Isingeniso: Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Inqubo Yomthetho Kubaluleke

Zimbalwa izinto ezisabisayo eziyehlela enkantolo ngaphandle kokuqonda okucacile okuzokwenzeka. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufunda izakhamuzi, uthisha olungiselela isifundo, noma umuntu ofuna nje ukuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi, oqonda izisekelo zezinkantolo nezinkantolo kubalulekile. Isimiso somthetho sibusa yonke into kusukela ekuphuleni kwezimoto ukuya ekuhlanganisweni kwezinhlangano zezinhlangano, futhi izinqubo zaso zinquma ukuthi ubulungisa bunikezwa kanjani. Lesiqondiso sinikeza inqubo ecacile, esobala yenkantolo, inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala, nesihluthulelo okudingeka usazi.

Ukwakhiwa Kwesimiso Esingokomthetho

Amagatsha Kahulumeni Nendima Yezinkantolo

Isimiso somthetho asikho esingeni eliphansi. Emazweni amaningi entando yeningi, amandla ahlukaniswa phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu: igatsha lemithetho (lenza imithetho), igatsha eliphethe (eliphoqelela imithetho), negatsha lokwahlulela (elichaza imithetho nezingxabano). Izinkantolo ziyizinhlangano eziyinhloko zegatsha lokwahlulela. Zinquma ukuthi umthetho uphuliwe, ukuthi isivumelwano siyaphoqelelwa, nokuthi umuntu kumelwe akhokhe isijeziso noma ajeziswe ngokuphazanyiswa.

Imithombo Yomthetho

Ukuze uqonde izinkantolo, kumelwe uqale uqonde ukuthi ivelaphi imithetho. Kunemithombo emine eyinhloko:

  • Umthetho we-Custitugal - Umthetho ophakeme wezwe, ukumisa uhlelo lukahulumeni nokuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo.
  • [[Umthetho:0]Sta umfundisi woMthetho - Imithetho idluliswa izishaya-mthetho (umz., uKhongolo, izishaya-mthetho zombuso).
  • [ Umthetho olawulayo – Imithetho eyakhiwa izinhlangano zikahulumeni (umz., i-EPA, i-SEC) ngaphansi kwegunya elinikezwa yizimiso.
  • Umthetho weCummon - Judgeji highil (izinqumo zenkantolo). Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe ngesiko lomthetho wama-Anglo - American.

Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwemithetho nomthetho ovamile kungaba yinkimbinkimbi, okuyisizathu esenza ochwepheshe bezomthetho bachithe iminyaka behlola indlela yokuyichaza.

Ithonya Lamankantolo

Izinkantolo zihlelwe ngendlela efana nemibhoshongo [1] Icala ngokuvamile liqala ngezinga eliphansi futhi lingadluliswa emazingeni aphakeme. Ukuqonda lesisigaba sabefundisi kukusiza ukuba ubikezele indlela yokumangalelwa kwecala noma ukuquliswa kwecala.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala

Izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala ziyindawo yokungena. Ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zamazwe (isimiso somthetho) noma izinkantolo eziphakeme (izimiso zezwe]). Lapha, ijaji (futhi ngezinye izikhathi ijaji) lizwa ubufakazi, lihlola ofakazi, futhi linikeze isinqumo. Izinkantolo zisingatha kokubili izindaba zomphakathi nezezigebengu. Esiminyangweni sombuso, kunezinkantolo zesifunda ezingu- 94. Izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwezwe ziyahluka kakhulu ngegama nangegunya kodwa zifeza injongo efanayo eyisisekelo.

Izinkantolo Ezingenelayo

Akuwona wonke amalungu alahlekelwayo athola ikhambi futhi. Kunalokho, angadlulisa isinqumo senkantolo enkantolo equlwayo. Lezinkantolo azibuzwi ubufakazi obusha; zibukeza umbhalo ogciniwe wokuqulwa kwecala ukuze zithole ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho awenziwe yini. Zingase zisekele isinqumo sokuqala, zisenze sibuye sithathe, noma zithumele icala emuva ekuqulweni okusha. Esimisweni sikahulumeni, izinkantolo ze-appelte zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zokudlulisa icala . Kukhona izifunda eziyi-13.

