Isimiso somthetho siwukuhlelwa kwesimiso sokwakha inqubo yomphakathi, inikeza indlela ehleliwe yokuxazulula izingxabano nezimiso eziphoqelelwe. Phakathi nendawo, lesi simiso sihlanganisa izindawo ezimbili ezihlukene: umthetho wesizwe nomthetho wobugebengu. Nakuba imicabango ethandwayo ivame ukugcwalisa lezi ezimbili, ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwazo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohamba phambili, izindaba zomuntu siqu, noma ukuphila komphakathi. Ukuqulwa kwecala kuwukuhlukanisa amalungelo abantu ngabanye noma izinhlangano. Icala lobugebengu liyinani lomphakathi lobubi obuyimpoqo, lixabhiswa yizwe yizwe. Izigxobo, izinqubo, iziqondiso zobufakazi, iziqondiso, imiphumela engenzeka ihlukile ngokuhlukanisa umehluko omkhulu, ukuhluka kwemizwa kwemibango yemiphakathi, i-procration, newnstnamestrivement, nessss zomthetho womphakathi womphakathi.

Isisekelo Somthetho Wangaphakathi: Ukuxazulula Izingxabano Zangasese

Umthetho wesizwe ulawula ubuhlobo, izibopho, nokusebenzelana phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezizimele namabhizinisi. Umthetho wokwephula izithembiso, ukulimala ngengozi, ukungavumelani mpahla, nezingxabano ezingochwepheshe. Uma omunye elahlekelwa yizenzo noma izenzo zomunye, umthetho wesizwe unikeza i-interum ukuze kulungiswe. Injongo eyinhloko akukona ukujezisa, kodwa ukubeka iqembu elilimele endaweni ebelingeke lenzeke kuyo iphutha, noma ukulikhokhela ukulahlekelwa kwalo.

Yini Ebangela Isono Esivamile?

Amacala angaphakathi angavela ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, ngokuvamile ezihlukaniswe zaba izici ezithile zomthetho:

  • Amathonsi: Lokhu kuyizenzo zomphakathi ezibangela ukulimala noma ukulahlekelwa. I-Negligence (umzk., ingozi yemoto ebangelwa umshayeli ophazamisekile), ukuhlanjalazwa (ibhetri noma ukunyundelwa), ibhetri, kanye nokukhwabanisa konke kuwela ngaphansi komthetho ophansi.
  • [[NT.0] Impikiswano ehlangeneyo: Uma omunye ehluleka ukufeza izibopho zakhe ngaphansi kwesivumelwano esibophekayo esingokomthetho, omunye angase afake icala lokwephulwa kwesivumelwano. Lokhu kuhlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekuhlulekeni ukukhokhela izinkonzo kuya ekuphuleni isivumelwano esingagunyazi.
  • [ Umthetho oshoyo: Uphikisana ngokuba nendawo, izimpikiswano ezithatha indawo, noma umonakalo empahleni uxazululwa ngemicimbi yomphakathi.
  • Umthetho womkhaya:[ isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, nokutholwa kuyizindaba zomphakathi.

Imicimbi Nemithwalo Yayo

Ecaleni lomphakathi, isigaba esimangalela amacala amakhohlane. Iqembu eliquliswayo ummangalelwa. I-paltiff ithwala umthwalo wobufakazi, obuyindida yobufakazi . Lendinganiso idinga ummeli oqashelwayo ukuqinisekisa umahluleli noma ummangalelwa ukuthi ukulandisa kwabo amaqiniso kuyiqiniso kakhulu kunokungekho (ngokuvamile okuchazwa njengendinganiso "50% kanye nendinganiso yempaphe"). Ngenxa yokuthi umphumela ulinganiselwe ilinganiselwe ekulahlekeni kwemali noma ukukhululeka okunganqamukiyo, umthetho ubeka umthwalo ophansi wobufakazi obuqhathaniswa nezigebengu zobugebengu. Ngokuphawulekayo, abakhokhi bomthetho abanawo umthetho ongokomthetho owenziwe ngommeli omisiwe. Uma ummeli engenakukwazi ukuzikhokha ummeli wecala.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Nokukhululeka Ekumangaleni Kwangaphakathi

Isiphetho sekhambi lomphakathi siyikhambi le-paltiff. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuthatha olunye lwezinhlobo ezimbili:

