Isimiso somthetho sivame ukubhekwa njengenhlangano engokomthetho engomthetho, kodwa, eqinisweni, ihlanganisa izici ezihlukahlukene ezibusa izingxenye ezihlukene zomphakathi. Phakathi kwalezi zimiso, umthetho wesizwe nomthetho wobugebengu kuvela kumagatsha amabili ahlukene kodwa ahlobene. Ukuqonda ukusebenzelana phakathi komthetho wesizwe nowobugebengu kubaluleke kakhulu hhayi nje kuphela kudokotela abasemthethweni nabafundi kodwa futhi nakubantu abazithola behamba ngezinkundla ezihlukene. Ukuhlolwa kwalezi zimiso ezimbili kunezimo ezingafani, kuthinta inqubo ezingokomthetho, futhi ekugcineni kunquma indlela ubulungisa obusebenza ngayo emphakathini njengeqembu eliphelele nezisulu zabantu ngabanye. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kokungavumelani okuqhubekayo, nokunye okunamandla phakathi kwemibandlu yomphakathi, nokuhamba kwemipayini, kuxhaswe yizibonelo ezingokoqobo zomthetho kanye nezifundiswa ngolwazi olusemthethweni.

Ukuchaza Umthetho Wangaphakathi Nowesigebengu

Umthetho wesizwe usingatha izingxabano phakathi kwabantu noma izinhlangano, ngokuvamile ezihilela imbuyiselo noma ukubuyisela. Uhlanganisa izigebengu eziningi, kuhlanganise nezivumelwano, izingxabano zempahla, i-tort (njengokunganaki nokuhlanjalazwa), kanye nomthetho womkhaya ofana nesehlukaniso nelungelo lokuhlala nabantwana. Injongo eyinhloko yomthetho womphakathi iwukuxazulula izingxabano zangasese nokunikeza amakhambi okulahlekelwa okungadingekile (ngokuvamile). Izenzo zomphakathi ziqalwa ummangalelwa, othwele umthwalo wokuqinisekisa icala labo [[FLT:]], okusho ukuthi kuyingozi kakhulu kunommangalelwa.

Umthetho wesigebengu, ngokuphambene, uhlobene nezenzo ezingezobugebengu ezimelene nombuso noma ukuthula komphakathi. Ubugebengu obunjengokuba ubugebengu, ukuhlasela, ukubulala, nokukhwabanisa bumangalelwa uhulumeni (kungummeli wesigodi noma umshushisi) ngenxa yomphakathi. Izinhloso zomthetho wobugebengu zihlanganisa isijeziso, ukunqandelwa, ukubuyiselwa komthetho, nokungakhohliswa. Umthwalo wobufakazi emacaleni obugebengu uphakeme kakhulu: ukumangalelwa kumelwe kufakazele icala lommangalelwa [ ukungabaza okunengqondo [. Lendlela eqinile ibonisa imiphumela emibi, ukuvalelwa, ngisho nokufa.

Zombili lezi zimiso zinomsuka ojulile emlandweni. Umthetho womphakathi usekelwe kumthetho wamaRoma nakumthetho weNgilandi ovamile, ugcizelela amalungelo namakhambi. Umthetho wesigebengu wavela futhi kumthetho ovamile kodwa kancane kancane wahlanganisa imithetho elawulayo yokuchaza amacala nesijeziso. E-United States, umthetho wobugebengu ugunyazwe kakhulu kuhulumeni nakuhulumeni, kuyilapho umthetho wesizwe uhlala usekelwe kakhulu empikiswaneni, nakuba imithetho enjenge-Federal Revile of Civilence Procedature inqubo ebusayo.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Komthetho Wangaphakathi Nowesigebengu

Nakuba womabili amagatsha ehlanganyela emgomweni wokulondoloza ukuhleleka komphakathi, umehluko wawo oyisisekelo uthonya indlela izigameko ezilethwa ngayo, zixazululwa ngayo, futhi zixazululwa ngayo.

