Isingeniso

Ukwengamela umthetho kunjengesisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, okusebenza njengenqubo eyinhloko lapho abameleli bekhetha khona ukuqondisa, ukuhlola, nokuhlola izenzo zegatsha eliphethe. Injongo eyinhloko yalokhu kuqondisa iwukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, usongo olungapheli kunoma isiphi isimiso lapho igunya linikezwa khona. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okubanzi kokuphumelela kobungameli bemithetho ekufezeni lowomsebenzi obucayi. Sihlola izisekelo ezingokwezinkondlo, izenzakalo ezingokomlando, izinselele ezisebenzayo, izinselele eziphikelelayo, nemibono elinganiselwe echaza ukuphatha imibuso ebusayo yanamuhla. Ngokuhlola kokubili impumelelo nokuhluleka, sihlola indlela imisha ekwazi ngayo ukuphumelela kahle ngayo ukuphatha imithetho yemithetho ephethe, ukukhohlakazeka, nokukhuthuka kwezimoto.

Ukuqonda ukuphumelela kobuphathi bemithetho akuyona nje indlela yemfundo. Lokhu kuthinta ngokuqondile impilo yedemokrasi, umthetho, kanye nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo ezakhamuzi. Uma ukuphatha kuqinile, abaqondisi beboshelwa, izinqumo zezimiso zinikezwa ulwazi olungcono, futhi ukuthemba umphakathi kungagcinwa. Uma kubuthakathaka, amandla angalawulwa angaholela ekusebenziseni kabi kwesimiso somthetho. Lokhu kuhlola kuveza ingcebo yobufakazi obungokomlando nobesikhathi samanje ukuze kunikeze umbono olinganiselwe wokuthi ikho ukuphatha okungafinyelela kuphi futhi kupholaphi.

Isisekelo Esicatshangelwayo Sobubonisi Obungokomthetho

Enhliziyweni yayo, ukuqondisa kwemithetho kuxhomeke ekuzilandiseni. Ekuhleleni kokuhlukanisa amagunya, isishaya-mthetho asiyona nje indikimba yokwenza umthetho; sisebenza ngokusemthethweni phezu kwesikhulu. Lo msebenzi ufakwe eDNA yomthetho-sisekelo wemibuso eminingi yentando yeningi, nakuba ubukhulu bayo namandla ehlukene kakhulu. Ukuphakama kwekhono kungasebenza kakhulu. Okufana nokuzwa kwekomiti evamile nokuhlelwa kwezimiso zemali, okubangelwa yizenzo ezihlazisayo, izinkinga, noma izinkathazo ezithile.

Inhloso eyinhloko yokwengamela imithetho zihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukubheka ukulandisa: Ukucela izikhulu eziphethe ukuba zithethelele izinqumo nezenzo zazo zokukhetha abameleli.
  • Ukusungula ukonakala nokusebenzisa kabi amandla: Ukuthola nokuvimbela ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni noma okungathembekile ngokuhlola nokuhlola.
  • Ukuveza ukukhanya: ukwenza imisebenzi kahulumeni ibonakale kubo bobabili isishaya-mthetho somthetho nomphakathi, ngaleyo ndlela yenza kube nengxoxo enolwazi.
  • Inqubo yokuzulazula: Ukunikeza isheke ngekhono lokuqondisa nokusikisela ukulungisa ezimisweni ezinamaphutha.
  • Ukuvikela amalungelo amancane: kuqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zobuphathi aziwanyatheli amalungelo amaqembu angenazisulu.

Ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuphumelelayo, umphathi angasebenza enganaki, eholela ezinqumweni ezizuzisa abambalwa ngokulahlekelwa abaningi.

Ukulawula amabhanoyi

Umehluko obalulekile ekuhloleni ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokulandisa okungokomthetho kanye nokulawula okuyingozi. Ukwengamela okuphumelelayo kugxila enkambisweni yebanga eliphakeme, engokomthetho, nasemalini enkulu, ukugwema ukuphazamisa emikhankasweni yezisebenzi yezinsuku zonke. Uma izishaya-mthetho ziphazamisa kakhulu, zingaphazamisa ukuphatha nokunciphisa izindaba zobuchwepheshe. Ukulinganisela phakathi kobuqondisi nobucukubhede busebenza kuyahlupha futhi kuyahlukahluka phakathi kwezimiso zezombangazwe.

Umlando: Ukusebenza Kwezici Eziphawulekayo Zokubusa

Umlando unikeza uhlelo olucebile lokuphumelela kokwengamela kwemithetho nokwehluleka. Ukuhlola lezizindaba kwembula kokubili amandla nokulinganiselwa kwalomkhuba.

