Ithonya Lokubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Umthetho wendawo ezungezile uyisisekelo sokubusa kwanamuhla, oklanyelwe ukunciphisa amandla angaphandle aphambene emisebenzi yezezimboni futhi uvikele inhloko- dolobha yemvelo. Izinjongo zawo zidlulela ngalé kokulalela nje; zihlanganisa uhlelo olubanzi lokuqinisekisa impilo yomphakathi, ukuthembeka kwendawo ezungezile, nokulingana. Ngaphandle komthetho oqinile, inhlekelele yamagugu avamile (hhono encishiswa yizinto ezithandwayo), kuba yinto engokoqobo.

Izimiso zendawo ezungezile eziphumelelayo zifinyelela izinjongo eziningana eziyinhloko ngesikhathi esisodwa:

  • Ukunciphisa ukuchayeka ezintweni ezingcolisayo eziyingozi, kanjalo kunciphisa amazinga okugula kokuphefumula, umdlavuza, nokuphazamiseka kokukhula. Inhlangano yezempilo yomhlaba wonke [ ilinganisela ukuthi ukungcola komoya kukodwa kubangela izigidi zabantu abafa ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngonyaka, umthwalo obangelwa ngokungenakulinganiswa amazwe aphansi naphakathi.
  • Ukulahlekelwa izakhi nezitshalo nezitshalo kuphazamisa ukuthutha impova, ukuhlanza amanzi nokulawula isimo sezulu — imithombo eyigugu eyizigidigidi zamaRandi embulungeni yonke.
  • Ukudoba ngokweqile, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokukhishwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile kumelwe kuqondiswe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuwa kwesisekelo semithombo.
  • Lapho amabhizinisi ekhokhela ukungcola akudala, izisusa zezentengiselwano zishintshela ezindleleni zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile, zikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokukhiqiza ezihlanzekile.

Nokho, inselele ixhomeke ekuklameni lemithetho ukuze ifinyelele izinjongo zayo zokuvikela ngaphandle kokubiza izimboni ezithile noma imiphakathi ngokungenakulinganiswa.

Izindawo Zokuhwebelana Ngezimiso Zendawo Ezungezile

Abenzi bezimiso basebenza engqungqutheleni yezindinganiso ezincintisanayo: ukukhula kuqhathaniswa nokulondolozwa kwezindinganiso, ukulingana nokusebenza kahle, kanye nokuzibusa kwendawo kanye nokubambisana kwembulunga yonke. Ukuhweba ngakunye kuhilela abanqobi nabahlulwayo, futhi ikhono lokulawula ukuncishiswa kwenani labantu kuyilapho kuveza inzuzo yendawo ezungezile.

Ukukhula Kwezomnotho Ngokumelene Nesimo Sendawo Ezungezile

Ukungezwani okungapheli kakhulu kwesimiso sendawo ezungezile ukuhlobana okubonakala kungenazintambo phakathi kwemithombo yezomnotho nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imithetho eqinile iphoqelela izindleko zokuthobela, inciphisa ukuncintisana, futhi ingaholela ekulahlekelweni umsebenzi (ikakhulukazi emikhakheni engenisa ikhabhoni) njengezemayini, ukukhiqiza, nokukhiqizwa kwamandla. Ngokwesibonelo, iziNguqulo ze-Eair Act zango-U.S. zango-1990 zasungulwa abanye abagqugquzeli bezimboni ukuba zibangele ukuwohloka okukhulu kwezomnotho.

Nokho, ubufakazi obusekelwe ngokungaguquki bubonisa ukuthi imithetho ehlelwa kahle ivame ukuveza imiphumela engcono yezomnotho. Ukuhlola okunesibonakaliso kwe- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ithola ukuthi izinzuzo ze-Ceally Air Act ezingcono kusukela ngo-1990 kuya ku-202020 zidlule ngezindleko ezingaphezu kuka-30 kuya ku-1, ngenxa yokugwema izindleko zempilo nokwanda kwemisebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-programa ingasusa inguquko: i-Porter Hypoxis isikisela ukuthi izindinganiso eziqinile kodwa ezithambileyo ziqhubela izimboni ezintsha zezobuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokudala izimaketheke ezintsha zemikhiqizo eluhlaza. Isihluthulelo siwukugwema kakhulu ukukhipha iziqondiso ezisemthethweni ezisemgangathweni esiphansi ezisekelayo.

