IZisekelo Zomthetho - sisekelo Zokuphatha Ngokusemthethweni

Isimiso semibuso ehlukene, esifakwe eMthethweni we-U.S. kanye nezinye izimiso zentando yeningi, simisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kwezindawo ezilawula i-odoli, izikhulu, amagatsha abusayo. Kulesi simiso, ukuqondisa kwezimiso zezinhlangano ezilawulayo akusona nje ukukhetha okusemthethweni kodwa umthetho ongokomthetho. Izinhlangano ezilawulayo (___zivame ukuba zihlale ngaphakathi kwegatsha eliphethe kodwa zisebenza ngamazinga ahlukahlukene ezimele), zicubuse igunya eliqinile ezindaweni ezibucayi njengesivikelo sendawo ezungezile, izimakethengi, izimali, impilo yomphakathi, nezindawo zomsebenzi. Ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuqinile kwemithetho engokomthetho, lezi zingenwa yizimboni ezilawulayo, zilawulwa yize zilawule, noma zihlule ukujwa ukuhlanganisa imishini yomphakathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinhlelo zokuqondisa inqubo yezomthetho, izinselele ezingoko elivamile, izindleko ezisekwenziwayo ekulungiseni inqubo yezobuchwepheshe nezobuchwepheshe.

Indima Yesimiso Sokuqondisa: Injongo Nezinga

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo zakhiwa ngemithetho eyenziwa yiSishaya-mthetho enziwa ukuphathisa abantu amandla athile okubeka imithetho, ukuphoqelela, nokuphoqelela. Injongo yazo eyinhloko iwukumisa nokumisa imithetho edinga ubuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi noma izimali ezidinga ubuchwepheshe obungaphezu kwamandla endikimba ye-Precional counting Commission (1914), futhi kamuva izinhlangano ze-New Bac ezifuna i-Saceturation ne-Exchange Communic (1934) neNational Relation Board (1935). Lezi zinhlangano zaklanywa ukuvala imisebenzi ethile esukela ngosuku lwe-19191979) ngesikhathi kulokhu kunezingcindezi zezombangazwe ezisele zikhona.

Izimo zikahulumeni zingahlukaniswa zibe yizinhlobo ezimbili: izinhlangano eziphethe, ezilawulwa ngokuqondile nguMongameli (umz., i-Nzalo Yokuvikela Izindawo Ezizungezile), kanye nezinhlangano ezizimele eziqondisayo, eziholwa amabhodi e-bipartisan anamagama amisiwe (umz., i-Federal Communications Commission). Izindaba zokwehlukanisa zokwengamela ngenxa yokuthi izinhlangano ezizimele zaziklanywe ngamabomu ukuba zimelane nethonya lomongameli, zibeka umthwalo omkhulu kakhulu eMkhandlwini ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi isibopho sokuziphendulela. Imisebenzi yezinhlangano eziyinhloko ze-progateasethi ihlanganisa:

  • Ukwenza [: ukukhipha imithetho ebophayo echaza futhi isebenzise imithetho.
  • Impoqo: ukuphakanyiswa kwemali, ukukhipha amaface, nokuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho.
  • [ Ukulahla [: Ukuzwa izimpikiswano nokubeka izijeziso ngemicimbi yokuphatha.
  • Advisory and Research: Ukunikeza ubuchwepheshe kuKhongolo-kanye nomphakathi.

Isilinganiso salelibhizinisi lokuqondisa sikhulu. Ngokwezinye izilinganiso, izinhlangano zikahulumeni eUnited States zikhipha imithetho yokugcina engaphezu kwengu - 3 000 ngonyaka, eminingi yayo inemiphumela engokomnotho engaphezu kwamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu - 1 100. Leligunya lokubusa, lihlangene nokubukezwa komthetho oqondile kanye nobunkimbinkimbi bomthetho wokuqondisa, kwenza ukuqondisa kwemithetho kube yisivikelo esibucayi ekuphathweni noma ekukhubazekeni.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithetho: Ukulandisa, Ukubonisana Nethemba

Ukwengamela umthetho kusebenza njengenqubo eyinhloko lapho uMkhandlu ugcwalisa khona umsebenzi wawo womthetho - sisekelo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ikhishwa ngokwethembeka (Artle II, Ingxenye 3). Ngaphandle kwesisekelo somthetho - sisekelo, ukuqondisa kubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu eziningana ezihlobene.

