Ukulondeka kokhetho kuyisici esibalulekile sokugcina ubuqotho bezinqubo zentando yeningi. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nomphakathi kushintshashintsha, nosongo okhethweni. Ukuqonda lezi zinsongo nokusebenzisa izinyathelo zokuphepha eziphumelelayo kubalulekile ekulondolozeni idemokrasi. Enkathini lapho ukuhlasela kwamanani, ukuxegisa, nokuguqula umzimba kungaqeda ukuthemba komphakathi, indlela eqinile, ebekelwe indawo eqinile yokukhetha akuyona imfuneko eyisisekelo yanoma yimuphi umphakathi okhululekile.

Ukuqonda Ukulondeka Kokhetho

Ukulondeka kokhetho kuhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi, ezobuchwepheshe, nezimiso eziklanyelwe ukuvikela izinqubo zokuvota ekukhwabaniseni, ekuphazanyisweni, nasekusongelwani kwe-inthambi. Kuhilela ukukhokha zonke izisekelo zokhetho, kuhlanganise nemishini yokuvota, imishini yokuvota, izinhlelo zokubhalisa imikhondo, izinhlelo zokubhala ngonobumba ebusuku, ukubika ngokhetho, nesimiso sokulawula sonke. Umgomo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umvoti ofanelekayo angafaka ibhola elibalwa njengenjongo, nokuthi umphumela uveza ngokunembile intando yabantu.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zokuphepha Kokhetho

Isimiso sokuphepha kokhetho esibanzi ngokuvamile sihlanganisa nalezi zici ezilandelayo:

  • [ Ukulondeka okunganqamukiyo: Ukugcina okulondekile kwemishini yokuvota, amabhola, kanye nezinto ezizwelayo; izimpawu ezibonisa ukuguqula; ukulawulwa kokungena ezindaweni zokuhlola nezikhungo zokubala.
  • Isivikelo sezimiso ezinenenethiwe (ukubhalisa kwevote, imiphumela kubika, ukuphatha kokhetho) ngokumelene nokungena okungagunyaziwe, ukuwanqaba ama-service ukuhlasela, nokuphulwa kokwaziswa.
  • Ukuvota Isimiso sobuqotho: Ukusetshenziswa kwamavota amaphepha agunyaziwe, ukuzimela kwe-software, nokuhlola nokuqinisekisa imishini yokuvota.
  • [ Ukulondeka kwe-Pernonel: Isexwayiso sesizinda, ukuqeqeshwa, kanye nemithetho ecacile yezisebenzi zokhetho nezikhulu ukuze kuvinjelwe izinsongo ezingaphakathi.
  • Ukuzwa nokuqinisekisa: Imitapo yokhetho yeposi, ikakhulukazi imitapo yokufuna isilinganiso somphico-zincwadi (RLA), ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umphumela obikweyo uhambisana nomzila wephepha.

Okwenza Ukukhetha Ikhethe Kubaluleke

Ukuqinisekisa ukulondeka kokhetho kubalulekile ngezizathu eziningana ngaphandle nje kokubala amavoti:

  • Phoil Plice Trust Trust: Izakhamuzi kumele zikholelwe ukuthi ukhetho lulungile, lubonisa, lunembile. Ngisho nezinsolo ezingangagunyaziwe zokukhwabanisa zingaqeda ukwethemba ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi.
  • Ukusungula uphazamiso: Ukuvikela ekuphazanyisweni kwamanye amazwe nasekhaya kudingekile ukuze kutholwe isizwe futhi kungaphazanyiswa ukubusa.
  • Ukulondoloza ubuqotho:[ Okhetho olulondekile lusiza ekusekeleni ukubusa komthetho nokufaneleka kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Ngaphandle kokuvikelwa, yonke inqubo yentando yeningi inganqandwa.
  • Ukuvikela i Voter Askcy:[ Izindlela zokuphepha kumelwe ziqinisekise futhi ukuthi akukho vhoti lomuntu elingalandelelwa kuzo, ugcine i-colot eyimfihlo.