  • [[FULT:0] Purpose:[ umthetho womphakathi uhloselwe ukukhokhela izisulu nokuxazulula izingxabano; umthetho wobugebengu uhlose ukujezisa izaphula-mthetho nokuvikela umphakathi.
  • Izindawo zomphakathi:[ Isuti lomphakathi lihilela abantu ngabanye noma izinhlangano (i-plantiff v. mmangalelwa); amacala obugebengu ahilela uhulumeni (ukuqulwa) kummangalelwa.
  • Iqoqo lobufakazi: Thupha: ukunaka kobufakazi (ubungaphezu kuka-50%); isigebengu: ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo (okungangangakholeleki).
  • [ Imali ehhhlwithwayo: [ : izindleko zemali, iziyalo, imisebenzi ethile; ubugebengu: ukuboshwa, amafa, ukugcinwa, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma isigwebo sokufa.
  • [ Ilungelo elulekweni: Ezimweni zobugebengu, abamangalelwa banelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo kummeli (ISichibiyelo se-X); ezimweni zomphakathi, asikho isiqinisekiso esinjalo, nakuba usizo olungokomthetho lungase lukhona.
  • Icala lobujuku: Zombili zilungiselela ukuqulwa kwejaji, kodwa izijaji zomphakathi zivame ukuba zincane (6/12) futhi zivame ukudinga isinqumo esiningi kuphela, kanti amajaji obugebengu kumelwe ahlangane.
  • Izivikelo:[ Izigebengu ezimangalelwayo zijabulela isivikelo ekuzichayeni (ISichibiyelo seNguqulo seNhlanu), ingozi ephindwe kabili, nokuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka. Lezisivikelo zilinganiselwe noma azikho ezicini zomphakathi.

Ngokwesibonelo, ummangalelwa okhululiwe enkantolo enecala lobugebengu angase abhekane necala lomphakathi ngenxa yokuthi umthwalo ophansi wobufakazi wenza kube lula ngomuntu owehliswayo ukuba anqobe.

Ukungenela Komthetho Wombango Nowesigebengu

Ubuhlobo phakathi komthetho wombango nobugebengu buyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba isenzo esisodwa singabangela kokubili ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi nobugebengu. Lokhu kuhlangana akuyona into engafanele; kuyisici somthetho esifeza izinjongo eziningi. Izisulu zingafuna imbuyiselo ngisho nalapho uhulumeni uhluleka ukubeka isigwebo, futhi umphakathi ungajezisa ububi ngisho nalapho ikhambi lomphakathi linganele. Ukuqonda indlela lemikhondo emibili ehlangene ngayo ibalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile esimisweni sobulungisa, kusukela kubameli nakumahluleli ukuya kubenzi bemithetho nabafundisi.

Ukulahlwa Kwamanje Nezenzakalo Ezihambisanayo

Ukubusa kwamanje kwenzeka lapho kokubili amacala ombango nawobugebengu evela eqenjini elifanayo lamaqiniso. Isimiso somthetho sivumela lamacala ukuba aqhubeke ngesikhathi esifanayo noma ngokwesizathu, uma nje engaphuli izivikelo eziyingozi eziphindwe kabili (okuyicala elisho ukumangalelwa kwezigebengu eziningi ngenxa yecala elifanayo kuphela). Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu omangalelwe ngokukhwabanisa angase abhekane necala elibi kanti futhi agwetshwe abanikazi bezentengiselwano eziseqenjini zezentengiselwano zomphakathi. Lezi zinqumo ezimbili zingahambisana nokuthola kwazo, ukuthatha kwazo, izintambo, nesimiso sokuqunga.

Izenzakalo ezihambisana nalokhu ziphakamisa ukucatshangelwa okubalulekile. Abamangalelwa besigebengu bangase bacele ilungelo labo lokuthula iSichibiyelo Sesihlanu, esingabandlulula ecaleni lomphakathi uma abahluleli benecala lokuthula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwaziswa okutholakala ekutholeni komphakathi kungasetshenziswa abashushisi ecaleni lobugebengu, ngaphandle kokuba kuvikelwe. Izinkantolo zivame ukukhipha iziyalezo zokuvikela noma zigcine izigijimi zomphakathi ukuze zigweme ukungenela ecaleni lobugebengu, kodwa akukho mthetho ozenzakalelayo ovimbela ukuphambana ngezikhathi ezithile.