Ukuvimbela Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwamandla Nokubanjwa Kwama - arhente

Ngaphandle kokuqapha, izinhlangano eziqondisayo zingabanjwa yizo kanye izimboni okumelwe ziqondiswe. Uma izikhulu zemisebenzi noma abamiselwe bezombangazwe beqala ubuhlobo obuseduze nezinhlangano ezilawulwayo, izinqubo zingatshekela ezithakazelweni zezimboni ngezindleko zenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Umnyango ojikelezayo .Nde lapho izisebenzi zenkampani zithatha indawo yemisebenzi yezezimboni elawulwayo ezimbonini eziphethe izakhiwo zezezentengiselwano. Ukuzwa kwezindlebe, ukuhlola nokuhlola kungaveza ukungqubuzana kwesithakazelo, ukuvimbela ukukhubazeka kwemali, nokusheshisa umthetho wokulungisa. Ngokwesibonelo, uphengululo lwe-Progionmentalgions Managements Services Ser (Ukuphathwa kweminyango lweminyango yeminyango) ku- 2000 kwembula impucuko yobudlelwane obunethelekayo nezinkampani zikawoyela, iholele ekulungiseni ulwandle ngemva kokuqondisa i-Deater Expoase.

Ukwandisa Ukubona Ingaphandle Nokuthenjwa Umphakathi

Ngokuvamile ukuzwa ngokuphandle kusobala, kunikeza izikhulu zezinhlangano indawo yesikhulu ukuba zichaze izinqumo zazo, ukuze ochwepheshe bachaze ukusebenza kwezemishini, futhi izakhamuzi ezithintekile ziveze ukukhathazeka. Lokhu kubonakala kubalulekile ekulondolozeni igunya lentando yeningi. Uma umphakathi uqonda indlela izinhlangano ezenza ngayo izinqumo, futhi ubona ukuthi uKhongolo-mthetho uyayiqondisa ngenkuthalo ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni ungagcinwa ngisho naphakathi kwezinhlekelele. Ngokuphambene, ukwehluleka kokwengamela, njengokusabela okuphucuzelayo emqedazweni we - opioid enziwa yi - Drugn Enforcement Administration ne-Fod and Drug, ukuvikela komphakathi nokukhuthaza ukulawulwa kwe-biod Birparticism.

Ukuthuthukisa Ikhono Lokuhlola Nokuphumelela

Ukulawula akusona nje isijeziso; futhi kungaba okwakhayo. Ngohlelo lokuhlola, ukubheka ukushona kwelanga, nokuhlola ukusebenza kwemisebenzi (ngokuvamile okuqhutshwa amahhovisi okulandisa kahulumeni njengehhovisi lokulandisa likahulumeni wase-U.S.), uKhomishane angabona i-iniciencie, imithetho ephelelwe isikhathi, noma imithetho ephikisanayo. Le mithetho yokuvuma yenza ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yezindawo, ukwabiwa kwezindawo okungcono, nokuncishiswa kwemitako yemali lapho kufaneleka khona.

Imishini Yokuqondisa Kwemithetho: Amathuluzi Ezohwebo

Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukuphumelela kokwengamela.

Ukuzwa Nokuhlola

Ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi kuyindlela ebonakala kakhulu. AmaKomiti angabiza iziphathi zezinhlangano, izincwadi ezingaphansi kwe-poena, futhi aphoqelele ubufakazi kuziphathimandla zamanje nangaphambili. Nakuba ukuthethwa kwamacala kungasetshenziswa njengendlela ephawulekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iKhompathi yamaSishaya-mthetho eHlayeni eHlaziya eMphensweni ingumlando omude wokudalula amaphutha okuzinza, kusukela ekuweni kwe-Enton kuya ekuwisweni kwe-endoundal.

Ukulawula Uhlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Amandla eSikhwama semali ayithuluzi laso elinamandla kakhulu. Ngokumisa amazinga okuqondisa, ukuhlanganisa abagibeli, noma ukulinganisela ukuxhaswa kwemali yezinhlelo ezithile, abamisi-mthetho bangaphoqelela izinhlangano ukuba zishintshe izinto eziza kuqala noma ziqede imisebenzi engafanele. Nokho, lo mbuso uvame ukusetshenziswa ngendlela eyisicaba. Ngokufaka izimali zenhlangano yonke ukuze ifinyelele umgomo wenqubo.