Izinsongo Ezivamile Ekulondekeni Kwemishini Yokukhetha

Ukuqonda lezinsongo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuvikela ukuvikela okhethweni.

Ukuhlasela Kwe - cyber

Ukunqanda imizamo yokuvota, izisekelo zokuvota, nemiphumela yokuvota yokubika ama-website. Abahlaseli bangafuna ukushintsha amavoti, amarekhodi okubhalisa ashaywe ngaphandle, noma babangele isiphithiphithi ngokusakaza ukwaziswa okungamanga ngokuhluleka kwesimiso sohlelo. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo 2016 zihlanganisa ukuhlasela kwezimiso zokuvota zikahulumeni kwamabutho aseRussia nokuzama ukungenela phakathi nokhetho lwase-2020 e-U.Cyber ingavela kumazwe ahlukene, ama-crivis, noma amaqembu ezigebengu.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Ukusakaza ukwaziswa okungamanga ukuze kudide abavoti noma kubangele imiphumela yokukhetha kube yisisongelo esiqhubekayo. Imikhankaso yokungavumelani nomthetho ingahlasela imiphakathi ethile, isakaze amahemuhemu ngokuphathelene nokushintsha kwezindawo zokuvota, noma isho ukukhohlisa okusakazekile. Amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana ezokuxhumana aye aba yizici eziphambili zokusakaza izinto ezinjalo, njengoba zibonakala phakathi nokhetho lwase-U.S. kanye nokhetho emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuwohloka Kwezokulondeka Okungokomzimba

Ukuqamba ngemishini yokuvota, amabhokisi okuvota, noma ama-posi amaphepha okuvota kusalokhu kukhathaza. Ukuthola imishini kungavumela umhlaseli ukuba afake i-software embi noma ashintshe amanani evoti. Ukuhlasela ngamaketanga okuvota. Ukuthumela ngemishini ehamba phambili kuqalwa lapho kwenziwa noma kuthunyelwa.

Usongo Lwangaphakathi

Izikhulu ze-offary noma izisebenzi ezinenhloso embi zingabangela umonakalo omkhulu. Lokhu kungahilela ukusebenzisa i-data yokuvota, ukuvuza ukwaziswa okuzwelayo, noma ukuphatha amavoloti angenangqondo. Usongo lwe-intshir luyingozi kakhulu ngoba abantu abanjalo ngokuvamile bayakwazi ukufinyelela futhi bayazi imithetho engokomthetho yokuphepha.

Ukuphika Inkonzo Nezinqubo Zokwakha Kuhlasela

Ukuhlasela okuphazamisa imisebenzi yokhetho ngosuku olude njengemishini yokuvota yokuhlola ngaphakathi, iziphathi-zinsika ezinamandla, noma amandla okusika ukuhlola izindawo `ingacindezela ukuphethuka futhi ibangele isiyaluyalu. Nakuba lokhu kuhlasela kungashintsha amavoti, kungalulaza lenqubo futhi kuholele ezinkingeni ezingokomthetho.

Izinselele Zokwethembana Ezinkonzweni

Ukungalingani kwe-inthanethi yokhetho kuyinselele kakhulu ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi bezimiso ezihilelekile nezinga eliphezulu. Amahhovisi amaningi okhetho asebenza ngezimali ezilinganiselwe nangobuchwepheshe obuyifa. Izinselele eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Izimiso ezixhumeneyo:[ Izisekelo zokubhalisa ze Voter zivame ukuxhumene nezinye izinxoxo zikahulumeni, zidala izici ezingase zixhumene ne-panet.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Isoftware ekhishiwe:[ Ezinye imishini zokuvota kanye nezimiso zokuphatha zokukhetha zisebenza ezihlelweni zokusebenza ezingasekelwe (umz., i-Windows 7) noma usebenzise izakhi eziphelelwe isikhathi.
  • Iphepha lokwenza i-sedmotional:[ Ngaphesheya kwezinkulungwane zezindawo ezilawulayo, kunokwehluka okubanzi ekuvuthweni kwezokuphepha. Abahlaseli bangahlasela umxhumanisi obuthakathaka kakhulu.
  • Imithombo:[ Amahhovisi okukhetha asendaweni ngokuvamile awawakho izisebenzi ezinikezelwe ze-inthanethi futhi kumelwe zithembele ekusekeleni umbuso noma uhulumeni.
  • Iphutha lomuntu: Ukuhlasela kwe-pishing, izimiso zokungalingani, kanye nokuvuza kwemininingwane ngengozi kusalokhu kuvamile. Ukuqeqeshwa njalo nokuvivinya umzimba okufanisiwe kunganciphisa lezingozi.