Izinkantolo Eziphakeme

Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ephethe ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme. E-United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. Izwe lihlala phezu kwesimiso sikahulumeni. Izifundazwe eziningi futhi zinenkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni (ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi inkantolo yokugcina). Lezi zinkantolo zizwa ingxenyana encane kakhulu yamacala eziwanikeza yona, ngokuvamile leyo ehilela imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho-mthetho noma lapho izinkantolo zenkantolo ziye zakhipha khona izinqumo eziphikisanayo.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Ngaphandle kwesigaba sezikhulu, amagunye amaningi anezinkantolo ezikhethekile eziklanyelwe ukusingatha izinhlobo ezithile zamacala ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • [[[QL:0] Izinkantolo zomkhaya – isehlukaniso, ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana, kanye nokutholwa.
  • Izinkantolo zeBankruptic [ – izinkantolo zeFederal ezisingatha ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezikweletu nokushwabasha.
  • [[I] izinkantolo ze-Traffic [ – Amacala amancane omgwaqo.
  • Izinkantolo zeTax – Iziphakamiso nezikhulu zentela.
  • [ izinkantolo zezidakamizwa – Isigwebo esihlukile sezaphula-mthetho zezidakamizwa ezingenabudlova, ezigxile ekwelapheni kunokuba zijeziswe.

Lezinkantolo ezikhethekile ngokuvamile zinezinqubo ezivamile ezengeziwe, kodwa izimiso eziyisisekelo zenqubo efanele zisasebenza.

Abadlali Abayinhloko Enkantolo

Abantu abaningi benza izindima ezingafani, ngamunye enemithwalo yemfanelo ethile.

  • Ukwahlulela [ - Ingameli kumacala, imithetho ephikisayo, isiyala abahluleli, futhi (ekuqulweni kwesihlalo) inquma isinqumo. Umahluleli ungumgcini womthetho futhi kumelwe ahlale engakhethi.
  • [ Jury - Iqembu lezakhamuzi (ngokuvamile isithupha kuya ku-12 emacaleni obugebengu) ezizwa ubufakazi futhi zinikeze isinqumo. Ezicaleni zomphakathi, amajaji anganquma ukuthi kunecala noma kulimaza.
  • I-proseast (emacaleni obugebengu) – ummeli omelela uhulumeni, onecala lokufakazela icala lommangalelwa ngokungenakungabaza okunengqondo.
  • ummeli owenziwe i-defente - - imelela ummangalelwa, ivikela amalungelo awo futhi ibekela icala likahulumeni inselele. Wonke ummangalelwa unelungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho; uma engakwazi ukuthenga, inkantolo kumelwe imise umlweli womphakathi.
  • [ ummeli womthetho (emacaleni omphakathi) - - imelela iqembu eliletha icala, lifuna isinxephezelo noma umyalo.
  • Iseluleko se-(civil) - imelela iqembu eliqulwayo.
  • [[[UMTL:0] intatheli yezentengiselwano - yenza amagama acacile asho yonke into eshiwo enkantolo.
  • [[FLT] - Ukugcina uhlelo, ukuphelezela abamangalelwa, futhi kuphatha ijaji.

Icala lesigebengu: Izindlela ezimbili ezihlukene

Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlukanisa ezimisweni ezingokomthetho umehluko phakathi kwamacala omphakathi nawobugebengu.

Amacala Ezigebengu

Ecaleni lobugebengu, uhulumeni umangalela umuntu (ummangalelwa) ngokwephula umthetho. Umshushisi kumelwe afakazele icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo [, indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi esimisweni somthetho. Uma ummangalelwa etholakele enecala, izijeziso zingahlanganisa ukukhokhwa, ukuboshwa, noma ngisho nesigwebo sokufa kwezinye izifunda. Izibonelo: ukweba, ukubulala, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa.

Amacala Angaphakathi

Izindaba zombango zihilela izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele (abantu abazimele, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano). Iqembu eliletha icala (ummangalelwa) lifuna umonakalo wemali noma uhlelo olufuna omunye umbambi hlangothi ukuba enze noma ayeke ukwenza okuthile. Umthwalo wobufakazi uphansi: [ ukuphambanisa ubufakazi [, okusho ukuthi kunokwenzeka kakhulu kunokuba ummangalelwa anecala. Izibonelo: ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukulimala komuntu siqu, isehlukaniso, ukuxabana kwempahla.

Ezinye izenzo, njengengozi yokushayela udakiwe, zingaholela kukho kokubili ukumangalelwa ngecala kobugebengu (ngombuso) nokumangalelwa komphakathi (ngalowo olimele). Imiphumela izimele; icala lobugebengu lingase liphele ngokulahlwa kuyilapho icala lomphakathi lisathola ummangalelwa enecala.

