Ubuhlobo phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho nesimiso senkantolo buyikho inqubo yokwahlulela kobugebengu e-United States kanye nakwamanye amazwe amaningi. Nakuba izinhlangano eziphoqelela umthetho zigxile ekuhloleni ubugebengu, ukuqoqa ubufakazi, nokubopha, izinkantolo zinecala lokuchaza umthetho, ziqinisekise inqubo efanele, futhi zinqume ukuthi inqumo inecala noma ukuthi awunacala. Lobu buhlobo abusona nje isici secala kodwa ukubambisana okuqhubekayo okulawula indlela ubulungisa obusetshenziswa ngayo. Ukuqonda le ngxenye ibalulekile kubafundi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nezakhamuzi abafisa ukuqonda izinselele zokulondoloza ukuhleleka komphakathi lapho bevikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okungapheli kwezindima, ukusebenzelana, inselele, inselele, nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okulawula lezimiso ezimbili zobulungisa.

Ukuqonda Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho ziyikhosha phambili kwesimiso somthetho somthetho. Umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko ukugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi, ukuvimbela nokuhlola ubugebengu, nokuphoqelela imithetho emiswa yizishaya-mthetho. Umthetho nohlelo lokugcinwa komthetho kuyahluka kakhulu, kusukela eminyangweni yamaphoyisa yendawo nasemahhovisi ombuso kuya ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni nasezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni ezinjenge Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) ne-Drugnomement Administration (DEA). Inhlangano ngayinye isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ekhethekile nemithetho engokomthetho, kodwa zonke zihlanganyela umgomo ofanayo wokuvikela umphakathi nezokuphatha izigebengu.

Indima yokugcinwa komthetho idlulela ngalé kokusabela kobugebengu. Amaphoyisa anamuhla ahlanganisa amasu asebenzayo anjengokuhlanganisa umphakathi, ukuvimbela ubugebengu ngokuklanywa kwendawo ezungezile, namaphoyisa adwetshwe ngobuhlakani. Abaphathi ngokuvamile bayiqophelo lokuqala lokuxhumana phakathi komphakathi nesimiso somthetho, nezinqumo zabo phakathi nophenyo zokwenza ukuphenya. Ngokungathi kufanele ziyeke, ukuphenya, noma ukuboshwa kuthinta ngokuqondile izenzakalo zenkantolo ezilandelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, indlela ubufakazi obuqoqwa ngayo futhi bubhalwe ngayo bungathola ukuthi izimpawu zayo ziyasebenza enkantolo. Ngakho izikhulu zomthetho kumelwe zibe nolwazi olusebenzayo lwezindinganiso zomthetho, kuhlanganise nezokuvikelwa kwezeHlaziselo lweSine lokuHlandulela nokuqulwa okungenangqondo, kanye neziphepho zokuzinzisa okwesihlanu.

  • [ Umnyango wobuProthel-usebenza ngezinga likamasipala futhi usingatha imisebenzi yokugcinwa komthetho phakathi kwemingcele yedolobha.
  • Amahhovisi e-Sheffiff - Izikhungo ezisesilinganisweni sesifunda esiphezulu eziphethe ukugcinwa komthetho ezindaweni ezingenazo izinkolo, amajele, nokuthunyelwa kwezincwadi zenkantolo.
  • [ Izinhlangano ezikhethekile njenge FBI, DEA, ATF, ne DHS eziphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni futhi ngokuvamile zisebenza kanye neminyango yendawo emabuthweni emisebenzi.
  • I-State Police/I-Phoway Patrol imithetho yomgwaqo ephoqelelwe emigwaqweni emikhulu kahulumeni futhi ingasekela izinhlangano zendawo.

Izinga ngalinye lokugcinwa komthetho linezimfuneko zokuqeqesha, izakhiwo zokulandisa, nobuhlobo nezinkantolo. Ngokwesibonelo, amanxusa kahulumeni avame ukusebenza ngokuqondile emahhovisi e-Attorney yase-U.S., kuyilapho izikhulu zendawo zisebenzelana nabameli bezifunda. Izinga lalokhu kubambisana lingathinta kakhulu imiphumela yecala nokwethenjwa komphakathi.