Ukubukeza Kwemithetho Nelanga

Ezinye izimiso zifuna ukuba izinhlangano zithethelele ukuba khona kwazo ngezikhathi ezithile noma zinikeze imithetho yokubuyisela (iyaziwa njengelungiselelo lokushona kwelanga). UMthetho we-Regatication Flexibility noMthetho we-Mandaters Reformation Act odacired udinga izinhlangano ezihlola ithonya lemithetho yazo entweni ezincane nezwe/ohulumeni bendawo, ngokulandelana, zimise uhlelo lokubukeza okungasetshenziswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu ekutholeni imithetho ephelelwe isikhathi.

Ihhovisi Lokulandisa Likahulumeni (GAO) Nezinhloli Eziphethe (IG)

Izinhlangano ze-gaO naleyo-audiodist jounce zinikeza iziKhongolo ngenjongo, izinhlelo ezingasebenzisi izinhlangano. Imibiko yabo ivame ukunikeza ukutusa okuqondile okuba isisekelo sokuzwa kwemithetho noshintsho lwemithetho. I-GAO’s “Uhlu oluphezulu lwe-Risk” iveza izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezichayeke ekukhwabanisweni, ekulahlwani, ekuphathweni, ekuphakeleni, ukunikeza i-Congress Congress uhlelo lwezingress olulungiselelwe.

Ukuqinisekiswa Nokunqunyelwa

Indima yeseluleko seSigele nendima evunyelwe izikhulu zezinhlangano eziphethe (kuhlanganise namakhomishane ezinhlangano ezizimele) iyithuluzi elinamandla elibusayo lokuhlola. Phakathi nokuqinisekisa, abasekeli bangangabaza ngefilosofi yabo yokuqondisa, izenzo zabo zesikhathi esidlule, namasu amacebo enhlangano, futhi bangagodla isiqinisekiso sokuphoqelela ushintsho endleleni yezimiso.

Izinselele Ekubuseni Okungokomthetho: Izilwi Zokwakha Nezombangazwe

Naphezu kokubaluleka kokwengamela, ibhekana nezithiyo eziphikelelayo ezingase zinciphise ukuphumelela kwayo.

Ukuhlanyiswa Kwelanga Ne - gridlock

Ukwanda kokubekwa kwezindawo zobuphekula kuye kwaguqula amacala amaningi aba amahholo ezombangazwe esikhundleni sokuthola amaqiniso angempela. Izihlalo zamakomiti zingasebenzisa izimpondo ezingaphansi ekuhlukumezeni izikhulu zezinhlangano ukuze zixhaphaze izinhlangano ngokulandelana, kuyilapho amalungu amancane angavikela izinhlangano ezihambisana nezinhlelo zawo. Lokhu kungathiya ukuqondisa okunenjongo kwe-bipartisan, ngokuvamile okudingeka ukuphoqelela inguquko yezinhlangano. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqondisa izinhlangano ezilawulayo ngokwezimali ngemva kwenhlekelele ka-200 zabona ukubambisana okunamandla kwe-bipartisan, kodwa eminyakeni eyalandelana kwabona ukuqondisa kwe-devo kuphenduka izimpikiswano ze-Dodd-Frank Act.

Imithombo Yengcebo Nemininingwane Elinganiselwe

Amakomiti e-Congress avame ukuntula ulwazi olukhethekile nemithombo yemali yokuhlola izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zobuchwepheshe njengemvume yokuthakwa kwemithi noma ukuphepha kwenuzi. Imishini inezinkulungwane zezisebenzi ezingochwepheshe; amakomiti aqondisa anezisebenzi ezincane ezingochwepheshe. Lokhu kwaziswa kuvumela izinhlangano ukuba zifihle ukwaziswa okungalawuleki noma zinikeze ukwaziswa okungadingekile okungasizi kakhulu ekufihleni izinkinga. I-GAO ne-IGS, kodwa azikwazi ukuhlanganisa zonke izinhlelo.