  • I-Legal Remedies (Izigebengu): Inkantolo iyala ummangalelwa ukuba akhokhe imali kummangalelwa. Lokhu kungahlanganisa izindleko zokukhokha (ukulahlekelwa ngokoqobo) kanye nesijeziso sokujezisa (okuwuphawu lokujezisa ukuziphatha okuxekezayo nokuvimbela abanye).
  • Icebo elingenakuguqulwa: Inkantolo iyala ummangalelwa ukuba enze noma agweme ukwenza isenzo esithile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa iziyalo (umz., ukuvala inkampani ekusebenziseni imfihlo yebhizinisi elebiwe) kanye nomsebenzi othile (umz., iphoqelela umthengisi ukuba adlulisele ingxenye ekhethekile yempahla ethenjisiwe esivumelwaneni).

Isithunzi Somthetho Wesigebengu: Ukujezisa Umbuso Ngezono

Umthetho wesigebengu uyisimiso esihlukile esinenjongo ehlukile. Simelela amandla kahulumeni okuchaza nokujezisa ukuziphatha okubhekwa njengokungamukeleki emphakathini. Isenzo sobugebengu asisona nje isenzo esingalungile esisulwini; sibhekwa njengokwephulwa kokuthula nohlelo lomphakathi. Ngakho - ke, uhulumeni ``uhulumeni, umbuso, noma indawo' uthatha umshushisi ngenxa yabantu.

Ukuchaza Ukuziphatha Kwesigebengu

Ubugebengu buchazwa ngomthetho futhi ngokuvamile buhlukaniswa ngobuqatha. i-Felonies iyicala elingathi sína elijeziswa ngokuboshwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, njengokubulala, ukuphanga, nokukhwabanisa. [ [[FLT] iyicala elingathi sína kakhulu, njengentshontsha noma ukuhlasela okulula, isijeziso sokuze iboshwe ngonyaka owodwa ejele noma ukukhokhwa. Ukuqulwa kumelwe kuqinisekise izici ezimbili zokuvikela ukuqiniseka: isenzo sobugebengu ([[FLT]4]]] esiwubuthuletus ]]) kanye nengqondo enecala ( [FFT][FM]

Indinganiso Ephakeme Kakhulu: Naphezu Kokungabaza Okunengqondo

Ngenxa yokuthi inkolelo yobugebengu ingaphuca umuntu inkululeko yakhe, isimiso somthetho sibeka indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi: ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo [. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ummangalelwa kumelwe afakazele icala lommangalelwa ngokwezinga lokuba umuntu onengqondo anganganqikazi ukwenza ngokuvumelana naleso siphetho ezindabeni ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuphila kwakhe siqu. Lendinganiso ivikela abangenacala ngokwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba umbuso uqinisekise isiqinisekiso ngaphandle kobufakazi obuqandlisayo. Ummangalelwa uthathwa njengongenacala kuyo yonke inqubo futhi akanasibopho sokunikeza noma isiphi isiqinisekiso noma ubufakazi.

Ukulondolozwa Komthetho - sisekelo Kwabamangalelwa

UMthetho - sisekelo wase - United States unikeza isivikelo esikhulu kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu, kuhlanganise nalokhu:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo leseluleko (Isichibiyelo sesi-6):[ Uma ummangalelwa engenamali yommeli, umbuso kumelwe unikeze umuntu mahhala.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwe-Reopardy (Isichibiyeli se-5th): Umuntu akanakuqulwa kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunyelwa.
  • Ingakwesokudla ku-Picepy and Public Treast Threast (Isiphetho sesithupha): ivimbela ukuboshwa okunganqunywanga kanye nemicimbi yasese.
  • Ukuvikelwa ekucwaningeni okungenangqondo kanye nakuSeizares (Isiphetho sesi-4): Kudinga amaphoyisa ukuthola isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu okungenzeka sibangele izimo eziningi.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Komthetho Wangaphakathi Nowesigebengu

Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinsika ezimbili zezomthetho kubalulekile ekubikezeleni ukuthi icala liyokwembulwa kanjani.

Injongo Nemigomo

  • ICivil: Ukukhokha olimele nokuxazulula izingxabano. Umgomo uwukwenza i-paltiff iphelele noma inqabe ukuziphatha okulimazayo.
  • 'ubugebengu:[ Ukujezisa owonile, ukuvimbela ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo, ukunqanda abantu abayingozi, nokulungisa abanecala. Umgomo uwukukhonza ubulungisa emphakathini.