Indima Yesimiso Senkantolo

Isimiso senkantolo sisebenza njengomsunguli ongakhethi wobulungisa, ukuchaza nokusebenzisa umthetho emacaleni ngamanye. Izinkantolo zihlelwe ngokulandelana ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi amaphutha angabukezwa futhi izimiso zomthetho zikhule ngokungaguquki. E-United States, isimiso senkantolo sahlukene sihlanganisa izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo, ngasinye sinegunya laso. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala amaningi obugebengu, kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zikhuluma ngobugebengu obuphula imithetho kahulumeni, njengokushushumbisa izidakamizwa noma ukuphanga kwebhange.

Izinkantolo zenza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi: zinquma ukuthi bukhona yini ubufakazi obanele bokubamba ummangalelwa enkantolo (isizathu esingasoleki sokuqulwa kwecala namajaji amakhulu); zengamela inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala ukuze ziqinisekise ubulungisa; zifaka izigwebo eziqinisekisiwe; futhi zizwa izikhalo zokulungisa amaphutha angokomthetho. Ukuma kwesimiso somthetho esivamile somthetho. Ukuqonda lokhu kuphikisana kwesisekelo kusiza abashushisi nabameli abanezimpikiswano eziphikisanayo phambi komahluleli noma amajaji (hlawulo) enkantolo efeza indima engokomthetho. Lokhu kuphikisana nezimiso zokuqululisa amacala asetshenziswa kwamanye amazwe omthetho wombango, lapho abahluleli bethatha khona indima enzima kakhulu. Ukuqonda lokhu kuphikisana kwesisekelo kusiza ukuchaza ukuxabana okungavamile phakathi komthetho nezinkantolo eUnited States.

  • Izinkantolo zecala - ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme noma zezifunda, yilezi lapho amacala ezwakala khona kuqala. Zithola amaqiniso ecala futhi zisebenzise umthetho.
  • [ Izinkantolo [ - Izinqumo zokubukeza ezinkantolo zamacala ukuhlola amaphutha angokomthetho, ngaphandle kokuhlola amaqiniso.
  • Izinkantolo ze- - Izinkantolo eziphakeme kakhulu ezithatha isigwebo egatsheni ngalinye (izinkantolo eziphakeme zase-U.S.) ezabeka isibonelo esiqinile.

Isimiso senkantolo sihlanganisa nezinkantolo ezikhethekile ezinjengezinkantolo zezidakamizwa, izinkantolo zempilo yengqondo, nezinkantolo zomuntu onokuhlangenwe nakho, ezigcizelela ukwelashwa nokuvuselelwa kwesijeziso. Lezinkantolo ezingezinye zidinga ukubambisana okuseduze nokugcinwa komthetho nezinkonzo zezenhlalo, ezibonisa indlela ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaphoyisa nezinkantolo obungabhekana ngayo nokusingatha izindaba zezenhlalo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukungenela Phakathi Kokuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nezinkantolo

Ukuxhumana phakathi komthetho ophoqelelwe nezinkantolo kwenzeka cishe kuzo zonke izigaba zomthetho wezomthetho. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi isikhulu sibona ubugebengu noma siqala ukuhlola, umphumela wecala uyoxhomeka ekutheni lamagatsha amabili axhumana kahle futhi anamathele kangakanani ezindinganisweni ezingokomthetho.