Noma kunjalo, izindleko ezishintshayo zisasebenza. Izakhamuzi ezincike ekukhishweni kwamalahle noma kuphehlwa kwamafutha zibhekene nokuwohloka kwangempela kwezomnotho. Ngakho - ke indlela elinganiselwe yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi kumelwe ibe izisulu zokwehla kwezinhlelo zokushintsha okukhulu, izinhlelo zokutshala izakhi zemvelo, namanetha okuvikela imvelo, ukuze kuqinisekwe ukuthi izindleko zentuthuko yendawo ezungezile azikhokhwa izisebenzi ezisengozini nezindawo.

Inzuzo yesikhashana iqhathaniswa nosisekelo sohambo olude

Imijikelezo yezombangazwe ivame ukuveza ukucabanga okufushane. Izikhulu eziqashelwe zibhekene nokucindezela kokuletha izinzuzo ezibonakalayo zezomnotho phakathi nenkathi yazo, njengamafektha amasha noma imisebenzi yokukhipha imithombo. Nokho umonakalo wemvelo uyanda futhi awusheshi ukuveza ($sscood doose, ukwanda kwe-asidis, ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Izinga lokuncipha elisetshenziswa ekulimazeni esikhathini esizayo liyinani elivamile; ukuncipha kwenani lezehlayo kunika izizukulwane ezizayo amandla amakhulu, kusekela imithetho eqinile namuhla.

Umfanekiso oqoshiwe uwukuphatha izinhlanzi. Ukusetshenziswa kwenzuzo emfushane kuholela ekudobeni ngokweqile, okuthi esikhathini eside kuwise amasheya futhi kubhubhise imboni ngokwayo. Ukuwa kwe- Omkhulu Banks cody[ eNewfoundland ekuqaleni konyaka ka-1990] kubangele ukulahlekelwa kwemisebenzi engaphezu kuka-30 000 futhi kululama kancane ngaphansi kwesilinganiso esiqinile. Ukulawula ukukhiqiza okusekelwe ekubambeni imingcele, izindawo ezivikelwe, kanye nezindawo ezivikelweyo zenkathi yenkathi yenqanawa, `imihlatshelo] ibamba ngokushesha kodwa isivikelo semisebenzi emide nempilo engokwezinto eziphilayo.

Kusebenza okufanayo ekukhipheni ikhabhoni. Ukushiswa kwamandla ezinto zakudala kungenisa izinkonzo zamanje zamandla, kodwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu okubangela izindleko ezikhuphukayo phakathi namashumi eminyaka ($nhla kwesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, ukuphakama kolwandle, nokungahleleki kwezolimo. Izimiso zekhabhoni, kungaba ngentela noma ngezimiso ze-patrone, yenza lezindleko zesikhathi esizayo zibe zezinqumo zanamuhla, zibangela umnotho ukuba ungenise izimali ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu.

Izinto Eziza Kuqala Endaweni Yazo

Izinkinga zendawo ezungezile azivamile ukuhlonipha imingcele yokulawula imingcele. Izindawo zendawo zingabheka ipulazi lomoya, idamu, noma umsebenzi wokumba njengomthombo wemisebenzi nentela, kuyilapho izivumelwano zezwe jikelele zikhuthaza ukuzithiba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isidingo sembulunga yonke sokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi eshisayo eshisayo kungase kungqubuzane nesizwe esisathuthuka i-’ ilungelo lezezimboni. Lokhu kungafani kuyinselele eyinhloko yokulawula.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-carbon emvula yase-Amazon igcwele ukucwila kwemvula nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kodwa abantu bendawo eBrazil, ePeru, naseColombia bangase bamise ukufuya izinkomo noma ukulima i-soybean ukuze kuqhubeke kwezomnotho. Izinhlelo zomhlaba wonke njenge REDD+ (Ukuhlenga ekugawuleni amahlathi nasehlathini) zamazama ukuhlanganisa izisusa zendawo ezinezinhloso zembulunga yonke ngokunikeza imbuyiselo engokwezimali yokulondoloza amahlathi. Impumelelo ixhomeke ekubusweni okungalinganisiyo, ukusakazwa kwezinzuzo, nokuqaphela amalungelo ezwe.