Izesiqondiso esinegunya sokhetho lwe-cobumsecurecurity, i-Cyberurecurity ne-Infrapublicture Security Agency (CISA) inikeza inzuzo ebanzi yemithombo, kuhlanganise ne-Evolution Security Incident Response Regationbook ne-Crosfaed Factored thuluzi lokuhlola.

Izinyathelo Zokuvimbela Ukulondeka Kokhetho

Ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi ezichazwe ngenhla, izikhulu zokhetho nohulumeni bangathatha isilinganiso esifanelekile sezinyathelo eziqinisekisiwe. Akukho silinganiso esanele; ukulondeka kudinga ukuzivikela okuqinile.

Izinqumo Eziyingozi (RL)

Ukuhlola isilinganiso sengozi kuyindinganiso yegolide ekuqinisekiseni imiphumela yokukhetha. Ngokungafani nezindlela zendabuko, i-RL isebenzisa izindlela zezibalo ukuhlola isampula yamabhola amaphepha angahleliwe. Uma isampuli iqinisekisa umphumela obikwayo, ukuphenya kuyanqamuka; uma kutholakala ukungavumelani, ukuphindwa kwenani kuyanwetshwa kuze kube yilapho umphumela uqinisekiswa noma ulungiswa. I-RLA ingabona amaphutha ngokuqiniseka okukhulu kuyilapho izindleko zilawulwa. I-Coloradorado, i-Rhode Island, ne-Georgia ziphakathi kwezifunda eziye zasebenzisa i-RLS njengempumelelo.

Ubuchwepheshe Obuvikelayo

Zonke izimiso zokuvota kufanele zihlolwe ngokuqinile kanye nokufaka isiqinisekiso. I-Eustations Applications Commission (EAC) ilondoloza i-Boogary Voting System Guides (VVVSG), emisa izindinganiso zokuvikela, ukusebenziseka, nokungena. I-paper bolot j . . .Izinsimi zesandla eziphawulwe noma ezinyatheliswe esisetshenziswa ekusayineni kokubhala i-colot", zenza umkhondo wokuhlola ongasetshenziswa ekuhloleni i-palective. Imishini yokuvota kuphela inqanyulwa ngenxa yokungakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuvota ngaphandle kwevota.

Ukuqeqesha Nokuvivinya Umzimba

Izikhulu zezokukhetha nezisebenzi zokuvota kumelwe zithole ukuqeqeshwa okubanzi ngemithetho yokuvikela, kuhlanganise nendlela yokubona imizamo yokufuna ukuzuza, izindawo ezilondekile, kanye nombiko wezenzakalo. Ukuvivinya umzimba kwethebula neqembu elibomvu kungasiza ekuboneni ubuthakathaka ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke isenzakalo sangempela. Ithebula le-CISA’s Tableptop kwibhokisi iwumthombo oklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukuvikelwa kokhetho.

Izilawuli zokungena noHlola

Ukuqinisekiswa okunamandla, ukuphathwa kwendima, kanye nokugawulwa kwemithi okubanzi kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni nasekutholeni izinsongo ngaphakathi. Ukuqinisekiswa kwezimo eziningi (MFA) kufanele kube yisibopho kunoma isiphi isimiso esingathinta imininingwane yokhetho. Ukuqashelwa okuqhubekayo kwezingobo zezokuxhumana nezimiso kungaqaphelisa izikhulu ukuba zisole umsebenzi ngesikhathi sangempela.