Ukucwaninga Nokuboshwa

Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa ukugcinwa komthetho kuqoqa ubufakazi ngokuqapha, ukuxoxa nofakazi, ukuhlola kwezentengiselwano, nokuhlola. Abaphathi kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi izenzo zabo zivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho, ikakhulukazi iSichibiyelo sesine. Uma ubufakazi butholaka ngokungemthetho, izinkantolo zingasebenzisa umthetho oweqalile, zinqande ubufakazi nokuvimbela ukuqunjelwa. Lokhu kucindezeleka okuphakathi kokugcinwa komthetho okusebenzayo nokuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi, okungakhomba kakhulu, okungaholela ekumangaleleni noma ekuncikeni kobufakazi obungatshazwa. Uma nje kuqoqwe ubufakazi obanele, ukuboshwa kwe-ffidavit, okuchaza imbangela elindelekileyo, kungaba incwadi yokuqala eshiwo abamangali nezinkantolo. Ukungalungisi noma ukungalungi kungaholela ekumangalweni noma ekuncishweni kobufakazi obungatshalwa.

Ukuvala Izinqumo

Ngemva kokuboshwa, ukugcinwa komthetho kunikeza umshushisi icala. Umshushisi, isikhulu senkantolo, unquma ukuthi kufanele abhale phansi yini amacala angokomthetho. Lesi sinqumo sihilela ukuhlola amandla obufakazi, ubuqatha bobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu, nokuqashelwa komphakathi. Nakuba imithetho itusa izikhalo eziqondile, umshushisi unegunya lokugcina. Ukungavumelani kungavela uma umshushisi ekholelwa ukuthi ubufakazi bubuthakathaka kakhulu noma uma befuna icebo elihlukile lokumangalela. Ukukhulumisana njalo phakathi kwamaphoyisa nabashushisi kubalulekile ekwakheni amacala anokwethenjelwa. Imithetho eminingi iye yasungula "ukumangalela okuqondile" lapho ummeli wesigodi othile esebenza eduze nabaculi behlola ecaleni.

Ukuqhubeka Kwangaphambili

Izinqubo zangaphambi kokwahlulela zihlanganisa ukuququzelelwa kwecala, ukuzwa kwebheyili, ukuzwa kokuqala, nokuthola. Izikhulu zomthetho zivame ukufakazela ekuqulweni kwezindaba zokuqala ukuze zithole imbangela. Ubufakazi bazo bungaba balulekile ekuqinisekiseni umahluleli ukuba abophe icala ngenxa yokuqulwa kwecala noma ukumisa izimo ze-paill. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibiko yamaphoyisa nekhamera yegumbi lokuthwebula iphendulelwa ekuvikeleni. Ukunemba nokuphelela kwalezi zinto kuthinta ngokuqondile ikhono lokuzivikela. Iziphambeko noma iziphakamiso ezisekwe emibhalweni yamaphoyisa zingaholela ekuthutheni kuqedweni noma ekucishweni kobufakazi. Inkantolo ithembele ekuthembeni komthetho ogciniwe; uma leyo mibhalo ibuzwa, wonke icala lingancitshaniswa.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, izikhulu zezemthetho zikhonza njengofakazi abayinhloko. Zifakaza ngalokho ezikutholile, ubufakazi, nezinqubo ezabuqoqa. Ukuthembeka kuhamba phambili: umbono wejaji lobukhonya ungayilawula isinqumo. Abashushisi basebenza nezikhulu ukuze bazilungiselele ukuhlolwa, baqinisekise ukuthi ubufakazi babo buhambisana nobufakazi nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, abameli bahlola ukuziphatha kwamaphoyisa ngenxa yanoma yikuphi ubandlululo, ukuziphatha okubi, noma ukwephulwa kwemithetho esemthethweni. Inqubo yomthetho ihlola umsebenzi emphakathini ukuze uvivinywe, futhi izinkantolo kumelwe zisebenze njengabagcini bamasango ukuze bakhiphe ubufakazi obungahlanzekile. Lesigaba sifaka ukuhlola nokulinganisela okuqinileyo.

Ukugwetshwa Nokukhanga

Ngemva kwecala, inkantolo ibeka isigwebo. Amaphoyisa anganikeza izinkulumo zemiphumela yecala noma ukutusa ngokuphathelene nokugwetshwa. Emazweni amaningi, iminyango yamaphoyisa ilondoloza izinhlelo zokwaziswa kokwenza amaphutha okusiza izinkantolo ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinolwazi. Icala langemva kwecala, ukunxusa kuvame ukugxila ekutheni izenzo zomthetho ziphula yini amalungelo ommangalelwa. Izinkantolo zihlola umlando wokuqulwa kwecala, kuhlanganise nobufakazi obubusayo. Ukuthola ukuphambuka kwamaphoyisa kungaholela ekulweni kwecala, kuqokomisa indlela ubuhlobo obuqhubeka ngayo ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala.