Ngokufanayo, umzabalazo wobulungisa bendawo ezungezile uye waqokomisa indlela izwe elingafunekiyo elisebenzisa ngayo indawo eseduze njengendawo eshisiwe, izikomu, nezitshalo zamakhemikhali ezihlala ngokungenakulinganiswa emiphakathini engenisa imali ephansi nemiphakathi yemibala. Isimiso esinciphisa ingqikithi yokungcola kwesizwe kodwa sigxilisa imithombo esele ezindaweni ezihlukene ekuhlulekeni okungalingani. Ukulinganisela imigomo yendawo neyomhlaba wonke kudinga ubulungisa bendawo kanye nezomhlaba wonke okungalawuleki kakhulu, kudinga i-produral ephethe i-activesssss meo orectory.

Ukuhlola Icala Okubonisa Ukuziphatha Kwabantu Abahweba Ngemithetho

I - Chreat Emoyeni: Inzuzo Yempilo Nezindleko Zezemboni

I- Clue Air Act (CAA) ibingenye yemithetho yendawo ezungezile ephumelela kakhulu eUnited States, igawula ukungcola komoya okuvamile ngo- 78% phakathi kuka-1970 no-2020 kuyilapho i-GDP yanda ngo-250%. Kodwa indlela ibilokhu iphikisana. Iziphendu ngo-1977 no-1990 ezigunyaziwe zezindinganiso zokukhipha igesi ezisemotweni, ezimbonini, nasezimbonini. Izindawo zokukhiqiza i-Prothelekelela imishini nokuthenga i-palitiki zingazilahla futhi zithengenwa yizimboni futhi zikhiqinise ama-partracter phesheya.

Inzuzo i-operad i-operad project. Ezinye izibikezelo eziphambili eziye zaboniswa ngokuqashelwa kakhulu ngenxa yokusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe (-scrubbers, izitshisi ze-NOx, kanye nezingasimu ezincishisiwe zavela ngokushibhile kakhulu kunalokho okwakulindelekile. Nokho, amangxenye athile njengogesi oshiswe ngamalahle asekhaya aye azama, okuholela ekutshaleni ukuvaleka nokulahlekelwa umsebenzi. Ukudayisa i-acrubbers, izisekeli eziphawulekayo empilweni yomphakathi ze-anox, ukufa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, kanye nesifo senhliziyo esinesizo esibangela ukukhula kwezomnotho. Isifundo esiyinhloko siwukuthi ukuklanywa okulawula izinto: imisebenzi eguquguquyo njengokuthengiswa kwe-Acid Rain Program kuncil intectionssss kuyilapho iveza izindleko ezisendaweni.

Ukuhlanzeka Kwamanzi Nokuhamba Kwezolimo

I-Celean Water Act (CWA) e-U.S. nase-Water Frameowd Directive e-Europe ibeka imingcele eqinile ekungcoliseni okufakwa ezintweni zamanzi. Ukungcoliswa okungabekwanga emthonjeni ."ukususwa emapulazini athwele i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, nezibulala zinambuzane . Imithetho eqinile yokusebenzisa umanyolo, izinti, nokuphatha imfuyo inganciphisa izinga lokungcola kwamanzi kodwa ithengetheze izindleko eziqondile kubalimi, inciphise ukukhiwo noma idinga inzuzo ebizayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-Chesapeake Bay Program idinga ama-oda ukuze kusetshenziswe amapulani okuncishiswa kokungcola. I-Maryland ithathe izindinganiso eziphambili zesimiso sokungcola kanye nonomanyolo olinganiselwe. Abalimi babhekana nezindleko zokuvuma kodwa futhi bayazuza ekuthuthukiseni impilo yomhlaba kanye nokukhiqiza okude. Ukuhweba phakathi kokudla okushibhile nokuhlanzekile kuyinto yangempela; ukusekela, ukulinganisela, nosizo lobuchwepheshe kunganciphisa umthwalo, kodwa ukucindezeleka okungalawuleki kuyaqhubeka.

Izakhi ezisadla izakhi emhlabeni wonke zibangela ukuwohloka okukhulu kwezingxenye ezisezindaweni ezisogwini, njengendawo eshisayo eGulf of Mexico ebangelwa ukushabalala koMfula iMississippi.