Imicimbi Nemifanekiso

  • ICivil:[ Abantu noma izinhlangano zangasese (ikhansindiwe v. mmangalelwa). Umkhangisi ulawula icala futhi angakhetha ukulilungisa noma ukulilahla noma nini.
  • : Uhulumeni (umshushisi) umelene nomuntu noma inhlangano. Isisulu singufakazi kahulumeni, hhayi ummeleli weqembu eliletha icala. Umshushisi unquma ukuthi kufanele abhalise amaphutha.

Izinga Lobufakazi

  • [[UMTH:0] ICivil:[ Ukucabangisisa ngobufakazi (cishe).
  • 'ububanzi:[ Ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo (ukuqiniseka). Lena indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi esimisweni somthetho, ebonisa izigxobo eziphakeme ezihilelekile.

Imiphumela Engaba Khona

  • I-Civil:[ Inxeba le-monetary (inhlawulo noma isijeziso), imiyalo, ukwenza okuthile, noma izahlulelo zokususa. Akukho ukulahlekelwa yinkululeko.
  • 'umthetho: Intambo (ijele noma ijele), amafa akhokhwa kuhulumeni, ukugcinwa, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma kwezinye izindawo, isigwebo sokufa.

Ukuma Kwezimbali Nokuhlanza Izindlu

  • I-Civil:[ Imajukujwayezi atholakala kakhulu kodwa awadingeki kuzo zonke izimo. Inani lamajaji lingahluka, futhi izifundazwe eziningi zivumela isinqumo esingavumelani ne-universe (umz., amavoti angu-9 kwa-12) ezicaleni zomphakathi.
  • Icala: Imibono iqinisekiswa ngokomthetho-mthetho ngokwezomthetho emacaleni angathi sína. Isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane njalo (bonke abajaji abangu-12 kumelwe bavumelane) neziboshwa, ibonisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni kumelwe ufakazele icala lawo ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo okuphethwe yijaji elilodwa.

Isithiyo Sokuqulwa Kwecala Lomphakathi

Amacala angaphakathi alandela indlela ehlelwe kahle, nakuba iningi kakhulu — ngokuvamile lingaphezu kuka - 95% — — ngaphambi kokuba lifike enkantolo.

Impicabadala Eholelayo

Le nqubo iqala lapho i-paltiff ifaka i- complant nenkantolo, iveza amaqiniso ecala nesisekelo esingokomthetho secala. Ummangalelwa uphendula ngokuphendula , avume noma aphikise izikhalo. Ummangalelwa angafaka futhi amabala amelene nomphathi we-pasttiff. Izenzo zecala, njengokuhamba kwecala lokungahambisani nokwehluleka ukuveza icala, kuvamile kulelizinga.

Isitezi Sokutholakala Kwaso

Indlela yokuthola ukuthi bobabili bafaka kanjani ubufakazi. Lokhu kuvame ukuba isikhathi esiningi esithatha isikhathi futhi okubizayo. Amathuluzi okuthola ahlanganisa:

  • Imibuzo elotshiwe ngecala okumelwe liphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • [ Izimo:[ Ekubuzeni ufakazi noma iqembu elifungwe ngesithembiso, elibhalwe yintatheli yenkantolo.
  • Icela umkhiqizo: ukucela olunye uhlangothi ukuveza amabhukwana, ama-imeyili, izivumelwano, noma obunye ubufakazi obungokoqobo.
  • [ Icela ukugunyazwa: icela olunye uhlangothi ukuvuma noma ukuphika amaqiniso akhethekile ukuze kuncishiswe izimpikiswano zomthetho.