Isinyathelo: Isinyathelo Sokuqulwa Kwecala

Ukuqonda izigaba zecala kususa imfihlakalo nokukhathazeka okuningi.

1. Ukuqhubeka Kwamacala

Phambi kokuba kuvulwe izinkulumo, abameli bathatha isinyathelo sokuthola, ukuthatha i-ovendice, ne-move. Ukuvubukula kuyi-project yesivumelwano sobufakazi phakathi kwamaqembu. AbaLawyers bangase futhi bathathe amafayela, njengawo [ukukhipha isinqumo sokukhipha [ (ukumangalela icala alinaso isisekelo esingokomthetho) noma i- ukuvumelana nokwahlulela okucacingisiswe [[ (ukungaphikiswana amaqiniso, ngakho umahluleli angabusa ngaphandle kokuthethwa kwecala). Izenzakalo eziningi zixazululwa phakathi nalengxenye ngesicelo noma ukuncedwa.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Uma icala liqhubekela phambili enkantolo, isinyathelo sokuqala sikhethwa ijaji. Inqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i - jast [kusukela ku-Fulentshi “ukukhuluma iqiniso”]. Ama-attorney amacala womabili angaphikisana ngokuthi ijaji lingase lichaphazele ukungakhetheli kwawo. Izinhlangothi ngazinye zingasebenzisa inani elilinganiselwe lezinselele ukuxosha ukuxosha ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu, nenani elingenamkhawulo [[FLT:]] ukuveza ubandlululo olungabangela ukungakhethi. .

3. Izinkulumo Zokuqala

Ngemva kokuba abahluleli befungele, uhlangothi ngalunye luthola isikhathi esifushane sokuchaza lokho oluhlose ukukufakazela. Umshushisi noma ummangalelwa uhamba kuqala, alandelwe izaba. Lamazwi awabona ubufakazi; ayimabalazwe okusiza abasizi ukuba baqonde ubufakazi obuzayo.

4. Ubufakazi

Lokhu kuwumsuka wokuqulwa kwecala. Uhlangothi olunomthwalo wobufakazi (ukuqulwa noma ukuqulwa) lunikeza icala lalo kuqala. OFakazi babizwa futhi bahlolwa ngaphansi kwesifungo. Ufakazi ngamunye ungaphansi kokuhlolwa okungaqondile [ (ngeqembu lababizayo), khona - ke [[FLT:] umklomelo] ukhakhakhanyiswa [[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [uhlu] [uhlu, [[FLT]] [uhlu] [uhlu, izithombe, izikhali] [izimpawu ezingokoqobo], izimpawu eziphawulwe njengemithetho emelene nayo, futhi zivezwe njengokwahluleli. [[[FLT], imibuzo ephakanyisiwe, [uhlu], nezimpawu eziphawulwe ngemithetho.

5. Izinkulumo Ezivalayo

Ngemva kokuba zombili izinhlangothi seziphumile, ummeli ngamunye unikeza impikiswano yokuphetha efingqa ubufakazi futhi ephikisa ngokuthi kungani abahluleli kufanele balawule ngokuvumelana nabo.

6. Iziyalezo Nenkululeko

Umahluleli ufunda iziyalezo zobujukuju [, echaza umthetho osebenzayo nendinganiso yobufakazi abahluleli kumelwe bawusebenzise. Khona - ke amajaji athatha umhlala-mthethweni ukuze axoxe ngecala ngasese. Kumelwe afinyelele isinqumo esihlangene ezicabeni zobugebengu (ezizweni eziningi) futhi ngokuvamile ezicaleni zomphakathi (nakuba abanye bavumela izinqumo eziningi). Uma ijaji lingavumelani nesinqumo esingafanele, ihlulelo esingafanele sikhishwe, futhi icala lingase liphinde liqulwe.

7. Icala Nezinyathelo Zangemva Komshado

Ijaji libuyela enkantolo futhi limemezele isinqumo salo. Endabeni yobugebengu, isinqumo sokungabikho kwacala” sisho ukulahlwa; “icala” liholela ekugwebeni isigwebo ngemva kwecala. Endabeni yomphakathi, abahluleli bangathola isijeziso esilimazayo noma bangatholi cala. Ngemva kwesinqumo, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingafaka isigwebo esisha, njengecala lokwahlulela ngaphandle kwesinqumo [ noma i-actumtion yecala elisha .