Ukuhlela Ngokushesha Ukusabela

Ihhovisi ngalinye lokhetho kufanele libe necebo elibhaliwe lokusabela kwesenzakalo esihlanganisa ukuhlasela kwe-inthanethi, ukungavumelani ngokomzimba, nezinye izimo. Amalungiselelo kufanele ahlanganise iprotocol yokuxhumana, ukuxhumana okungokomthetho, kanye nezinyathelo zokulondoloza ubufakazi. Ukubhola njalo kuqinisekisa izisebenzi ukuba zikulungele ukwenza izinto ngokushesha. [[FLT: 0] I-Cybersecurity Framework elungisa isakhiwo sokuthuthukisa amacebo anjalo.

Ukuqaphela Umphakathi Nemfundo

Kubalulekile ukwandisa ukuqashelwa komphakathi ngesivikelo sokhetho. Abavoti abafundile bamelana kakhulu nokulahla ulwazi futhi cishe bangayethemba lenqubo. Izinyathelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • [ Imfundo yevoter:[ Izingxoxo ezingokomthetho mayelana nendlela okhetho abagcinwa ngayo, iziphi izinyathelo ezithathwayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhwabanisa, nokuthi izakhamuzi zingaqinisekisa kanjani ukubhaliswa kwazo nokugcinwa kwazo.
  • I-media Literacy: imishini esebenzelana nezikole, imitapo, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ukufundisa ukucabanga okugxekayo ngokwaziswa okusengosini ye-intanethi. Izinhlelo ezichaza indlela yokuthola imithombo ethembekile nobika okusolwayo kubalulekile.
  • Ukwehluleka kokusakaza: Ukusakaza ngeketanga lezingodo, imibiko yokuhlola, kanye nokushintshwa kwezokuphepha kungakha ukwethemba komphakathi. Ukulandelana kwezikhungo zokubala kanye nama-'scieting' kuyasiza futhi.
  • Umbiko weziteshi:[ Izindlela ezicacile zokubonisa abavoti ukuba babike uwesabisa, ukulahla, noma ukungavumelani.

Ukuthatha Imithetho Nomthetho

Ohulumeni banendima ebalulekile ekumiseni izimiso nomthetho wokuqinisa ukulondeka kokhetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa nokuxhasa ngezimali ezobuchwepheshe obulondekile, ukuncishiswa kwezincwadi, nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho elawula inqubo yokukhetha.

Ukuhlobana Kwesifundazwe NoMbuso

E-United States, ukuqondisa kokhetho ngokuyinhloko kugunyazwa uhulumeni, kodwa izinhlangano zikahulumeni zinikeza ukusekela okunzima. I-CISA’s Evolution Security Initive ivumela ukwabelana ukwaziswa phakathi kukahulumeni, umbuso, nezinhlangano zendawo. I-EFoam Application Commission (EAC) yenza izimiso zokuvota ziphinde zinikeze imvume. Imizamo yokusebenza njenge-Ecostans Infrastructive Information and Tacision Center (E-I-ISAC) ivumela ukuba izifunda zobuphini obunye ubuhlakani nomthetho obungcono kakhulu.

Ukuxhasa Nemithombo

Ngisho noma kunezimiso ezingcono kakhulu, ukusetshenziswa kudinga ukuxhaswa ngemali eyanele. I-Help America Vote Act (HAVA) kanye nokuhlobanisa okulandelayo kuye kwanikeza izinkulungwane zezigidi zezigidi zezindawo zokuphepha ekukhethweni, kuhlanganise nemishini yokuvota entsha, intuthuko ye-inthaneti, nokuqeqeshwa kwezisebenzi. Nokho, izazi eziningi ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuxhasa imali okuqhubekayo, okungaguquguquki kuyadingeka ukuze kuhambisane nezinsongo ezingaqondakaliyo. Brennan Center for Justice