I - Watergate Scandal (1972-1974)

I-Watergate isalokhu iyindinganiso yegolide yokuqondisa imithetho ngokuphumelelayo. I-United States Congress, ikakhulukazi nge-Gavel Khetha Committee on Presidential Campaiting Actication, yaqhuba izimemezelo ezicutshunguli ezadalula ukusetshenziswa kabi okukhulu kwamandla okubusa ngezansi (ukusuka ekunqanyulweni kwemithetho eqinile ukuya ekuvimbeleni izinhlangano zobulungisa nokusetshenziswa kabi kokuhlakanipha. Ukuhlola kobuhlakani, kuhlangene nokucindezela kombono womphakathi kanye nomthetho osekelayo, uMongameli uRichard Nixon ukuba ashiye. Lendaba ibonisa ukuthi uma ukuqondisa kugunyaziwe, i-bistarian, futhi i-bistan, kungaletha ngisho nokuphathwa kwezikhulu ezinamandla kakhulu ekulandiseni.

I - Iran-Contra Affir (1980)

Phakathi nokuqondisa kukaReagan, ihlazo le-Iran-Contra labona igatsha elikhulu lase-U.S. liphula umthetho ngokudayisa izikhali e-Iran ukuze kuxhaswe abavukeli base-Contra eNicaragua, ngesikhathi kugwenywa ukuvinjelwa kwe-Congressional. Uphenyo olulandelayo (i-Congression ne-Suntegate-paintry) lwavumbulula imisebenzi yokufihla. Nakuba uphengululo lwaholela ekulungiseni inguquko njenge-Intelligence Councict, lwaveza futhi imingcele yobubonisi: izikhulu eziyinhloko zathethelelwa noma zaphunyuka isibopho sobugebengu, futhi igatsha elikhulu lalivame ukumelana nokuvunywa ngokuphelele. Icala libonisa ukuthi ukuphatha kungaveza ukuxhaphaza kodwa lingazama ukuvikela isijeziso noma ushintsho lwesimiso.

IPhalamende LaseBrithani NeMpi Yase - Iraq (2003)

Imibuzo ye-United Kingdom Palamente yokuhlasela i-Iraq iqokomisa kokubili amandla nokukhungatheka kobuphathi bemithetho. IHutton Inqury ne-Chilcot Inquiry yamiswa ngemva kokucindezela komphakathi, ihlola ukusebenzisa kukahulumeni ukuhlakanipha (ikakhulukazi "idogist dossier") kanye nokubekwa kwemithetho yempi. ISivumelwano saseChilcot, esinyatheliswe ngo-2016, sasinethonya elinamandla ekugxekweni kwaso ngowayenguNdunankulu uTony Blair nomphathi wezikhulu wakhe. Nokho, ukuhlola kwakungesona isibopho sokuhlanganisa futhi abenzi imiphumela engokomthetho. Indaba ibonisa ukuthi ukuqondisa kungaveza ukubonakala nokulandisa nokulandisa ngomqondo ongokomlando kodwa kungaba nemiphumela elinganiselwe yezombangazwe.

I-Information kaMongameli Park Geun-hye eNingizimu Korea (206-2017)

Isibonelo samuva kakhulu sokuqondisa okunamandla savela eNingizimu Korea. ISishaya-mthetho sesizwe saqala ukuhlola ihlazo elikhulu lenkohlakalo elihilela uMongameli uPark Geun-hye kanye nomthumeli wakhe. Icala lePhalamende, kanye nokubhikisha okukhulu komphakathi, kwaholela ekuvotileni ukuthi i-bipartisan isekelwe. INkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo yasekela i-parentimes, futhi kamuva yasuswa ehhovisi futhi kamuva yagwetshwa ejele. Lendaba ibonisa indlela i-partiod, lapho ihlangene nomzwelo we-jaji, okungame ngayo nokusekela komphakathi nokuxhaphaza kwezikhulu.

Imishini Yokuqondisa Imithetho: Ithuluzi

Ukuze sihlole ukuthi amathuluzi ayasebenza kanjani, kumelwe siqonde izishaya - mthetho ezingokoqobo ezisetshenziswayo. Amandla obubonisi axhomeke ekutholakaleni, ekuzimeleni, nasekusebenziseni lezi zinqubo.

