FLT:] [FLD] [ECD] i-Regatialcial Policy [FF] [F] [F3] [5] [ignome] amazwe anikeza ukubusa ngokulinganayo ukubusa kwemithelela kulezi kwezimiso ezihlukeneyo ezilawulayo, emazweni amaqembu amaqembu ahlukene.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ngokuphumelelayo

I - Agency Yokuvikela Indawo Ezungezile (EPA)

I-EPA iye yasungula izinqubo eziningana zokulandisa. I-'FLT' ikhipha imiphumela emisha. I-Enthorcence and Compliance History Online (ECHHO]) i-data ivumela noma ubani ukuba ahlole imininingwane yezenyunyana, amarekhodi okuhlolwa, nezijeziso. Inhlangano ikhipha imiphumela yokuphoqelelwa kwaminyaka yonke kanye nokuhlola kwengxenye yezinhlelo zayo. Phakathi nokuphathwa kwe-Obama, i-EPA yandisa izijeziso zomphakathi futhi ilandela imithetho yomthetho emelene nabavikeli bamabomu ngamabomu, ithumela uphawu oluqinile lokuvimbela ukugcinwa kwemithetho.

Ukuphatha Kokudla Nezidakamizwa (FDA)

Ukulandisa kwe FDA kwakhiwe ngokubukeza okuqinile kwesayensi kanye nokuthembisana komphakathi okukhulu. [i-Pathient Focus Drug Development ukuthatha isinyathelo kuqala kuhlanganisa ukubona isineke ezinqumweni zokuqondisa. Inhlangano futhi ilondoloza amaqhinga e-Dashboard alandela ukudla nezidakamizwa ezikhumbulayo ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngemva kokuhluleka okukhulu njengenkumbulo yentshontsha enegciwane, i-FDA isebenzisa amasu alungile kanye nokungamele.

Izindawo Nesimiso Se - Exchange (SEC)

Isigaba sokusebenza kwamaphoyisa se-SEC siveza imibiko eningiliziwe yemisebenzi yaso, kuhlanganise nenani lezenzo ezigcinwe, izijeziso eziqoqiwe, kanye nemiklomelo yokufutha ikhwela. I-SEC’S Whistlefilter Program[, edalwe yiDodd-Frank Act, iye yakhokha amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi ezinkokheni ezincomekayo, iholela ezenzweni eziphawulekayo zokugcinwa kwemithetho. Inhlangano futhi iqhuba inqubo yayo siqu yokuhlola inqubo ngehhovisi le-Inspector.

I-Agency Yemithi YaseYurophu (EMA)

I - EMA incike ekutholeni ukwaziswa kokuhlolwa kwezokwelapha nasekubambisana neziphathimandla ezinekhono zezwe. Ikhipha imibiko yokuhlaziya ngokuningiliziwe nganoma yimuphi umuthi ogunyaziwe, kuhlanganise nokucabanga okukhona phakathi kwezinqumo zokuqondisa. Inhlangano futhi iqondisa ukuhlolwa komphakathi ngeziqondiso ezinkulu futhi yenza imihlangano yasikhathi sonke nezinhlangano eziphethwe iziguli nezinolwazi lwempilo.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ekunqumeni Ikusasa Elingabalulekanga

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza kokubili amathuba nezingozi zokuziphendulela. Ukuhlakanipha okuzenzekelayo kungahlola ukukhohlisa kwemifudlana emikhulu ye-data, ukunciphisa i-omaliase ukuze kubukezwe abantu. unqaka oluthiya [[[FLT:] lungenza amarekhodi angaguquki ezenzo zomthetho kanye nezitifiketi, kodwa lunganciphisa ukukhohlisa. Kodwa, ubuchwepheshe obufanayo bungafihla ukuziphatha uma i-algoritime propritary noma i-revolute. Kumelwe ukuba ibeke [FLT:] [[FLT:]] anikeze ukukhanya okusobala [[[FLT]] [FLT]] futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo ezigunyazayo zisekelwe ekudlulisweni kwabantu. [Foctal Active] [F]]

Isiphetho: Ukuqhubeka Kufunwa Ukulandisa

Ukubekwa kwecala komthetho akuyona indawo eqashelwayo kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo. Izinhlangano eziqondisayo kumelwe zihlale zijwayelana nezinselele ezintsha zokwenza ushintsho, ukuguquguquka kwezinkinga zomphakathi, nokuguquguquka kwezinto ezikhona. Izinhlangano eziziphendulela kakhulu yilezo ezisekela ukubonakala, ukuzimela, nokuzibopha komphakathi njengezindinganiso eziyisisekelo, hhayi njengemicikilisho yokulalela. Zilinganisa ukusebenza kwazo, zifunde ekuhlulekeni, futhi zizimisele ukulungisa. Njengoba indawo esemhlabeni wonke iqala ukuhlanganiswa, izimiso zokulandisa ziyo ziyo ziyokwahlulelwa ngezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i ye-OECD's yenkambiso yokulawula [, iHhovisi likaHulumeni lokulandisa . Ihhovisi lobulungu , kanye ne-'FLT]'s yezokulandisa 'AMY]'S izinga lokulandisa. Lemiya sisekelo ibonisa indlela izimiso ezisebenza ngayo ezingxenyeni nakuhulumeni abahlukene.