Isimo Sezulu Sishintsha Impilo: Ukuncintisana Kwe - carbon Nezezimboni

I-carbon prigeting ivunywa kakhulu izazi zezomnotho njengethuluzi eliphumelela kakhulu lokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ekhipha igesi eshisayo. Ngokubeka intengo etonini ngalinye le-CO2 elikhiqizwayo, ibangela izisusa zokukhubazeka kwezomnotho. Nokho, ukukhiqizwa kwemivuzo kubhekene nokuntengantenga okungathi sína. Inani eliphakeme lecarbon lingaholela "ekuvuleni kwegesi" ."Izikhungo zegesi ezisuka ezindaweni ezikhuphukelene nemithetho ephansi, kodwa ezisuka nje zibangela ukukhuphuka kwegesi embulungeni yonke.

I-European Union ̱ i-Euctss Trading System (EU ETS) ekuqaleni yahlushwa ukulinganiselwa okukhulu okugcina amanani ephansi kakhulu ukuba aqhube ushintsho olubalulekile. Izinguquko ezinjenge-Markets Stability Reserve ne-parences-slement zinyuse amanani, kodwa izimboni zamandla angaphakathi njengensimbi, isimende, ne-aluminunium yamukela izabelo noma isinxephezelo sokuvimbela ukuvuza. Lokhu kunciphisa amandla emvelweni kanye nokulunganisela inqubo. Phakathi naleyo nqubo, i-carbon system commentmentations iqala njengendlela yokulinganisela insimu yokudlala, kodwa yenza ukuphikisana nezokuhweba, ikakhulukazi izizwe ezisathuthukayo.

Enye i-travoff ixhomeke ekusakazweni kwentela yekharbon. Intela yekharbon ephinde yafakwa ngokulinganayo emakhaya athola imali ephansi,-ingenziwa iqhubeke ngokusebenzisa inzuzo ukuze ixhase ama-parice, izakhiwo eziluhlaza, noma ukusekela imiphakathi esengozini. i-British Columbia ̱ intela yekharbon, eye yathatha intela futhi ihlanganisa intela kubantu nasemabhizinisi, ibonisa ukuthi isimiso sesimo sezulu esimiswe kahle singagcina ukwamukelwa umphakathi kuyilapho kuncishiswa ukukhishwa kwegesi.

Izinqubo Zokuhweba Ngemikhumbi

Ithuluzi elilodwa lokuqondisa lingaxazulula konke ukucindezeleka, kunalokho, iqoqo lezindlela zokusingatha isimo, elisetshenziswa ngokuqonda umongo, linikeza indlela engcono kakhulu.

Ukuhlolwa Okunethonya

Phambi kokwamukela umthetho, abakhi bezimiso kufanele baqhube inqubo eqinile ne-ANTIONS (RIA) ehlela kokubili izindleko nezinzuzo, kuhlanganise namanani angewona asemachazini njengemisebenzi yezemvelo nentuthuko yempilo. Le nqubo kufanele icabangele imiphumela yokwaba futhi isize futhi ihlole amasuntswana. Ukusetshenziswa kokuhlaziya inzuzo yemali kunemingcele (umzekelo, ukulinganisela ukuphila kwesikhathi esizayo, ukwazisa imvelo ngokwezemali) kodwa inikeza uhlaka lokuqhathanisa amalungiselelo okuhlelelwa.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokuhlanganyela Ekubuseni

Imithetho esungulwe ngemva kweminyango evaliweyo ivame ukubhekana nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezimelanayo nezinselele zomthetho. Izinqubo ezihlanganisa zonke ezihlanganisa izimboni, amaqembu endawo emvelo, imiphakathi ethintekile, futhi ososayensi bangaveza amakhambi okwakha futhi bakhe ukufaneleka. * * * * Izibalo ezihlobanayo zokubusa****, njenge-National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Act (NEPA) yokuvimbela ukubola noma izinqubo zokuvimbela ukugcinwa kwamafutha esundu, ivumela ukuhwebelana ukuba kuxoxiswe kunokuba kubekwe. Lokhu akuqinisekisi ukuvumelana kodwa kunciphisa amathuba okukhubazeka.

Imisebenzi Yokulungisa Izimiso Ezivumelana Nezimo

Imithetho e-ligid, e-adcription iphelelwa isikhathi njengoba ubuchwepheshe kanye nezimo zezomnotho zishintsha. Izindinganiso ezisekelwe ekusebenzeni zisuka phezulu.(umz., idinga izinga lokukhipha okukhulu kunobuchwepheshe obukhethekile). ** Izimiso zokulawula i-Adaptic zihlanganisa amalungiselelo okulawula izinto ezingokwemvelo, ukuhlolwa nokubukezwa kwezikhathi ezithile, okwenza ushintsho luvele njengoba kuvela ulwazi olusha. I-U.S. Evangered Actics Act ̱ i-Camplications Processsss act / accompations act #217, ihlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zokuzinganisa nokulungisa imvelo, ukuthuthukisa isivikelo kwezinhlobo zezilwane.

Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe Nenqubo Yezezimboni Eziluhlaza

Ukutshala uhulumeni ekucwaningeni, ekuthuthukiseni, nasekusebenziseni intuthuko (RD&D) yobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile kunganciphisa izindleko zokuthobela inqubo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izimali ezikhokhelwayo, ukufunza imishini efaka amandla avuselelwe, nezimiso zokuthola okuluhlaza zisiza ekubangeleni ukufunwa kwamakhambi aphansi. Ukuncipha okuphawulekayo kwamandla ogesi ogesi nomoya okubizayo phakathi neshumi leminyaka elidlule kubangelwa ngokwengxenye ukusekela okuqhubekayo kwenqubo eJalimane, iChina, kanye ne-U.S. Ukulungisa intengo kungaguqula ukuthengwa okucatshangelwayo kube yi-synerner: ukuphumelela, ngokwesibonelo, ukunciphisa kokubili ukukhishwa kwegesi kanye nezindleko zokusebenza.

Indima Engenakuxazululeka Yokuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Umthetho wendawo ezungezile ekugcineni usuka ezindinganisweni zomphakathi. Izimiso eziphumelelayo azidingi nje ubuchwepheshe kuphela kodwa futhi nezimiso zomphakathi ezibanzi ezithengwayo. Izimiso zokuthengwa komphakathi ($izindlebe zomphakathi, amakomiti okuhlola izakhamuzi, ukuphawula ukuthinteka kwemiphumela yendawo ezungezile) ziqinisekisa ukuthi imibono ehlukahlukene iyazwakala. Zifundisa futhi izakhamuzi ngezokuthengwa nokuthembana ezimisweni zikahulumeni.

Nokho, ukuthembisana kumelwe kube nengqondo, hhayi okuwuphawu. Abasekeli bezenhlalakahle bezenhlalakahle sebenesikhathi eside begxeka imingcele evimbela ukutholakala kwemali ephansi nemiphakathi emincane. Izindawo zokusungula ukubusa ngentando yeningi ezingokoqobo, njengezakhamuzi i-̱ amajaji aphathelene nenkambiso yesimo sezulu noma ukugcinwa kwamandla endawo, anganikeza imiphakathi amandla aqotho okwenza izinqumo. Uma abantu benomuzwa wokuthi inkathazo yabo iyazwakala, bathambekele kakhulu ukwamukela ukuhwebelana okudingekile, njengezindleko eziphakeme zokuhwebelana nomoya ohlanzekile noma ukuhlaziywa kwezindawo zokusebenza kwamandla endaweni yabo.

Isiphetho: Ekushintsheni Okulinganiselwe Nokufanele

Ukulinganisela amathenaff abangelwa yimithetho yendawo ezungezile akuyona indida yezesayensi yezezombangazwe nezimiso zezimiso. Akukho nqubo engcono kakhulu [1] Inqubo ngayinye ihilela abanqobi nabahlulwayo, izindinganiso nezithakazelo. Umgomo akumelwe kube ukuqeda ukuhweba kodwa ukukuphatha ngokukhanyayo, ngokungakhethi, nangokuvumelana.

Ushintsho olulungile luqaphela ukuthi izindleko zokuvikela indawo ezungezile akumelwe zinciphe kakhulu. Zihlanganisa izinhlelo ezilungile zomthetho, zinikeza ukusekela izisebenzi ezifudukayo, futhi zinika amandla imiphakathi. Ngokufanayo, iyavuma ukuthi izindleko zokungathathi miphumela /inhlekelele, ukuwohloka kwemvelo, izinkinga zempilo yomphakathi zenza kube ngaphezu kwezinkinga zesikhathi sokuzilawula. Ngokuhlanganisa ukuhlaziya okuqinile, inqubo eguquguqukayo, amathuluzi, kanye nemisebenzi eqhubekayo, abakhi bezimiso zingaqondisa ukulinganisela emiphumeleni esekela kokubili abantu neplanethini ezayo.