Izindlela Zokuhamba Nokuhlala Kwangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, nhlangothi zombili zingafaka isisusa sokwahlulela ngokufushanisiwe. Lokhu kuhamba kucela umahluleli ukuba alawule ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela kweqiniso lezinto ezibonakalayo nokuthi umnyakazo unelungelo lokwahlulelwa njengendaba yomthetho. Uma lokhu kunyakaza kuphiwe, icala lihlelelwe ukuqulwa. Izinkantolo zivame ukukhuthaza noma ukucela amaqembu ukuba angene [ ukunqabelananisa noma ukuthatha impikiswano. ukuxazulula ukuphikisana ngaphandle kwezindleko, isikhathi, nokungaqiniseki kovivinyo.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Nesigwebo

Uma icala liqulwa, kulandela lomyalo ovamile: ukukhethwa kwamajaji ( ioir ), izitatimende zokuvula, ukunikezwa kobufakazi (icala lommangalelwa-komkhulu, kulandelwa ummangalelwa), izimpikiswano, iziyalezo zokwahlulela, nokuququzelela. Ijaji libuyisela isinqumo kumphathi we-palcttiff noma ummangalelwa. Uma umkhombisi ewina, ijaji linquma isilinganiso selahleko. Iqembu elilahlekileyo lingadlulisa isinqumo noma isahlulelo enkantolo ephakeme uma likholelwa ukuthi iphutha elingokomthetho lenzekile phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala.

Indlela Yokushushisa Kwesigebengu

Inqubo yobugebengu ithonywe kakhulu yizivikelo zomthetho - sisekelo eziklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo omangalelwa kusukela ekuqaleni.

Ukucwaninga Nokuboshwa

Icala lobugebengu liqala ngokuhlola ngokufaka umthetho. Uma amaphoyisa enembangela engasolwa [ yokukholelwa ukuthi umuntu owenze ubugebengu, angabopha. Ngemva kokuboshwa, isisolwayo siyabhaliswa futhi siqedwe. ISichibiyelo sesine sidinga amaphoyisa ukuba athole imvume yokufuna ekhaya lomuntu noma ukuthatha impahla yabo ezimweni eziningi, futhi ubufakazi obutholakele ngokwephula lelilungelo bungacishwa (umthetho owephula umthetho).

Ukubonakala Kokuqala Nokuhlanekezelwa

Ummangalelwa kumelwe alethwe phambi komahluleli ngokushesha ukuze kuvele . Umahluleli utshela ummangalelwa ngamacala, ululeka abathwesi bawo, futhi abeke ibheyili noma izimo zokukhululwa. u-argement, ummangalelwa ufunda izikhalo futhi angene emkhankasweni (ngokuvamile) onecala, onecala, noma ongekho umncintiswano ([[FLT:]] nonoere [[FLT]]]).

Ukudla I - “lea ”

Kulesimiso somthetho wanamuhla wobugebengu, amacala angaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-90 axazululwa ngokufaka isicelo esithengwayo. Umshushisi unikeza ummangalelwa isigwebo esincishisiwe noma isigwebo esilula ukuze adlulise icala elinecala. Lenqubo igwema isikhathi nezindleko zecala kodwa iye yagxekwa ngokucindezela abamangalelwa abangenacala ukuba bamangalelwe ukuba bavume icala ukuze bagweme ingozi yesigwebo esinzima kakhulu lapho bequlwa icala.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala liqulwa, ukugconwa kobumsulwa kuwubukhohlakali. Umshushisi unikeza ubufakazi balo kuqala, ukubiza ofakazi nokwethula imiboniso. Ukuzivikela kunelungelo lokunqamule i-examine bonke ubufakazi. Ukuvikela kunganikeza ubufakazi bakho kodwa akudingeki ukuba enze kanjalo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lomthetho-mmangalelwa lokungafakazeli (] iSimemezelo seSiphendulo [), futhi abahluleli batshelwa ngokuqondile ukuba bangagwebi icala elithile.

Ukugwetshwa

Uma ummangalelwa eboshelwe, ijaji libamba icala elahlukene lokuvala icala. Umahluleli ubheka iziqondiso zokwahlulela ze-stagnotery, umbiko wokuphenya wangaphambi kwemvume, ukuphikisa komshushisi nommeli, futhi ngokuvamile izinkulumo ezivela ezisusela ezisulwini. Isigwebo singasukela ekuhlolweni kwesigwebo seminyaka ejele, noma ngisho nasekuboshweni ukuphila. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokudlulisa icala noma isigwebo.

Ukuwa Kakhulu Nezinyathelo Ezihambisanayo: Isinyathelo Esifanayo, Izilingo Ezimbili

Inkolelo edidayo iwukuthi isenzo kumelwe sibe yicala noma iphutha lomphakathi. Eqinisweni, ukuziphatha okufanayo kungakha isisekelo sezenzo ezimbili ezihlukene ngokuphelele, ezivumelanayo. Ngoba izindinganiso zobufakazi nezinhlangothi ezihilelekile zihlukile, imiphumela ingaba khona.