Izindinganiso Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

Kudingeka izindinganiso eziqinile ukuze kugcinwe imishini yokuvota, i-software, kanye nokugcinwa kwezinhlelo. I-VVSG 2.0, ethotshiwe ngo-2021, idinga ukuhlolwa okunzima futhi ihlanganisa amalungiselelo enkululeko ye-software, ukubukezwa kwezinhlelo zomsuka, nokuchanyuselwa. Abanye abasekeli babiza isibopho kunokulalela ngokuzithandela. Umthetho osendaweni ungadinga futhi ukuhlolwa kwangemva kokuvota, ama-pepa, nokuhlola kwangaphambi kokhetho.

Ukuhlola Ukuvikelwa Kwezentengiselwano Zokukhetha

Izenzakalo eziphawulekayo ziqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuqapha, ukulungiselela nokuthuthukisa okuqhubekayo.

U - 2016 Ukhetho Lobumongameli Base - United States

Ukhetho luka 2016 lwaphazamisa kakhulu, ngokuyinhloko ngokuhlasela nge-inthanethi nangokuxosha. Izinkampani zaseRussia zahlasela izimiso zokhetho zikahulumeni, zahlasela izikhulu zokhetho ngokuzivota, futhi zazama ukuthatha izikhombisi zokuvota. Nakuba bungekho ubufakazi bokuthi amavoti angempela ashintshwa, ukuhlasela kwabonisa ukuthi kunezici ezingekho kulesi simiso. Ukusabela kwahlanganisa ukubekwa kwemithetho, ukumiswa kokhuseleko lokhetho lweCISA, nokuxhaswa kwemali eyandayo. Isifundo esiyinhloko sasiyisidingo sokuthola ulwazi olungcono nokuhlangana kwezokuvikela i-inthaneti ezindaweni zonke.

2020 Ukukhethwa Komongameli waseU.S.

Kukhetho lwango-2020, naphezu kwezinyathelo ezandisiwe zokuphepha ngemva kuka-2016, imikhankaso yokukhohliswa yanda. Ukukhohliswa kokukhwabanisa okungamanga, okuvame ukukhuliswa yimithombo yezokuxhumana ngisho nangabaholi bezombangazwe, kwayiyinkimbinkimbi indawo yokuvota. Izikhulu zokhetho zabhekana namazinga angazange abonwe ngaphambili okuhlukunyezwa nezinsongo. Okunye okuhle, ukusetshenziswa kokuhlolwa kwezincwadi zomthetho kanye nokuhlelwa kweposi (kuhlanganise neRL njenge ezifundazweni eziningi) kwanikeza ukuqiniseka kwemiphumela. Imiphumela engu-202020 yagcizelela ukubaluleka kwemfundo yomphakathi nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuxhumana eziqinile ukuze kuxoxiwe.

Izibonelo Zezizwe Zonke

Izindaba zomthetho zikhathalela imbulunga yonke. ENetherlands, ukuhlelwa kwezincwadi zephepha kuye kwasetshenziswa kakhulu, futhi imishini yokuvota yashiywa kakhulu ngemva kokuba amaphutha efunyenwe ngawo- 2000. I-United Kingdom incike kumavolotte amaphepha ibalwa ngesandla, inciphisa izingozi ze-webhsayithi kodwa isabhekene nezinselele zokungahlangani. I-Estonia, iphayona elisebenza ekuvoteleni ngo-inthanethi, inemithetho eqinile eqinile kodwa iyaqhubeka iphikisana ngokuthengwa kwezindawo zokuphepha. Indlela ye-United Kingdom inikeza izifundo zokulinganisela ukutholakala, ukulondeka, nokuthemba.

Ikusasa Lezokulondeka Kokhetho

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buthuthuka, ukulondeka kokhetho kuyoshintsha.

Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Ezintsha

Ubuchwepheshe obuvundlile bungathuthukisa ukulondeka kokhetho, nakuba buletha nezingozi ezintsha:

  • I-tabchain Vont: Abanye basikisela ukusebenzisa iblokotchain ukuze benze irekhodi elingaguquki lamavoti. Nokho, i-bstoin iyodwa ayiyixazululi inkinga yesiqinisekiso noma isisetshenziswa esiyekethisiwe, futhi ingase ibangele ukuba kube nobunkimbinkimbi. Imisebenzi ye-Pilot, njengaseNtshona Virginia yabavoti baphesheya, iye yabonisa imiphumela exubile.
  • I-Intelligence ezenzekelayo (AI) yoHlongezo: I-AI ingahlaziya ukuthuthwa kwezokuxhumana, isho imizamo yokuziphakamisa, futhi ibone ama-anomalie ezimisweni zokukhetha. I-Al ingasetshenziselwa futhi ukulwa nokususa ngokuthula okungamanga okungaphezi. Ngokuphambene, i-AI-aI-ace amandla e-diffinformation (amakhekhe) aveza usongo olukhulayo.
  • Quantam-Resant Cryptography: Njengentuthuko yokuhlanganisa, izindlela zamanje zokubhala ungachayeka. Ukuguqukela ku-quantam-slim algoriths ezimisweni zokuvota kuzoba okudingekile emashumini eminyaka ezayo.
  • I-software e-open-Software e-Vont: Ezinye izifundazwe zihlola izimiso zokukhetha ezivulekile-imithombo ukuze zivumele ukucubungula okuzimele kombhalo oyimfihlo. Nokho, umthombo ovulekile udinga futhi ukubusa okunamandla komphakathi nokulungisa ngokucophelela.

Intuthuko Eqhubekayo Nokuzivumelanisa Nesimo

Ukulondeka kokukhetha akuyona inqubo elungisayo kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo. Ukuhlola ukungena njalo, ukuvivinya amaqembu abomvu, nokulungisa imithetho elandelwayo kubalulekile. Umqondo ‘ wokuvikela ngokujule” uyasebenza: izingqimba eziningi zokhuseleko zenza kube nzima kumhlaseli ukuba aphumelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakha ukuqina kusho ukuhlela ngokuvumelana ngokuhluleka kwemishini, ukuhlasela kwe-inthanelo ye-inthanethi, nokuhlasela kwemvelo. Ukubambisana kwesiphambano sokhetho, ukugcinwa komthetho, nokusetshenziswa kwezobuchwepheshe kukwenza kube nzima ukuphumelela.

Kulokhu kuhlola kwamuva kokuhlolwa konogada wokhetho nokutusa kwesimiso, inikeza ukuhlaziya kokuqonda nezimiso zezimiso zokukhetha ezisekelwe ephepheni, ezikwazi ukuhlolwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-CISA Evolution Resource Library[ inikeza amathuluzi, iziqondiso, kanye nezinto zokuqeqesha izikhulu zokhetho kuzo zonke izinga.

Isiphetho

Ukulondeka kokhetho kuyinselele eqhubekayo edinga ukubambisana, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, nokuqapha okungaguquguquki. Ngokuqonda izinhlobonhlobo zezinsongo ze-inthanethi zenzakale, kusukela ekuhlaseleni kwe-inthanethi kanye nokungasasebenzi kwezingozi ezingokomzimba nezomphakathi (kubuye kusebenzise izinyathelo eziqinile, zokuvikela, ukuvikela, singavikela inqubo yentando yeningi yezizukulwane ezizayo. Ukwethenjwa komphakathi kuyisisekelo sentando yeningi, futhi kuvikela lokho kuthembana okufuna ukuba zonke izibophotho eziseneyo zokhetho ziboshwe. Ngokuqhubeka kusetshenziswa kwemali, imfundo, nokubambisana phakathi kwemibuso, umbuso, nezinhlangano zendawo, singaqinisekisa ukuthi okhetho bahlala bekhululekile, bethembekile, futhi bethembekile.