Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo omphakathi kanye nobugebengu bokulandisa kwakha itshe eliyikhomba lomphakathi ozimele wentando yeningi, kodwa buwubuhlobo obuhlale buhlolwa ngezicelo ezincintisanayo zokulondeka nenkululeko. Zonke izinyathelo zomthetho, zonke izinqubo zenkantolo eziqhubeka, nenguquko yemithetho zingenza ukuba kusekelwe noma kuncishiswe inkululeko eyisisekelo echaza ilungelo lobuzwe. Ukuqonda indlela lezinsika ezimbili ezihlangana ngayo − futhi lapho ziphikisana khona nezakhamuzi, abenzi bemithetho, nanoma ubani ozinikele esimisweni somthetho esilungile. Lesi sihloko sihlola izingxabano, izingxabano ezingokomlando, kanye namasu awusizo akha ukulinganisela phakathi kokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi labo abephula umthetho banomthwalo wemfanelo.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Omphakathi

Amalungelo omphakathi awayona nje imibandela engekho; ayizithembiso ezigunyazwe ngokomthetho eziqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu angahlanganyela ngokulinganayo emphakathini ngaphandle kobandlululo olusekelwe ohlazweni, enkolweni, ebulilini, noma kwezinye izici. Isisekelo soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. kanye neSigqi Samalungelo, lezisivikelo zihlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, ilungelo lenqubo efanelekile, ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo, nesivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. ISiphendulo seGajimende se 1450 iSivikeli Esizimele u Clauslease, ngokwesibonelo, siye saba isisekelo sezinqumo ezivelele ezahlula imibandela futhi zaqaphela ukulingana komshado. Ngaphandle kwalamalungelo, amaqembu awehlaziswe ngokwezinga elingokomthetho, angenawo amathuluzi okungaculwa inseleleka okungokomthetho.

Ilungelo ngalinye eliqondile linendaba yalo siqu nesilinganiso. Ilungelo lokukhuluma, elivikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala, alidluli nje kuphela emazwini akhulunywayo kodwa futhi nasemazwini angokomfanekiso, ukubhikisha kwezombangazwe, nokuxhumana kwezimiso. Inqubo elindelekile iqinisekisa ukuthi akekho ongaphucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwezimiso ezilungile zihlanganisa isaziso, ukuzwa, noma umahluleli ongenamkhethelo. Ilungelo lokukhuluma ngasese, nakuba lingadweli ngokomthetho, liye lafakwa ngokusemthethweni owesivikeli seSichithi seSine sokuphendulo sokuphenduphenduka nokuquleka okungenangqondo futhi lihlotshwe ngezenzo ezifana [[FT:0] Grisoldolder.[FLT] v.Conneticut].

Lamalungelo awaphelele. Angalinganiselwa uma isithakazelo sikahulumeni esicindezelayo sikhona, ngokwesibonelo, imingcele yenkulumo ebangela ubudlova noma ebangela ingozi esobala nekhona. Noma kunjalo, noma ikuphi ukulinganisela kumelwe kulungiswe futhi kuphishekele ngezindlela ezilinganiselwe. Ukuchazwa okungashintshi kwamalungelo omphakathi ngezinkantolo kubonisa ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo komphakathi phakathi kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokulondeka komphakathi. Ukubheka ngokujule kwemibhalo yesisekelo, izinqolobane zesizwe zinikeza i-Bill of Rights , okusalokhu kuyisiqalo sanoma yiyiphi ingxoxo yenkululeko yaseMelika.