Isibonelo esidume kakhulu yile O.J. USimpson icala . USmpson wakhululwa ekubulaleni enkantolo yobugebengu ngenxa yokuthi abahluleli bamajaji babengabaza icala lomshushisi ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Nokho, watholakala enecala lokufa ngokungafanele ekuqulweni icala lomphakathi, lapho umthwalo wobufakazi wawumane nje uwumqalisi wobufakazi. Ijaji layala ukuba akhokhele izisulu eziyizigidi ezingu - R3. Umphumela uqokomisa isimiso esibucayi: ubugebengu obungagwegwesi isigwebo asibophi isigwebo secala sesizwe ngenxa yokuthi imithetho engokomthetho nemisebenzi yemithetho yasomthetho isobala.

Ngokufanayo, [[QLT:0] ibhizinisi lokuphamba amasheya lingase libhekane necala lesigaba sezenhlalakahle elivela kubaphethe imoto abafuna ukubuyisa ukulahlekelwa kwabo. Ngokungako, uMnyango Wobulungisa wase-U.S. ungaletha amacala obugebengu okukhwabanisa abaphathi benkampani, okungaholela esikhathini sokugqunywa ejele. umshayeli obhikishiwe obangela inhlekelele angase abekwe icala nge-DU (ubugebengu) futhi abekwe icala ngenxa yokunganaki kwabagibela abagibeli (civil). Ukuqonda lokhu kuchaphazeleka okungayo kuyingozi ekuqondiseni izingozi kokubili ekuphatheni kwakho kanye nezinhlangano.

Okwenza Le Njengxube Ibaluleke Ekuzijwayezeni

Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi komthetho wezentengiselwano nowezigebengu akuyona nje indlela yokufunda, kodwa kuthinta kakhulu indlela abantu namabhizinisi asebenza ngayo.

  • Kubantu abahlala khona: Ukwazi isimiso somthetho kukusiza ukuba uqonde amalungelo akho uma uyisisulu sobugebengu noma umphikisi empikiswaneni. Isisulu sokuhlaselwa asinakukwazi "ukucindezela amacala" ngokuqondile; kumelwe sithembele kumshushisi, kodwa bangaqasha ummeli wesizwe ukuba afake icala.
  • KuMabhizinisi Abanikazi: Izinhlelo zokulalela izivumelwano kumelwe zibhekise kokubili icala lobugebengu (umzk., ukuphula umthetho, ukufumbathisa) nokulahla izivumelwano zomthetho (umzk., ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi). Ukwehluleka kwebhizinisi elilodwa kungaholela ekuhlolweni kukahulumeni nasekwenzweni kwecala.
  • Abavikeli: Amasu ahluke ngokuphelele. Endabeni yobugebengu, ukugxila ekuvikeleni inkululeko nokugwema ukuqiniseka, ngokuvamile ngezenzo ezingokwesiko nangokubekela ubufakazi bombuso inselele. Endabeni yomphakathi, ukugxila ekunciphiseni isibopho esingokwezimali, ngokuvamile ngokuxoxisana nangokuxazulula.

Isiphetho

Umehluko phakathi komthetho wesizwe nowezobugebengu uyisisekelo sesimiso sobulungisa baseMelika. Umthetho wesigebengu uvikela umphakathi futhi ujezise abanecala, ufunela ukuba umuntu athole imvume eseduze nezwe ngaphambi kokuba unciphe inkululeko yakhe. Umthetho wombango uxazulula izingxabano zangasese futhi ukhokhele abalimele, usebenzise indinganiso ethambile kakhulu yobufakazi futhi ugxile emakhambini angokwezimali noma alinganayo. Lezizimiso ezimbili, nakuba zihlala ndawonye, zikhonza amakhosi ahlukene futhi zisebenza ngemithetho ehlukene. Ukuqaphela ukuthi zisebenza kanjani ngokwehlukana, futhi ziveza indlela ecacile, enegunya kakhulu yokuqonda indlela ubulungisa obuphishekelelwa ngayo entweni eyinkimbinkimbi, umphakathi.