Isingeniso: Isisekelo Sikahulumeni Olinganiselayo

Uhulumeni ngamunye, ngokwezinga lawo, usebenzisa igunya elikhulu . Inselele enkulu yokubusa kwemithetho, ukuphoqelela kwempi, namalungelo ayisisekelo abantu bawo. Leligunya libalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka, ukunikeza izimpahla zomphakathi, nokuvikela ukulondeka kwesizwe. Kodwa lawomandla afanayo, uma enganqatshelwa, ukuba abe yithuluzi lokucindezela, ukonakala, noma ukuzisebenzela. Inselele eyinhloko yokubusa komthetho-sisekelo ingokongamandla amandla asebenza ngokuphumelelayo kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo akha ukuzivikela okuqinile ekuxhashazweni kwalelo gunya. KuMagna Carta ngo-1215 kuya ku-U. Umthetho-sisekelo wezwe wangowekhulu elingu - 87, noma ukuzama ukulinganisela okuklanyelwe ukuhlakazeka kwezakhiwo eziklanyweyo, ukulinganisela nokulinganisela kwemibuso, ukulingana, ukulingana, ukuvuleka kwemithetho, ukuvuleka kwezimiso zikahulumeni, nokuvuleka kohulumeni abaqala ukuyisebenzisayo futhi bangasebenzisa isihluthulelo sokusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezingoko ezibonisa ukuthi zisebenza kanjani, njengoba zisebenza futhi zisebenza kanjalo.

Ukuqonda Amandla Kahulumeni

Ukuze umuntu aqonde ukuthi amandla alinganiswe kanjani, kumelwe aqale aqonde ukuthi amandla kahulumeni ayini ngempela. Ngomqondo obanzi, amandla kahulumeni angokomthetho awukukwazi ukwenza nokuphoqelela izinqumo ezibophayo endaweni echaziwe nasemphakathini. Izazi zezombangazwe njengoThomas Hobbes noJohn Locke zagunyaza leligunya isivumelwano somphakathi] [ i-'umgomo womphakathi [umbuso] [u-demone]] [umqondo wokuthi izakhamuzi zivuma ukubuswa ukuze zikhululwe ngokuncintisana nenswe isivikelo nokuhleleka. Uma leso sivumelwano siphunyuswa ngempatho noma ngokuzinziswa kwemithetho, i-drock, ngaphandle kokukhokhwatshwa kwemithetho engokomthetho, ukukhohlakala. [umbiko ophakeme kakhulu, u-EFom] u-EFom] u-om] u-E.[3]

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Intuthuko ehlala njalo yokwahlukanisa igunya likahulumeni ukwahlukana kwemibuso, edunyiswe kakhulu isazi sefilosofi saseFrance uMontesquieu emsebenzini waso wonyaka ka-1748 . Umoya woMthetho [. UMontesquieu waphikisa ukuthi ukugxilisa umthetho, ukuphatha, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela ezimpandleni ezifanayo kukhuthaza ubushiqela. Ukuvimbela lokhu, wasikisela ukuba umsebenzi ngamunye wabelwe egabeni elihlukile, elizimele. Lolu hlelo lwafakwa eMthethweni we-U. Umthetho-Constitution futhi kamuva wamukelwa ezinye izinjongo eziningi emhlabeni. Umqondo oyinhloko ulula ngokuhlukanisa amandla, akukho gatsha elilodwa lingabusa isifunda. Igatsha ngalinye linikezwa isilinganiso salo salo kodwa futhi lincikelwe ngokwengxenye yemigomo yalo, ukufeza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-James: [Fotemple "Fotest"] futhi umest.[3]

Amagatsha Amathathu Nendima Yawo

  • Igatsha elisebenzayo: Libekwa icala ngokumisa imithetho, ukuphathwa kwenqubo yangaphandle, nokuyala amabutho ahlomile. Ezimisweni zobumongameli, isikhulu sizimele kumthetho womthetho; ezimisweni zephalamende, umphathi uthathwa futhi ubeke icala kumphathi wendlu yomthetho. Amandla omphathi wokuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha nangokushesha futhi alinganiswa ngemfuneko yokuthi kumelwe asebenze phakathi kwemithetho nemingcele yemithetho.
  • [[QUT:0] Igatsha elisemthethweni: Isibopho sokwenza imithetho, ukuhlelwa kohlelo lokuhlela, nokwengamela umphathi. Imithetho inikeza imvume yokuzwa izinto ezihlukahlukene nokuzwana kwezimiso zomphakathi. Amandla azo okumisa ahlolwa yi-premistale i-veto ne-optional, iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho iyasebenza futhi isekelwe eqenjini.
  • Igatsha le-judicial: lichaza imithetho futhi lixazulule izingxabano. Ijaji elizimele lisekela umthetho ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi nezikhulu zikahulumeni zingaphansi kwezindinganiso ezingokomthetho. Izinkantolo zingayehlisa imithetho engqubuzana nomthetho-mthetho, inikeza isivikelo esibucayi ekuphathweni kwemithetho noma isikhulu.