Indima Yokulandisa Ngesigebengu

Ukulandisa kwecala kuwumkhuba umphakathi obeka ngawo abantu icala lokuziphatha okulimaza abanye noma okuphula imithetho egunyaziwe. Izinjongo zawo zidlulela ngalé kwesijeziso: ukulandisa kusiza ekunqandeni ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo, ukuvikela umphakathi ngokuqeda izaphulamthetho eziyingozi, ukuguqula labo abangaguqulwa, futhi ulungise izisulu. Isimiso sobulungisa sobugebengu siguqula lemigomo ibe izinqubo. /hrefekthri, ukuqulwa, ukugwetshwa, ukugwetshwa, ukugwetshwa, nokuqondiswa. Nokho, ukuphishekela ukulandisa kungakweqiniswa kalula, kuholele ekujezeni isijeziso esingcono kakhulu, futhi kuholele ekulungiseni isijeziso esingaphezu kobulungisa futhi sithinte ngokungenamkhawulo imiphakathi empofu.

Izinsika ezivamile zokulandisa zihlanganisa ukunqanda (kunye nokuzinqumela) ukubuyisela isigwebo (kokubili okuvamile nokuqondile), ukuqondisa isimilo (njengokuboshwa noma ukugada ngemishini), ukubuyisela isimo esingcono (ngemfundo, ngenqubo yokwelapha, nokuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi), nokuphindisela (isijeziso esingokomthetho), izindlela zanamuhla zigcizelela futhi ukwahlulela okulungisa izinto, lapho abaphulamthetho belungisa khona izisulu kanye nemiphakathi. Nokho ukuthembela kwalesi simiso ekuboshweni kubangele ukugxekwa okucaphucayo. I-United States inezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokugqunywa kwanoma yisiphi isizwe esithuthukile, cishe abantu abayizigidi ezimbili abasemva kwemigoqo. Imithetho engaphansi, imithetho emithathu emisha, nempi yezidakamizwa inemidayisamu ezindaweni zokuphepha ezisobala ngaphandle kobufakazi bokuphepha komphakathi.

Ukulandisa futhi kumelwe kusetshenziswe ngokungaguquki kuwo wonke amazinga omphakathi. Uma abantu abacebile noma abanamandla bebalekela imiphumela − ngokunxusa, ukuntengantenga, noma ukujeziswa okuqondile − ukuthembela emphakathini kulesi simiso kuyawohloka. Ngokuphambene, uma uhulumeni uphambanisa imizamo yawo yokumangalela, kungaphula amalungelo omphakathi okumelwe avikelwe. Isimiso sokulinganisela − ukuthi isijeziso kufanele sifanele ubugebengu nesokona komenzi wobubi. Ngokuphambene, uma i-data-drive iwumbono obucayi ngendlela eqhathaniswa ngayo nezwe lonke izwe, [[FLT:] inikeza iprojectal elungisa njalo inqubo yokulungisa ukugcinwa [[FLT]]

Ukungezwani Kwamalungelo Omphakathi Nokulandisa Kwesigebengu

Ukuhlangana kwamalungelo omphakathi nokulandisa kobugebengu yindawo lapho inkululeko nokulondeka kuhlangana khona − futhi ngokuvamile kushayisana. Zombili zibalulekile ukuze kusebenze idemokrasi, kodwa zonke izinyathelo ezithathwayo ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuphepha komphakathi ziyingozi yokugxambukela ezinhlwini zabantu ngabanye. Lokhu kucindezeleka akukusha; kuye kwaguqula ukuqina kwemithetho yaseMelika kusukela ekusungulweni kwayo. Kodwa emashumini eminyaka amuva, ukulinganisela kuye kwashintsha kakhulu ekusekeleni umthetho, ikakhulukazi ngemva kuka-9/11 naphakathi kokuncishiswa kwempi ngezidakamizwa.

Izibonelo Zengxabano

Izibonelo eziningana eziphindaphindwayo zibonisa indlela ukulandisa kobugebengu okungasongela ngayo amalungelo omphakathi:

  • Izinhlelo ze-Surveillance - Ukuhlola iMisa, kuhlanganise neqoqo elikhulu lemidwebo yemetadata yocingo kanye nokuthumba okungenamicikilisho, kwagunyazwa ngaphansi koMthetho we-USA PATRIOTT. Nakuba izinhlelo ezinjalo zihloselwe ukuvimbela ubuphekula, zilulaza ukuvinjelwa kweSichibiyelo sesine ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo. Izinguquko zamuva, njenge USA Freedom Act, zazama ukubuyisela amashekethi kodwa ziqhubeke zincintisana.
  • Isigwebo esincane esibekwa abantu [ - Lemithetho ifuna ukuba abahluleli bafake izigwebo ezimisiwe zasejele emacaleni athile, bakhiphe izahlulelo zokwahlulela. Zithinta ngokungenakulinganiswa abamangalelwa abaNsundu nababhishobhi abangamaHispanic, eziholela ekuhlukani kwezinhlanga ekuboshweni. I-S. I-S.S. IKhomisha yafaka ubufakazi ka-kaningi ukuthi abantu abamnyama bathola imigwebo engu-20% kunabamhlophe ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo.
  • Ima-furlik izinqubo[ - emadolobheni anjenge New York, amaphoyisa asebenzisa ukuma nokuhlola izigidi zabantu, ikakhulukazi izinsizwa ezinemibala. Izinkantolo zathola lomkhuba ungekho ngokwemithetho ngoba wawuxhomeke ekuncipheni kwezinhlanga futhi wephula imfuneko yeSiphendulo sesine sokusola abantu ngabanye.
  • Ukufaka [ - Izinqumo zomthetho ezisekelwe ohlwini lohlanga kunokuphatha kukona isivikelo esifanayo. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abashayeli abaNsundu basengozini kakhulu yokudonsa, ukusesha, nokuboshwa kunabashayeli abamhlophe, ngisho nalapho belawula ukuziphatha kokushayela.

Lezingxabano azizona izenzakalo ezizodwa kodwa izimpawu zesimiso esizazisa kakhulu ukuphumelela kwamalungelo. Inselele ukuklama ukulandisa okusebenzayo ngaphandle kokucindezela. umsebenzi we-ACLU ekufuneni amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu nokuqapha [ inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwendlela amasu okuphepha anamuhla angaphazamisa ngayo inkululeko yomphakathi.

Ukushikashikeka Okungokomlando Nezifundo Zecala

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Ezakhamuzi

I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 no 1960 inikeza ilens enamandla yokubona ngayo ukungezwani phakathi kwecala lobugebengu namalungelo omphakathi. Ama-Afrika ancishwa ngokulandelana kwendlela ephathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho, kodwa lapho bephikisa . Ngokuhlala phansi, inkululeko, ukuhamba, nokuhamba-hamba, [1] babevalelwa ngenxa yokujezisa, ukuphazamisa ukuthula, noma ukwephula imithetho engokomthetho. Ezindaweni eziningi zaseningizimu, umthetho wasetshenziswa njengesikhali sokuvimbela ukuphikisa. “Bull” Connor eBirming wagunyaza amaphoyisa ukuba asebenzise amapayipi nezinja eziphikisayo ezinokuthula, izenzo ezazingaziwayo ngokomthetho ngaphansi kwemithetho yendawo kodwa ezingokokuziphatha.

Amacala ayinhloko enkantolo phakathi nalenkathi achaza kabusha imingcele yamandla amaphoyisa. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954), iNkantolo Ephakeme yagadla izikole ezihlukene kodwa ezilinganayo, kodwa ukugcinwa okudingekayo kweminyaka yokungenela kwe-hulumeni. i-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 kanye ne-[FLT] Ilungelo lomthetho ka-195] [[FLT] [iinani] inqobile, kodwa ayizange iqede unya lwamaphoyisa noma ukukhomba kwezinhlanga. Umzabalaza ngokwawo lapho abadlali besebenza ngokujeza isijeziso, kumelwe iphume ngaphandle kwe-overectorose-ocence, ukulawula umphakathi, nokulawula komphakathi, ukuhlanganisa u-Martinbergner, umbhali we-kar. “ir Hovermorison, nomaphiststrison, nomaphiststst, noma isixwayiso sokuxwayisa, kumelwe nje ukuba isebenza umthetho.