Izinselele Nokucindezeleka Kuyahambisana

Naphezu kwesidingo sokubambisana, ukusebenzelana phakathi kwamaphoyisa nezinkantolo kugcwele izinselele. Ukukhulumisana okungalungile, izinto eziza kuqala ezingafani, nezindaba eziwubuhlakani zingabuqeda ubudlelwane futhi zilulaze ubulungisa.

  • Ukuxhumana nokugcina i-Record-Skeding[ amafomethi abikayo - ashintsha-shintsha-shintshayo, ukuthatha ubufakazi obephuzile, kanye nokungaphelele kwemibhalo kudala izithiyo kubashushisi. Umbiko wamaphoyisa obhalwe kabi ungenza icala libe nzima ukumangalela, ngisho noma ubufakazi bunamandla.
  • Ukungaphathi kahle ukuphatha kabi - Iketa lokuwinwa kwezingane linzima; noma isiphi ikhefu singanikeza ubufakazi obungaqondakali. Izingqapheli zomthetho ziye zabhekana namahlazo ahilela ukuguqula noma ukukhohlisa, okuholela ekulahlekeni okungalungile nokungathembani.
  • Ukukhomba Izinto eziza kuqala - Amaphoyisa angamisa ukuboshwa okusheshayo namazinga aphezulu, kuyilapho abashushisi begxila ekugcotshweni okungokomthetho nasecaleni elithatha isikhathi eside. Lokhu kungaholela ekumangaleleni amacala enqatshwa noma ehliswa, kubangele ukukhungatheka ekugcinweni komthetho.
  • [[NT.0] Izindaba ze-Police Perjury ne-Corestive Sulutions - Iziqubulo zezikhulu ezilele kulelo qophelo (ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi "ukuziphikisa") ziye zaphumela ekucinyweni kwamacala nezinguquko. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele ukuthembeka kwesikhulu ngokucophelela, futhi izindaba eziphindaphindwayo zingalimaza idumela lomnyango.
  • Izindawo ezihlukene ngokwezomnotho kanye nezezomnotho ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho kuthinta ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi emincane. Izinkantolo kumelwe zibhekane nalokhu kungafani lapho zihlola izindlela zokucindezela noma phakathi nesigwebo, zenezela olunye ungwengwengwe oluyinkimbinkimbi ekuxhumaneni.

Lezi zinselele azinakunqotshwa kodwa zidinga ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo, imithetho ecacile, nokwengamela okuzimele. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhamera asebenza ngesiqu kuye kwathuthukisa ukubonakala futhi kwanciphisa izimpikiswano ngokuziphatha kwamaphoyisa enkantolo. Ngokufanayo, ukumiswa kwezenkolo kwamaqembu eqiniso emahhovisi abashushisi kuye kwasiza ekulungiseni ukungalungi kwangesikhathi esidlule okusekelwe emsebenzini wamaphoyisa onephutha.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kobuhlobo BoMthetho Obuphoqelelwayo

Ikhono lamanje phakathi kwamaphoyisa nezinkantolo liwumphumela wentuthuko engokomthetho emakhulwini amaningi. Emuva komthetho ovamile waseNgilandi, indima ye-compasi kanye ne-mantshi ngokuvamile yahlanganiswa [1] Umuntu ofanayo angahlola, abophe, ahlulele. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kanye nokuhlelwa kwenqubo yezobupolisa kwaholela ekuphakameni okuhlukene. Ukusungulwa kwe-London Metrolitan Police ngo-1829 kuvezwa njalo njengokuzalwa kwe-Promaster Pel, ukumiswa kwe-Promaster, ukugcizelelwa kokuvinjelwa kobugebengu nemvume yomphakathi. EUnited States, ikhulu lama-20 kwabona ukuphakama kolwazi olungokomthetho nenqubo edingayo, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwezinquluko zeNkanto ekhona (g., [FLD] umqulu we-Exptions , i-customs , i-customs procenses yobuchwepheshe yobuchwepheshe obusha nje obushala i-uhlulwe i-unt ngokomthetho wobushadio.[Fogciogn, i-unt, iqoqo le