Ukuqulwa Kwezindaba Nokuphenywa Kwekomiti

Uhlobo olubonakala kakhulu lobubonisi yikomiti, lapho izikhulu eziphethe zibizwa khona ukuba zifakaze. Amakomiti azimele (isinye isimo, ezindabeni zezezimali, kwamanye amazwe) aqondisa inqubo, kuyilapho amakomiti akhethekile esungulwa ngenxa yamahlazo athile. Ukuzwa okuphumelelayo kudinga isihlalo esinekhono, izisebenzi ezanele, namandla okuphoqelela ubufakazi nezincwadi. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zinegunya lofakazi abangaphansi kwe-poena futhi zidelela abantu ngabanye ngokungezwani.

Ukucwaninga Nokubhala Ngomshuwalense

Iqhaza lanoma yikuphi ukuhlola okuphumelelayo izisebenzi ezingochwepheshe. AmaKomiti aqasha abameli, abahlaziyi bezimiso, nabaphenyi ababhala imibiko, bahlaziye ukwaziswa, futhi balungise imibuzo. Imfanelo yalezisebenzi ithinta ngokuqondile imiphumela yokuqondisa. Izishaya-mthetho zemithombo zivame ukuzama ukuncintisana nezinhlangano eziphethe kahle.

Ukulawula Uhlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

"Igunya lesikhwama" liphakathi kwamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu. Imithetho ingancisha imali yezinhlelo ezithile, ihlanganise izimo ekuhlolweni, noma izindleko zokuncintiswa kwemali. Ezimisweni zephalamende, ukuphikiswa kusebenzisa izimpikiswano zemali ukuze kucaciswe izinto eziza kuqala kuhulumeni. Nokho, emazweni amaningi, umphathi uyakwazi ukukhokha imali enqubweni, anciphise leli cebo.

Amathuluzi Okuzwa Nokubona Izindawo

Izimemezelo zingasebenzisa futhi ukuqulwa kwecala ukuze ziphoqelele ukuba izikhulu zibone, njengokufuna ukuba izinhlangano zikhiphe imibiko yasikhathi sonke yemisebenzi noma zinyathelise izincwadi zobufakazi.

I - Leastical Veto Negunya Lokuqinisekisa

Esimisweni sase-U.S., amandla esigele ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezikhulu eziphezulu (kuhlanganise amajaji nonobhala bamakhabethe) anikeza umsebenzi wokuhlola. Ngokufanayo, amanye ama-pactiom anezishaya-mthetho ze-aception kunezenzo zobuphathi noma iziqondiso. La mandla aqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi eziyinhloko nezinqumo ezinkulu zihlolwa ngokwemithetho.

Izinselele Zokwengamela Ngokuphumelelayo

Ukuphumelela okushukumisayo kudinga ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuqondisa kubhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu. Ngisho nezimiso ezihlelwe kahle zingahluleka ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.

I - partisan Polaryation

Kuyintando yeningi, amaqembu ezombangazwe aye ahlukana kakhulu. Uma iqembu elifanayo lilawula kokubili isishaya-mthetho nomphathi, ukuqondisa kungaba buthakathaka, kodwa iningi likahulumeni lingase liyivikele ekuphenyeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ukuphikiswa kulawula isishayamthetho, ukuqondisa kungaba isikhali esihlukanisayo, esiholela ekuhloleni okuqinile nokukhethayo. Ukwethembeka komthetho kahulumeni ngokuvamile kungawulawula umthwalo wemfanelo wezinhlangano.

Imithombo Egciniwe

Amagatsha aphethe aqondisa imithombo emikhulu: amabutho abameli, amaqembu akhethekile, kanye nokuhlakanipha okuhlukanisayo. Imithetho, ngisho nasemazweni acebile, ivame ukuba nezisebenzi ezincane futhi ingabi nalwazi. Lokhu kungalingani kwenza kube nzima ngamakomiti ukubekela inselele izikhulu zezobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezinjengokulondeka kwesizwe noma umthetho wezezimali.

Ilungelo Eliphethe Nesifuba

Izikhulu zivame ukumelana nokungaqondi ngokucela ukulondeka kwesizwe, ilungelo eliphetheyo, noma imfihlo. Nakuba kudingekile, kungasetshenziswa kabi ukufihla ukuziphatha okubi. Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zifaka lezingxabano, kodwa le nqubo ingaba yephuza futhi ingabi nomphumela ongaqiniseki. I-Trump. ukwenqaba kwesikhulu ukubambisana no-Crownionpoenas kubonisa indlela umphathi we-coral angayilawula ngokuphumelelayo ngayo amatshe.