Res Judicata noColteral Estopel

Nakuba amacala omphakathi nawobugebengu ehlukene, okutholwa komunye kungathinta omunye ngezimfundiso ezicatshangelwe kusengaphambili. . [i-palm preclusion] i-batrytialss ukuvala icala elifanayo phakathi kwamaqembu anye ngemva kokwahlulela kokugcina. Lokhu ngokuvamile akusebenzi emingceleni yomphakathi nasemikhawulweni yobugebengu ngenxa yokuthi amaqembu nezimbangela zesenzo ahlukile. Nokho, i-epalpalpal [[ i-express [istrust]] (iquusus)) (inquisi]) ingavumela ukuthola icala lobugebengu elisetshenziswayo uma indaba ihlelwe ngokwesime kakhulu futhi ingadingenzekile.

Isibonelo esiphawulekayo icala lika-O.J. Simpson: Ukumangalelwa kwakhe enkantolo yezephulamthetho akuzange kuvimbele abahluleli ukuba bamthole enecala lokufa okungalungile. Ijaji lesizwe lafaka indinganiso ebanzi, futhi isinqumo sobugebengu sangaphambili asizange sinikezwe ngokomthetho ngoba izindaba nemithwalo kwakungafani.

Ingozi Ekabili Nemingcele Yayo

ISichibiyelo seNguqulo seNhlanu seSiphambano seSiphendulo seMibini u-Claus senqabela ukuquliswa kwecala lesibili ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunyelwa. Nokho, asibambi isudi lomthetho elisekelwe ekuziphatheni okufanayo. Izinkantolo zihlukanisa phakathi kwezijeziso zobugebengu namakhambi omphakathi, ngisho noma isenzo somphakathi sihlanganisa isijeziso sesijeziso. Nje uma ikhambi lomphakathi lingalimele ukuba lithathelwe isijeziso sesibili sobugebengu (isimo esiyivelakancane), lesi simiso sivunyelwe. Lesimiso saqinisekiswa emacalani anjenge . [FLT]] [1997] [1997]], lapho iNkathi Ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi isijeziso semali asizange sibe yingozi ephinde yaphinde yabekwa.

Izibonelo Ezibonisa Ukuzinikela

Amacala amaningana aphezulu abonisa ngokucacile indlela umthetho wesizwe nowezigebengu ohlangana ngayo. Lezi zibonelo azifundisi kuphela kodwa futhi ziqokomisa imiphumela engokoqobo yezici ezimbili.

USimpson: Ukulahlwa Okulandelwa Ukuqamba Kwabantu

Mhlawumbe umfanekiso odume kakhulu, uSimpson wakhululwa ekubulaweni kwamacala ngo-1995 ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu okwasakazwa kakhulu. Ukuquliswa kwecala kwehluleka ukufakazela icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Nokho, imikhaya yezisulu yafaka isudi lokufa komphakathi elingalungile. Ngo-1997, ijaji lomphakathi lathola ukuthi uSimpson unecala futhi wakhokha imali eyizigidi ezingu - 35 (R3,5). Umthwalo ophansi wobufakazi wavumela abamangalelwa ukuba baphumelele lapho umbuso ungenakuphumelela khona, kubonisa indlela umthetho wesizwe onikeza ngayo enye indlela yokuba umuntu abe necala.