Izinguquko Nemikhuba Emihle Kakhulu

Ukuze kuqiniswe ukuxhumana phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho nezinkantolo, kuye kwatholakala izinguquko eziningana nemikhuba emihle kakhulu:

  • Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezihlotshanisiweyo - iziqephu zokuqeqesha okuhlangene lapho amaphoyisa nabashushisi befunda khona ngezindinganiso zomthetho zomunye nomunye kanye nokuvinjelwa ukusebenza kungathuthukisa ukuqondana nemiphumela yecala.
  • [[Ukwengamela okuzimele nokulandelana kwezincwadi namabhodi okubukeza ka-Politian namabhodi amisiwe enkantolo angahlola imikhuba yamaphoyisa futhi atuse izinguquko, isiza ukwakha ukwethemba umphakathi kuzo zombili izinhlangano.
  • [ I-Policince esekelwe ekusekelweni - Ukusebenzisa ukwaziswa ukuqondisa amasu okugcinwa komthetho kungahlanganisa amaphoyisa nohlobo lobufakazi obunokwethenjelwa obuvunyelwa izinkantolo. Izinhlelo njenge CompStat ne-Provices, uma isetshenziswa ngokwezimiso, ingathuthukisa impumelelo.
  • Ikhamera ne Transparency - Ukuthathwa kwamakhamera emzimba womzimba kunciphise ukukhononda kwezakhamuzi futhi kunikeze amarekhodi aqotho ezenzakalo zamaphoyisa. I-policies enziwa ngekhamera kanye nokukhululwa kwezinyawo kumelwe kucace ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-header.
  • Inkululeko ye-Prosecinial - Inyenyeza ukuthi abashushisi banenkululeko yokwenqaba amacala abuthakathaka alethwa amaphoyisa anciphisa ingozi yokukholelwa okungalungile. Amanye amazwe athathe izilinganiso "zobuqotho" ezibukeza amaphutha amadala.

Ukuze kufundwe ngokwengeziwe ngezindlela ezingcono kakhulu ebuhlotsheni bomthetho bokugcinwa kwamalungelo emithetho, [[FLT:] inikeza izisekelo zobulungisa ezisekela ukwahlulela ngokubambisana. i-National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers inikeza izincazelo ngokuvikela amalungelo abamangalelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [[FLT:]] [FLT]] ACLU's umthetho wobugebengu olungisa ikhasi[ uxoxa ngezindaba zezimiso zezentelekelelo futhi uhlolwe.

Isiphetho

Ubudlelwane phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho nesimiso senkantolo buyimicikilisho eminingi echaza ukusebenza kwesimiso sobulungisa sobugebengu. Ekuhlolweni nasekuboshweni ngecala nangokugwetshwa, isigaba ngasinye sidinga ukubambisana okucophelelayo nokunamathela ezindinganisweni ezingokomthetho. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengokungaqondisi, ubufakazi obungalingani, nokungalingani kwezimiso kuqhubeka, izinguquko eziqhubekayo nokuzimisela ukuveza ukukhanya kusiza ekuqiniseni lobu budlelwane obubalulekile. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda lamandla kubalulekile ekuqapheleni indlela imithetho elawulwa ngayo, indlela amalungelo avikelwa ngayo, nendlela ukwahlulela okusebenza ngayo ekugcineni. Ikusasa lalobubuhlobo liyololongwa ngentuthuko yezokusebenza kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuveza inqubo yobuchwepheshe, nokugcizelela ukulandisa nokuthembeka.