Ukunganaki Komphakathi Nokuhlukana Kwezindaba

Ukuvelela kuchuma uma kunesithakazelo somphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi zingakuthandi ukungenela noma ziphazamisekile, izishaya - mthetho azinaso ingcindezi yokuthatha isinyathelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudilika kwezezindaba (iziteshi ze-TV, amagumbi ezokuxhumana ezokunanela) kusho ukuthi ukuqulwa kwabezengameli kungase kungafinyeleli izilaleli eziningi. Izindlebe ze-Watergate zifinyeza isizwe; namuhla, ukuzwa okufanayo kungase kungashaywa indiva izihloko zabantu abaningi.

Ukuntuleka Kwamandla Aphoqelelwayo

Izishaya-mthetho eziningi azinakuzijezisa ngokuqondile izikhulu eziphethe ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi okuvunulwe phakathi nokwengamela. Zingabhekisela izindaba eqenjini lomthetho noma abashushisi, kodwa lezo zindikimba zingazimela noma zivumelane nomphathi omkhulu. Okutholwa yiPhalamende eMpini ye-Iraq akuzange kuholele ekumangalelweni ngobugebengu. Ngaphandle kwamazinyo, ukuqondisa kungaba yihlosi lephepha.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Indlela Izimiso Ezihlukene Ezisebenza Ngayo

Ukuphumelela kobubonisi bemithetho kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ezimisweni zezombangazwe.

Izimiso Zobumongameli (isib., United States)

E-U.S., ukwahlukana kwemibuso kwakha isishaya-mthetho esinamandla esizimele. Indlu neSigele zinezakhiwo eziqinile zamakomiti, amandla angaphansi kwe-poena, nomkhuba wokuqondisa okunzima. Nokho, ukuhlanganisa izindawo ezihlukene kusanda kuba buthaka ukuqondisa: amalungu amaningi ahlukene avikela umongameli weqembu lawo, kuyilapho amadlanzana asebenzisa ukuzwa ekuthumeleni imiyalezo. Isimiso sase-U.S. futhi sinikeza amaphuzu amaningi okufinyelela ukuqondisa (umz., GAO, CBO, I-Aenquers General) kodwa avikelwa yizingxeba.

Izimiso ZePhalamende laseWestminster (isib., United Kingdom, eCanada, eAustralia)

Kulezi zimiso, umphathi uthathwa kusishaya-mthetho futhi ngokuvamile uyala iningi. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwamagunya kunganciphisa ukwengamela ngoba uhulumeni ulawula uhlelo lwezishaya - mthetho. Nokho, izinqubo ezifana nesikhathi sombuzo, amakomiti akhethayo, nekhompathimenti yepalamente inikeza iziteshi zokuhlola. Amakomiti akhethiwe ahlonishwa kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile aveza imibiko ephambano. Noma kunjalo, ukulawula kukahulumeni imingcele yemithetho yekomiti yemithetho.

Isimiso sokuphehla isikhumba ne-Semi-Pressitential Systems (isib., France, Poland)

Ezimisweni ezithatha isikhashana, abaphathi abanamandla baxhomeke ekutheni umongameli nephalamende bavela eqenjini elifanayo noma e-"quare". Umphakathi uvame ukuqinisa ukwengamela, njengoba isishayamthetho sisebenzisa amandla aso ukuhlola umongameli. EFrance, i-National Assembly ingakha amakomiti ophengululi, kodwa amandla abo alinganiselwe uma kuqhathaniswa ne-U.S. Congress. ePoland, izinguquko zamuva ngaphansi koMthetho noMahluleli ziye zanciphisa ukwengamela, kuqokomisa ukuchayeka kwalezi zimiso ekuthumbeni izikhulu.

Imibuso Emisha Negunya Lobugunya

Kuyintando yeningi emisha, izinhlangano zobubonisi zimiswe ngokusemthethweni kodwa zilinganiselwe. Ingcebo elinganiselwe, ukuntuleka kwezisebenzi ezinolwazi, nokubusa kwezikhulu kunciphisa ukuphumelela kwazo. Emazweni anjenge Hungary, iqembu elibusayo liye lasebenzisa ukubusa kwalo kwephalamende ukuchitha izindikimba zobubonisi futhi linciphisa ikhono lokuphikiswa lokuhlola. Ukuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kabi kombuso ezimweni ezinjalo ngokuvamile kuxhomeke kubadlali bangaphandle (umz., i-European Union, imithombo yezindaba yomhlaba wonke) kunokuba kuholwe ulwe umthetho wasekhaya.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuphumelela Kokuphatha Kwemithetho

Ngokusekelwe ekuhloleni, izinguquko eziningana zingathuthukisa ikhono lokwengamela futhi zivimbele ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla.