Lesi sakhiwo se-trartite siye salungiswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene amazwe ahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United Kingdom ayinakho ukuhlukaniswa okungokomthetho kwemibuso efanekisweni ye-U.S., nokho umthetho - sisekelo wayo ongabhalwanga nomthetho-sisekelo ozimele nabejaji abasanikeza imingcele enenjongo. Ukuhlola okuningi ngokubheka indlela ukwahlukanisa imibuso eUnited States, bheka isikhulu House emhlophe yesiqondiso emagatsheni amathathu [.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Ukuhlukana kwemibuso iyodwa akwanele; igatsha ngalinye kumelwe futhi libe nezindlela zokumelana nokuphazamisana kwabanye. Lesimiso sokwengamela nokuzibamba saziwa ngokuthi amasheke nama-scheck nama-asmenti. Kudala amandla aqhubekayo okuxoxisana nokuhlehla, kuphoqelela amagatsha ukuba asebenze kuyilapho evimbela noma yimuphi wawo ukuba athole igunya elingavinjelwa. Amaphenya nokulinganisela kwakhiwe emsebenzini wansuku zonke kahulumeni − ngokuhlola amandla alinganayo, izinqubo zokumisa, ukuqondisa, ukuzwa kwemithetho, nokubukelwa kokwahlulela.

Inkinombho lokuhlola kanye nokusebenzisa umshini

  • I-Exective Veto: Umongameli noma undunankulu anganqaba ukusayina isibeko esidluliswa yisishayamthetho, asithumelele emuva ukuze siphinde siphinde sicabange. Lokhu kunikeza umphathi iphimbo elinamandla ekwenzeni umthetho kodwa anganga-nenone (ngokuvamile ngesithathu esiphezulu kakhulu), ulondoloza igunya eliphethe legatsha lemithetho.
  • [[[QLT:0] Igunya elithathelwe indawo: Ingqungquthela ingahlola izenzo zobuphathi, ukuqinisekisa noma ukwenqaba ukumiswa, ukuvuma, ukugunyaza noma ukususa izikhulu ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi. Lamandla awamane nje athathe inyathelo; abumba ukuziphatha kwesikhulu ngokudala imiphumela yangempela yokuxhashazwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Judicial Review: Izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho noma iziyalo eziphethe eziphula umthetho. Isibonakaliso (1803 U.S. icala leNkantolo Ephakeme .Marbury v. Madison wasungula lesi simiso, ethi "kugcizelela isifunda nesibopho somnyango wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini." Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, ukubukezwa kwezahlulelo kuye kwasakazekela ezindaweni eziningi zentando yeningi. Funda okwengeziwe nge [[FLT:]] Barbury v.[FLT] ku-National Archivesbooks.[5]
  • Ukumisa nokuqinisekisa: Ezimisweni eziningi, isikhulu simisa amajaji, amalungu ekhathementi, nezinye izikhulu eziphakeme, kodwa isishaya-mthetho kumelwe siziqinisekise. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimemo zingaphansi kokucubungula nokwenza ukucabangela umphakathi.

Lezi zinqubo aziphelele. Ukubekwa kwezindawo kungasivulela isivinini isimiso, futhi izenzo zokuphatha ezimisweni zangaphandle nakwezokulondeka kwesizwe ngokuvamile zibhekana nezingqinamba ezimbalwa. Noma kunjalo, ukuhluzeka okuyisisekelo kokuhlola nokulinganisela kuye kwabonakala kuqinile ngokuphawulekayo, kunikeza isimiso lapho amandla ehlolwa futhi elinganiswa ngaso njalo.

Ukuhlanganyela Emphakathini

Ayikho indlela yokuhlola izinhlangano engaphumelela ngaphandle kwesivumelwano somphakathi nolwazi. Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi kuyisivikelo sesithathu esikhulu ekuxhashazweni kukahulumeni, ngoba kuqinisekisa ukuthi labo abaphethe bayakwazi ukuphendula ngokuqondile kubantu. Uma izakhamuzi zivota, zingena emahholo edolobha, zijoyina amaqembu abaphathi besikole, noma zihlanganyele ekuhloleni komphakathi, zifaka izidingo zazo nezindinganiso enqubweni yokwenza izinqumo. Lokhu akuthuthukisi nje kuphela inqubo kodwa futhi kwakha ukwethembana kwezenhlalo futhi kwenza izikhulu ukuba zenze izinto zibe nzima kakhulu.