Impi Yokulwisana Nezidakamizwa Nokuthumba Okuyinqwaba

UMongameli Nixon wango-1971 futhi wabhebhethekiswa nguMongameli Reagan ngawo-1980, iMpi Yezidakamizwa yaguqula isimiso somthetho womthetho wezidakamizwa waseMelika. Izijeziso eziqinile zecala lezidakamizwa . Qhangisa izigwebo eziqinile zokuphatha icocaine (_ziye zabangela ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwemiphakathi yeziboshwa. Ithonya lobuhlanga lalilikhulu: naphezu kwamazinga afanayo okusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa phakathi kwamaqembu ezinhlanga, ama-Black America aboshwa futhi aboshwa ngenani eliphakeme kakhulu. Ama-100 kuya ku-1-1 ukuhlukana phakathi kwe-crack ne-cocaine, kamuva ancishiselwa e-18 kuya ku-1 - I-fair Senestificaise Act ka-2010, ebonisa indlela ubandlululo oluyeleleka ngayo emaqenjinini esizwe esizwe emithetho.

IMpi Yezidakamizwa yandisa futhi imibuso yamaphoyisa ngokulahlekelwa imithombo yempahla yomphakathi, ukungatholi imvume, nokusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa anobudlova ezindaweni ezinabantu abambalwa. Lamacebo aqeda ukwethembana phakathi kwemiphakathi nomthetho. Ukuqhubekela phambili kwenguquko eminyakeni yamuva, kanye nemibuso evumela imishanguzo ngokomthetho, inciphisa imigwebo, nokucima amarekhodi. Nokho ifa lokuvalelwa kwabantu abaningi lisasele: i-United States inabantu abayizigidi ezicishe eziyizigidi ezingu-2, 3 abangabantu abanombala. Ukugqugquzela ukwahlulela okunenguquko, kuhlanganise ne-First Step Act ka-201818, kumelela umzamo wokubuyisela ukulinganisela, kodwa umsebenzi omningi uyaqhubeka.

Izinyathelo Zokulinganisela Amalungelo Nokulandisa

Ukuthola ukulinganisela okuqinile kudinga indlela ehlukahlukene enganciphisi ukuphepha ngenxa yenkululeko noma inkululeko. Amasu alandelayo abonise isithembiso ezindinganisweni zezwe langempela:

  • i-community policy - Lomfanekiso ugcizelela ubuhlobo bokwakha phakathi kwezikhulu nezakhamuzi, ukunciphisa thina kanye nemiqondo ehambisanayo. Amaphoyisa aba izinciphisi zezinkinga kunokuba athathe izintambo. Izinhlelo ezinjengemizamo ye-Camden County Police Department iye yaholela ekuncipheni ubugebengu kanye nezikhalo ezimbalwa zokuziphatha okubi.
  • Izindinganiso nokulandisa - Amakhamera ahamba emzimbeni, amabhodi aqondisa abantu, kanye nokubika ngesibopho kwezenzakalo ezisetshenziswayo kwakha ukulandisa ngaphandle kokuthembela ezindabeni zangaphakathi. Ukuqondisa kwemininingwane kungaveza izindlela zobandlululo noma amandla eqiniswe kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba zikhule.
  • [ Ubulungisa obunciphileyo - Esikhundleni sezimpendulo zesijeziso, ukulungisa ubulungisa kuhlanganisa izisulu, izaphula-mthetho, namalungu omphakathi ukuze kulungiswe umonakalo. Lendlela iye yaphumelela ezinkantolo zentsha nasemacala aphansi, inciphisa ukubuyisela isijeziso kanye nokwaneliseka phakathi kwezisulu.
  • Ukuguqula - - Ukuqeda isilinganiso esiphoqelelwe, ukunciphisa ubude besigwebo ngenxa yamacala angenabudlova, nokwandisa ezinye izindlela ezisetshenziswayo kunokuboshwa (njengezinkantolo zezidakamizwa nokungasetshenziswa kwengqondo) kunganciphisa inani leziboshwa kuyilapho kugcinwa ukulandisa.
  • Imfundo yamalungelo omthetho - Ukuqeqesha okugcizelela umthetho womthetho-mthetho, ukulahla, kanye nobandlululo olucacile kungavimbela ukuphulwa kwamalungelo ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke. Ezinye izikole manje zihlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa okusekelwe ezibonelweni okulingisa izenzakalo zangempela zezwe.