Imisebenzi Yokulungisa Izakhi Zofuzo Eyinkimbinkimbi

Izimiso zanamuhla zivame ukuba ngumkhiqizo wemithetho eminingi, izinqumo zenkantolo, kanye neziqondiso zezinhlangano ezihlanganisa amashumi eminyaka. Ukuqonda imiphumela ephindaphindiwe yalemithetho kudinga ulwazi oluyivelakancane phakathi kwakho kokubili izishayamthetho nezisebenzi zabo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuqondisa kungagxila ekuphambukeni kwemifantu ephezulu kuyilapho kunganakwa izindaba ezilawulayo ezifana nokuhlukaniswa kwemithetho noma izisekelo zemithetho eziphelelwe isikhathi.

Ukubanjwa Kwe - Agency Nomnyango Ojikelezayo

Ngisho nalapho iziKhongolo ziqondisa, ithonya lezimboni ezilawulwayo lingadala ukusabela kwemithetho. Imikhankaso ekhuthaza ukumiswa kwemithetho inganciphisa izinguquko noma iphambukise ukunakekela ezindabeni ezingokomfanekiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umnyango ojikelezayo (ukuthi izikhulu zezinhlangano zangaphambili zisebenzela izimboni ezilawulwayo) zenza iqoqo lochwepheshe abafaka ubufakazi obululaza ukuqondisa.

Ukuhlola Icala Ekuqondiseni Imithetho: Izifundo Ezivela Ensimini

I - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Necebo Lamandla Ahlanzekile

Enye yezinkathi ezinzima kakhulu zobuqondisi bemithetho yenzeka phakathi neSici se-Obama Esisebenza Kahle, esasihloselwe ukulawula ukukhishwa kwe carbon ezimbonini zamandla ngaphansi koMthetho we-Eir. Amakomiti e-Congregational aba nezizathu eziningi zokungabaza isisekelo sezesayensi ye-EPA, ithonya lezezomnotho, nokusetshenziswa kwe-Ceac Air Act yeSiqeshiwe se-1911 (d). IRepublicans yasola i-EPA of Eversed, kuyilapho iDemocrates yavikela isisekelo sezesayensi. I-grock yaphumela ekuvimbeleni noma isiphi inguquko yezeluleko lomthetho, kodwa ukuphatha kwezeluleko lweNka ye-Proupt kwasiza ngisho nasekushintsheni icala lezentengosi yeze. [FL: 0] i-S Virginia v [FFF1:] [20] [20] [20], i-democraccustoms acustoms yabekwa ngecalayo enkulu yezendaba yezendaba yezendaba yeze

I - FDA Nenkinga Ye - opioid

I-Food and Drug Administration yabhekana nokuhlola okunciphileyo ngemva kwezambulo ukuthi ukuvunyelwa kwayo ama-opioid amasha, kanye nokuqashwa kwangemva kwe-machashaza, kwabangela umqedazwe wokuluthwa utshwala nokufa ngokudla. Uphengululo lwe-House Oversight Committee ne-Hulumeni Accountation (Rumential Accounting) lwavubukula ukuthi i-FDA yagunyaza ama-opioid amaningi ngaphandle kokufuna izifundo ezanele zokuxhashazwa. I-meva yaholela ekuHlaleni i-Substance Use Use-Discourder Under Serce-Diorder ekhuthaza i-Dioperation ne-Trecut (Pretation) Act ka-2018181818, okwathiwenzisa igunya elisha ukuba lifune ukuhlola kweposi nokulungisa ikomiti yayo. Inqumo ye-kakhulu le-kakhulu le-garstrup kuhlela i-mthetho.

Ukuqondisa kwezezimali ngemva kuka-2008

Ekuvuleni kwenkinga yezimali ka-2008, i-Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (ikhomishane yesikhashana ye-commission) kanye nokuqulwa kwamakomiti amaningi kwadalula ukwehluleka okuyisisekelo eSihlalweni sobusekeni nase-Exchange (SEC), i-Federal Reserve, neHhovisi leThreest of Thrift Supernect. I-Teaderdarvery yembula ukuthi i-SEC yahluleka ukuqaphela ukukhohlisa okukhulu eBrie Madoff, naphezu kwezixwayiso eziphindaphindiwe, futhi i-Frectal Reserve ayizange isebenzise ngokuphumelelayo imibuso yayo ephuthumayo. Le miphumela yayenza i-Dodd-Fracture Reformation ne-Purce Activesting ka-Dercetruces. Ukuqondisa okungamela kweze kubonise ngisho nokuphumelela izinselele ezintsha.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ukuqinisa Ukuphatha Kwecala Ngenkathi Entsha