Ukuqinisa Inkululeko Yekomiti

AmaKomiti kufanele abe nezisebenzi ezinikezelwe, ezingenasiphartistiki, i-compant, namandla okugcina amacala ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kwezikhulu. Isimiso esimisiwe sokuqulwa kwamacala, kunokuba kube abekwa inhlekelele kuphela, siqinisekisa ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo. Amaphalamende amaningi aye athatha "ukungasunguli" kanye "nokungahlelwa" amalungiselelo adinga ukubukezwa ngezikhathi ezithile kwezinhlangano nezinhlelo.

Izindikimba Zokucwaninga Nezokuphenya Ezizimele

Amahhovisi okuhlola ama-Apic asemthethweni e-US (umzk., i-GAO e-NAO e-UK) anikeza ukusekela okubalulekile kobuphathi bemithetho. Le mikhandlu kufanele izimele futhi inikezwe imvume, inegunya lokuhlola zonke izindleko zezikhulu futhi ibike kumphathi wesishaya-mthetho. Ngokufanayo, izinkonzo zokucwaninga ngemithetho zinganikeza ukuhlaziywa okunenjongo.

Ukuncishiswa Kwesimiso Sokuzivumelanisa Nezitho Zomzimba

Imithetho edinga ukuba amaphepha angaphansi noma amacala amakomiti anezincutshe angavimbela ukuqondisa. Izinguquko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi idlanzana lingaqala ukuhlola, noma ukuthi amakomiti anezihlalo ezivela kuwo womabili amaqembu, ingasiza. Nokho, akukho ikhambi elilula lokuthatha isigaba esisheshayo.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Izindaba eziphithizelayo, imibiko ekhishwa ngamafomethi afinyelelekayo, nokusebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana ukuze kuqokonyiswe ukutholwa kungandisa ukucindezela komphakathi. Imikhankaso yokufunda nokubhala edayisayo nemfundo yomphakathi ngendima yobuculi ingavuselela isidingo sokulandisa.

Izithiyo Zokuvala Izindawo Eziphoqelelwayo

Imithetho kufanele ibe namandla okuya enkantolo ukuze iphoqelele abampongi ngaphandle kokungenela kwezikhulu. Izelelesi eziphethe abashushisi abazimele kufanele zibopheke lapho ukuqondisa kwembula ubufakazi bobugebengu obungathi sína. Amanye amazwe asungule amakomiti akhethekile amelene nokonakala anamandla okubulala.

Isiphetho: I - expory, Engaphelele

Ukuvimbela ukuphumelela kokuqondisa komthetho ekuvimbeleni ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla kunikeza isiphetho esicacile. Kukhona impumelelo ecacile: Watergate, ukuhluleka kwe-South Korea, nophengululo oluncane oluningi olulungisa izifundo futhi lubeke izikhulu icala. Ukugadla kuye kwadalula amahlazo, ukuthuthukisa isimiso, nokuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwesikhathi esizayo. Kodwa ukuhluleka kusobala ngokufanayo: i-Iraq War ayifaki izijeziso; izitini ze-oprick ezihlola i-United States; futhi ezizweni eziningi, ukuqondisa kuwumkhuba oyize owehlulekayo ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa okukhulu.

Ukuphumelela kobubonisi ekugcineni kuxhomeke enhlanganiseleni yokuhlelwa kwezindawo, impucuko yezombangazwe, nokuzibophezela kwezakhamuzi okusebenzayo. Asikho isimiso esingenakuhluleka. Nokho, ukuzimisela ukuphatha − njengomkhuba, hhayi nje isimiso − esihlala singesinye sezivikelo ezinamandla kakhulu zokumelana nokugxilisa nokusebenzisa kabi amandla. Imibuso efaka ezindlini zawo zomthetho ngemithombo yezomthetho, ukuzimela, nokusekela komphakathi kuhlonyiswe kangcono ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isikhulu sihlala sinecala. Enkathini yokukhula kwe-populism nesikhulu, ukuqondisa kwemithetho yemithetho akusona nje inguquko yobuchwepheshe; kuyisivikelo esibalulekile ekuqhubekeni kwentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, cabangela lemithombo yangaphandle: i-Institution ukuhlolwa kwemithetho ye-, umsebenzi we-Inter-Parliamentary Union wobuqondisi bephalamende[, kanye nencwadi ye- ye-Internationalism ye-EA emasimini omqondisi wepalamende[.