Akukho kulezi zinqubo kuphela okwanele. Kumelwe basebenze ndawonye phakathi kwesimiso esizazisa kokubili ukuphepha komphakathi nenkululeko yomphakathi. Izwe nomasipala abaye basungula izinguquko ezibanzi − njengokuncishiswa kwebheyili yemali eNew Jersey noma ukuphenya ngokuzimele ukudubula kwamaphoyisa − izithombe ezifakelwayo ezifanele ukuhlolwa.

Imfundo Nesivumelwano Sesivumelwano

Umphakathi oqonda amalungelo ayo nemithwalo yemfanelo uhlonyiselwe kangcono ukufuna ukulandisa lapho lawomalungelo esongelwa. Imfundo ifeza indima ebalulekile kule nqubo. Imfundo yomphakathi ehlanganisa iSigqi samalungelo abantu, uhlelo lwesimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu, nomlando wokulwela amalungelo omphakathi unganika abafundi amandla okuba izakhamuzi ezifundile. Izinhlelo ezifana ne- Consigational Rights Foundation[ inikeza izifundo zokukholisa nokufundisa okuhambisana nezenzo zomthetho, unikeze intsha izifundo zokukholisa izikhangiso, unikeze izingane izandla ezihambisana nokwaziswa okuhambisana nokulinganisela amalungelo nokulandisa.

Ngaphandle kwamakilasi, izibopho zomphakathi zikhuthaza ukuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi ezinqumweni zamaphoyisa. Amahholo edolobha, amabhodi okubukeza abantu, kanye nokusebenzisa imali yokuhlukanisa kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlele inqubo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-NACP Legal Defense Fund ne-Innocence Project zinikeza amathuba okuthatha isinyathelo esiqondile nokusekela okungokomthetho. Lapho izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuthi imithetho ithinta kanjani ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke futhi zingakusekela kanjani ukushintsha.

Izindaba futhi ezithinta ukufunda nokubhala. Kulenkathi yokuqapha nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa, ukwazi amalungelo akho ngokuphathelene yimfihlo, ukusesha, nobufakazi be-minumbe. Izikole kanye nezinzuzo ezingezinzuzo zinikeza izitsha zokuhlola “amalungelo akho” lapho usebenzelana namaphoyisa, okuthile okunganciphisa izingxabano futhi kuvimbele ukuphenya okungekho emthethweni. Imfundo ayithathi indawo yenguquko yokwakha, kodwa yenza i-volution edingekayo ukuze isekelwe.

Isiphetho

Ukulinganisela phakathi kwamalungelo omphakathi nokulandisa kobugebengu akuyona inqubo eqinile kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo yokuxoxisana nokuguqula. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi lapho ukushintshashintsha kwendlela kudlulela kude ekulondekeni, inkululeko yomphakathi iyalimala; uma kushintsha kakhulu kumalungelo abantu ngaphandle kokulandisa okufanelekile, ukuphepha komphakathi kungaphela. Isihluthulelo siwukuklama isimiso esihlonipha isithunzi somuntu ngamunye kuyilapho siqinisekisa ukuthi labo ababangela umonakalo babekwe necala ekwakheni inkululeko elungile nendlela elinganayo. Lokhu kudinga ukuqapha kwezakhamuzi, ubuqotho bezikhulu, kanye nesibopho sokulunga okudlula imijikelezo yezombangazwe. Ngokuhileleka kulemikhawulo yezemfundo, ukuphatha isikole, ukuvocavociselwa phambili, nokuvocanga okufundiswayo, kanye nokuvota okunikezwayo kunganikela emphakathini lapho inkululeko nokuhleleka okungekhona okuhambisana nokuhleleka.