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha imithetho nokuwohloka kwezombangazwe, uMkhandlu kumelwe uvumelanise imikhuba yawo yokwengamela.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokwaziswa Okuntekenteke

Amakomiti e-Congregational congress nama-GAO angasebenzisa ukwaziswa okuthuthukisiwe ukuze aphawule izindlela zenhlangano engavumelani, engavumelani nemithetho, noma ethatha isikhathi ukumiswa kwemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlelwa kolimi lwemvelo kungahlola izinkulungwane zezincwadi zezinhlangano ukuze zivumelane noma zibonise ukuthi zibambeni. Ukulandelela ngokulandelana kwezimiso zesikhathi kungathatha izinyathelo ezidlulele. I-Congregational Data Task Force ne-Dacing amathuluzi okusungula i-Al kungaguqula ukusebenza kahle kobuphathi.

Ukunakekela Izakhiwo Eziqinile

Ukuze kuncishiswe ukungahleleki kokwahlukanisa, uKhongolo lungaqinisa indima yamanxusa angekho epartinan asekelayo njenge GAO, i-Congregational Ubhatival Office, ne-Office of Congregational Ethics (manje esephelelwe amandla kodwa engavuselelwa). Ukwakha ikomiti esebenzelayo ehlala njalo nezisebenzi ezizinikele, ezingaba nesigaba esinguchwepheshe (ekhonzwa eSigeqeni esizimele eHlaleni soHlaze-Ikhasifica) kunganikeza ukuqhubekeka nobuchwepheshe. I-Bpartisan “khetha amakomiti” ezindabeni ezithile ezithiyo (umg., umthetho wezobuchwepheshe, isilinganiso sezokuhlola isimo sezulu) ingakungakhombisa ukuqondisa.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuhlanganyela Nokubona Ithuba Lomphakathi

Ama-digitac platform angenza ukuba ukuqondisa kungeneke kakhulu. Ukuzwa zonke izimemezelo ngemidwebo ephenyiswayo, ukwenza amabhodi omphakathi afuna ukuphendula ngokutuswa kwe-GAO, nokusebenzisa i-website yezokuxhumana ukucela ukufakwa kwezakhamuzi kungaqinisa ukulandisa kwentando yeningi. i-pat]’s meetary’s [ kakade] inikeza ukwaziswa okuningi kokutusa kwasobala, kodwa ukuthembisa kuhlala kusezantsi.

Ukushona Kwemisebe Yelanga

Amaqumrhu angokomthetho angathatha amalungiselelo ahlelekile kakhulu okushona kwelanga kokubili izinhlangano nezimiso ezinkulu, ezidinga ukubhalwa kabusha ngezikhathi ezithile. Nakuba kuye kwahlongozwa izinqubo ezinjalo (isib., iMiyalo evela ku-Guide of Seed of Scrutiny (REINS), abhekene nezithiyo ezingokomthetho neziwusizo. Nokho, ukuhlolwa kokushona kwelanga ngemithetho ephezulu esemthethweni kunganciphisa iqoqo lemithetho ephelelwe isikhathi.

Isiphetho: Ukuqapha Kudingeka Ngokukhuthazela

Ukwengamela umthetho kwezinhlangano ezilawula imvelo akuyona indlela yokunethezeka yentando yeningi esetshenziswa kahle, kodwa iyisiphazamiso esihlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Ngaphandle kwayo, izinhlangano ezilawulayo zisengozini yokuba iziphithiphithi ezisebenza ngokwezenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Ukuhlolwa kwezemvelo, impilo, nezimiso zezimali kubonisa ukuthi ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kungavimbela izinhlekelele, ukubuyiselwa kwezinhlangano ezikhohlakale, futhi kubuyiselwe ukwethenjwa umphakathi. Kodwa izinselele zokwengamela, izimali, imfuculo, nobunkimbinkimbi bezeko, izikhali eziqinile, nokulawula izikhali, kuyinto enzima. Ukuvikela ukulinganisela kwezikhali, ukuphatha ithuluzi lanamuhla, ukusekela ibhandeko, ukubambisana, nokusebenza kwezakhamuzi njengezisebenzi ezikhuthele ekuhloleni. Njengoba amazwe amaqembu amaqembu aphinde andise ukuqambaza komthetho, ukuqamba imfuno, nokulawula kweze, ukuvusekudinga ukuqina kwesimo, ukuqina kwesimo.