Izinhlobo Zokuhlanganyela Komphakathi Okunenjongo

  • Izinketho: Ngokuvamile, ngesihle, nangokhetho olungakhethi luyinhlolo - hlola okuyisisekelo kakhulu emandleni. Bavumela izakhamuzi ukuba zithathe isikhundla sabaholi abaye balahlekelwa ukwethemba kwazo futhi zinikeze isiqondiso abafuna uhulumeni ukuba asithathe. Ukukhetha, ukuthembeka kokhetho, nokungabikho kwe-gerrymander kubaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni amakhetho aphumelele.
  • Izibalo ze-Public: Ohulumeni abaningi manje baphethe ukuqulwa kwezindaba, bakhiphe izimiso zokukhipha iziphakamiso zokuphawula, futhi bahlele imihlangano yezakhamuzi ezindabeni ezibalulekile. Le nqubo yenza abantu babe nezwi eliqondile ekulolongeni izimiso nemithetho, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zendawo ezinjengokuhlanganisa, isimiso sendawo, kanye nokuhlela uhlelo.
  • Ukuhlanganisa i-community Organsion kanye nomphakathi: amaphephandaba azimele, amaqembu aqaphayo, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, namapulatifomu e-inthanethi ewebhusayithi andisa ukukhathazeka komphakathi futhi adalule ububi. Umphakathi onamandla usebenza njengesimiso sokuxwayisa sakuqala, uqaphelisa izakhamuzi ukuxhashazwa okungase kwenzeke ngaphambi kokuba zikhule.
  • Ukuthatha Ingxenye: Amathuluzi okuhlola avumela i-E-avernance ekusebenziseni i-inthanethi yokunxusa, amapulatifomu avulekile nayi-data yangempela. Nakuba ukuthatha isinyathelo ngolwezi lwezinombolo kungandisa ukutholakala, kuphakamisa futhi ukukhathazeka mayelana nemfihlo yokwaziswa kanye nokungaqondi kahle, kudinga ukuzibusa ngokwako.

Ukuhlola okunzulu indlela idemokrasi yokuhlukanisa imibuso eqinisa ngayo ukulandisa, iNhlangano yeNhlangano yeDemocracy ne-Electoral Anice (IDEA) ikhipha imibiko yaminyaka yonke ukhombo lwezikhombo lokubusa [ olugcina isibopho sezakhamuzi emhlabeni wonke. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi izivikelo zezinhlangano zisebenza kangcono kakhulu uma abantu benikeza ukunakekela.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Esingokomthetho

Ukulawula noma yikuphi ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuwumthetho wesimiso sokuthi akekho, kuhlanganise nezikhulu eziphakeme, ongaphezulu komthetho. Umthetho oqinile omisa imingcele ecacile yesenzo sikahulumeni, unikeza izinqubo lapho leyo mingcele inqamule, futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokungaguquguquki. Imithetho-sisekelo iyizincwadi eziphezulu ezingokomthetho emazweni amaningi, ezibala amalungelo avikelweyo futhi zikhiphe imingcele yegatsha ngalinye. Ngaphandle komthetho-mthetho-mthetho, iziqondiso zokuphatha, izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke ziveza ezinye izingqimba ze-Gandlo.

Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zemithetho

  • Izenzo zoMthetho: zonke izenzo zikahulumeni kumelwe zisekelwe ngokwemithetho ekhona ngaphambili, eyaziwayo obala. Lokhu kuvimbela ukubusa okuzimele futhi kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibikezele indlela umbuso ozoziphatha ngayo. Isazi esingokomthetho uTom Bingham saveza izikhonkwane eziyisishiyagalombili ezingaphansi, kuhlanganise nokufinyelela, ukufakwa kwemisebe engekho, nokugcinwa ngokulunga.
  • Inqubo elindelekile: abantu ngabanye banelungelo lokuqaphela ngokufanele nokuzwa phambi kukahulumeni kungabaphuca ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Inqubo yokuhlela i-check evimbela izijeziso ezisheshayo, eziyimfihlo futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa angazivikela.
  • Isivikelo se-Equal:[ Imithetho kumelwe isebenze ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla, ingcebo, noma isizinda. Lesimiso senqabela ukugcinwa kobuhlanga futhi sifuna uhulumeni ukuba athethelele noma ikuphi ukwelashwa okuhlukile.
  • Inkantolo ezizimele: Kumelwe ikhululwe ekucindezeleni kwesikhulu noma kwemithetho. Ukukhululeka kokwahlulela kuvikelwa ukuphila (noma amagama amisiwe isikhathi eside), ukulondeka kweholo, nokukhishwa ekususweni kwezombangazwe. Uma ijaji lihlehliswa, sonke isimiso se-check siqala ukuhluleka.

ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu, esamukelwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene ngo-1948, siye sasebenza njengesisekelo somthetho emhlabeni wonke. Ungafunda umbhalo ophelele ekhasini elingokomthetho NON]. Amazwe afaka lezimiso emthethweni wasekhaya, njengangezenzo zamalungelo omthetho-mthetho-mthetho noma amalungelo abantu.

Ukubona Kahle Nokulandisa

Ngisho nemithetho ebekwe kahle kakhulu ayisizi uma umphakathi ungakwazi ukubona ukuthi isetshenziswa kanjani. Ukubona ukukhanya kwelanga okubangela izithiyo: uma izinqumo zikahulumeni, ukuyisebenzisa, nokusebenza kuvuleka ukuba kuhlolwe, izikhulu azinamathuba amancane kakhulu okuhileleka ekhohlakalweni noma ekuzihleleni. Ukulandisa kuhambisana nokubona kude, kusho ukuthi kunemiphumela yangempela yokuziphatha okubi, kungaba ngezenzo zokubhalisa, ukuquliswa ngecala, noma ukunqotshwa kwemithetho.

Amathuluzi wokudlulisela Ukubona ngale

  • Inkululeko yolwazi Imithetho (FOI): Lemithetho inikeza izakhamuzi ilungelo lokucela nokwamukela izincwadi zikahulumeni, ngaphandle kwemingcele elinganiselwe yesivikelo sesizwe noma imfihlo. Amazwe anjengeSweden aye anemithetho ye-FOI kusukela ngekhulu le-18; i-U.S. yamisa imithetho yenkululeko yolwazi ngo-19666. Imithetho ye-FOI inika abacomputer, abacwaningi, nabashisekeli bokuveza ukulahlwa kwempahla, ukukhwaba, nokuxhaphaza.
  • Ohulumeni abaningi manje bakhipha uhlelo lwemali, izimvume, nezivoti zemithetho kulayini kumafomethi afundeka ngomshini. Amazibuko okwaziswa avumela noma ubani ukuba ahlaziye ukusebenza kukahulumeni. I-Open Government Preveneship, indikimba yomhlaba wonke, ilandela intuthuko kulendawo.
  • Imiyalo yokuhlola nokubika: Izinhlangano zokuhlola ukuvocaciswa okuzimele − njengeHhovisi lokulanda (GAO) likaHulumeni kaHulumeni wase-U. u-U.S. noma iHhovisi lophicolo lwe-National e-UK/20] ngokucubungula izinhlelo zikahulumeni mayelana nempumelelo nemithetho. Imibiko yazo i-odoute, futhi izinhlangano kumelwe ziphendule ekutholweni kwazo.
  • [ Imithetho evikela iWhistleer Protection: evikela izisebenzi ezibika ububi ekuphindiseleni zikhuthaza abangaphakathi ukuba baqhubeke nobufakazi bokonakala noma ukunganaki. Isivikelo esinamandla siyingxenye eyinhloko yesimo sendawo esinempilo.

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezifana ne-Transparency International zishicilela i-Cercroptions Index Correptions, ezibala amazwe asekelwe ekukhohlakaleni kwezindawo zawo zomphakathi. Izinhlangano ezinkulu zihlobene kakhulu nokubonana okukhulu nezimiso zokuziphendulela. Nokho, ngisho namazwe anemithetho eqinile abhekene nezinselele ezintsha . Zinje ngemali emnyama kwezombangazwe, ukwenza kwemithetho yemithetho yesinqumo, nenkohlakalo enqamulene ne-oral-demolic shoct shoctal-shoctal-shortment-shoption.

Isiphetho

Ukulinganisela amandla phakathi kukahulumeni akuwona umsebenzi wokwakha owenziwe ngesikhathi esisodwa noma uhlelo olumisiwe lokuhlela. Kuyinqubo eqhubekayo, eshukumisayo edinga ukunakekelwa njalo nokuqapha. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kwakha isisekelo sokwakha; ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lihlala ngaphakathi komgwaqo; ukuthatha isinyathelo sombuso wentando yeningi; ukuthatha izinhlelo ezingokomthetho ezibekwa imithetho ebophekayo; futhi ukubonelela nokulandisa okusemthethweni okuphoqelelwe. Le misebenzi incikelelene − ubuthakathaka obunye kungathintinyene phakathi kwesimiso sonke. Izimiso zikahulumeni zingenza ukuwohloka kwenkululeko (isimo sokukhanya) kube lula ukunakalisa ukuqondisa kwemithetho, okwenza ukuba izilinganiso ezingokomthetho zikwazi ukuyenza inqubo efanelekile. Ngokuphambene, uma zonke izinto zisebenza kahle, ziqinisa umjikelezo ngamunye, futhi zithuthukisa ukukhomba ukuthemba okuhle. Ngokuvumelana kwazo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kungenziwa ngokusetshenziswa kahle, kungcono kakhulu.