Ukunxusa: Ilungelo Lokubekela Inselele

Iqembu elilahlekelwayo cishe njalo linelungelo lokudlulisa isikhalo, kodwa ukudlulisa isikhalo akuyona incamantana yesibili. Isikhalo sigxila emaphutheni angokomthetho okuthiwa ayenzeka phakathi necala. U-apulant (okhangayo) ufaka amafabe achaza kafushane ukuthi yini engalungile. I-appelle (owinayo enkantolo) i-facelse impendulo. Inkantolo ingase iphendule:

  • Isiqinisekiso (umnyango) wesinqumo senkantolo equlwayo.
  • landela i-check (inguquko) isinqumo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Remand (ekuqedeni icala emuva) ekuqulweni okusha noma kwezinye izenzakalo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] hlela [ ukwahlulela (umz., nciphisa umonakalo).

Izinkantolo eziphakamisi azivamile ukuzwa izimpikiswano zomlomo emacaleni onke; eziningi zinqunywe kuphela emifishaneni ebhaliwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., iyanika i-certiari[ (amazinga okumelwe azwe) cishe kuphela cishe 1% yezicelo ezitholakalayo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwegama Elingokomthetho Okubalulekile

Ukujwayelana namagama ayinhloko kwenza izincwadi ezingokomthetho kanye nezindaba zenkantolo kutholakale kakhulu. Nansi indlela ecacile yolimi olubalulekile:

  • Plaintiff – Iqembu eliqala icala lomphakathi.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] I-defantant – Iqembu limangalelwa noma libekwa icala lobugebengu.
  • Complast – Inkulumo ebhaliwe eqala ukumangalelwa kwecala lomphakathi, eveza intengo ye-paltiff.
  • Icala – A icala elingokomthetho elikhishwa amajaji amakhulu, ngokuvamile elisetshenziselwa amacala amakhulu.
  • Subpoena – Inkantolo isiyalo esifuna umuntu ukuba avele afakazele noma akhiqize amabhukwana.
  • Icala – Isinqumo esifinyelelwe amajaji noma umahluleli ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala.
  • Isivumelwano – Inkantolo yokugcina ekhipha isinqumo ecaleni, ngokuvamile kuhlanganise nemvume yokukhululeka (imali, umyalo, njll.).
  • [Appal[ – Isicelo enkantolo ephakeme sokuhlola umphumela wecala.
  • [ Isho ukungabaza okunengqondo[ – Indinganiso yobufakazi emacaleni obugebengu (ephezulu kakhulu).
  • Izibalo zobufakazi[ – Indinganiso ezimweni zomphakathi (okungaphezu kuka 50% ngokunokwenzeka).
  • Into [ – ukuphikisa okungokomthetho kommeli ngombuzo, ubufakazi, noma inqubo.
  • [ ikhona [ - Umahluleli uvumelana nokwenqaba.
  • Imithetho - Umahluleli akavumelani nombuzo noma ubufakazi.

Indlela Yokufunda Okwengeziwe: Imithombo Yabafundi Nabafundisi

Ukwakha ukufunda nokubhala kuyinqubo eqhubekayo, futhi le mithombo elandelayo inikeza ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa nokuningiliziwe:

Isiphetho: Ukunikwa Amandla Ngolwazi

Isimiso somthetho siyindida yemithetho, izindima, kodwa akunakwenzeka. Ngokufunda isakhiwo sezinkantolo, izinyathelo zokuqulwa kwecala, namagama ayinhloko, umuntu angaya ezindabeni zomthetho ngokuqiniseka okukhulu. Uma ufundela ukuhlolwa kweze-orgionary, ulungiselela isifundo sekilasi, noma ufuna ukuqonda indaba yezindaba ephakeme, ukwaziswa okukulesiqondiso kunikeza iphuzu eliqinile lokuqulwa kwecala. Khumbula ukuthi imithetho iyahluka ngokwezinga, futhi uma ubhekene nempikiswano engokomthetho, ukubheka ummeli ogunyaziwe njalo kuyinkambo ehlakaniphile. Kodwa ukuqonda kwesisekelo [[FLT:] kusebenza izinkantolo [[FLD:1] futhi [FL:] kuyenzeka phakathi novivinyo.[FFFF] [FF] [3]