INkosi URodney: Isigebengu Esilahliwe, Umphakathi

Ngo-1992, izikhulu ezine zamaphoyisa aseLos Angeles zabekwa icala lokuhlasela ngokweqile ngemva kokushaywa kweNkosi uRodney ngevidiyo. Izikhulu zakhululwa enkantolo yobugebengu kahulumeni, isiphithiphithi. Nokho, idolobha laseLos Angeles lalungisa icala lamalungelo omphakathi likahulumeni elethwa iNkosi izigidi ezingu - 3,8. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhulu kamuva zabekwa icala enkantolo kahulumeni ngecala elihlukene (isigebengu esihamba phambili esisesilinganisweni sikahulumeni). Lendaba ibonisa indlela amakhosi (isifunda nohulumeni) angenze ngayo amacala ecala amacala empatho yobugebengu, nendlela amakhambi amacala omphakathi anganikeza ngayo imbuyiselo ngisho nangemva kokuhluleka kwezenzo zobugebengu.

UBill Cosby: Ukuvunywa Kwecala Sekuphelile, Izindlwana Zomphakathi

UBill Cosby waboshwa ngo-2018 ngokuhlasela okuhlasele ngokungafanele, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yasePennsylvania yahlehlisa ukuvunyelwana ngezizathu ze-procedrome (isivumelwano esingabangesiyo sokubulala) ngomthetho owephula umthetho. Naphezu kokunqatshelwa kwecala, abesifazane abaningi baye bamangalela uCosby ngokunyundela, ngokuhlanjalaza, nokucindezeleka okungokomzwelo. Abaningi banquma, kodwa abanye bayaqhubeka. Amacala omphakathi agcina izikhalo ziphila emlandweni womphakathi, ebonisa ukuthi imiphumela yezephulamthetho ayiqedisi icala lomphakathi.

UMichael Jackson: Ukulahlwa, Amacala Omphakathi Aqhubeka

UMichael Jackson wakhululwa ngo - 2005 ekumangalelweni kwezingane ngokuxhashazwa, kodwa ukumangalelwa kwecala komphakathi kwabamangalelwa iminyaka eminingi, futhi ngemva kokufa kukaJackson, ifa lakhe labhekana necala. Ngo - 2013, ijaji lomphakathi lathola ukuthi ifa lakhona lalingenacala (lalingamsebenzisi umxhaphazi), kodwa icala lagcizelela ukuthi izinkantolo zomphakathi zingahlola amacala ngisho nalapho amacala ezobugebengu ehluleka.

Lezizibonelo zigcizelela iphuzu eliyinhloko: ukwahlulela komthetho nomthetho-mphakathi akunciphi; zifeza imisebenzi ehlukene futhi zingafinyelela imiphumela ehlukene kumaqiniso afanayo.

Izingcindezi Zezazi Ezingokomthetho

Kubameli, ukuqonda ukusebenzelana komthetho wesizwe nowezigebengu akuseyona into engenziwa ngokuthanda. Ama-attorney adinga ukusebenzisa imithetho ehlukile, imithwalo yobufakazi, nezingozi. Lengxenye inikeza abacwaningi izimpawu ezibucayi.

Ukuhlaziya Icala Okuyinkinga

Uma ikhasimende libhekene necala kuzo zombili lezi zingxenye, iseluleko kumelwe sihlole zonke izinkantolo zomthetho. Lokhu akusho ukuvikela icala lobugebengu kuphela kodwa futhi ulindele ukudalulwa kwezembutho zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, umphathi wenkampani ophenya ngokukhwabanisa kufanele alungiselele kanye kanye ishedi lempahla ye-athom noma i-SEC jolist. Ukuhlolisisa kuhlanganisa ukuhlaziya amathuba ezenzo zomphakathi ezihambisanayo, amandla obufakazi, kanye nokuthola izinto ezisunguliwe.

Izingozi Zokweluleka Nezokuzilimaza

Enye yezindawo ezibucayi kakhulu yilungelo lokuzifihla. Ama-Athorney afuna ukukhomba embusweni womphakathi anganikeza abashushisi ukuvalwa kwecala okulimazayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukucela okwesihlanu endabeni yomphakathi kungaholela ekubonakaleni okungathandekiyo. Inkantolo zingathatha ufakazi ngokuthi unokuthile okumelwe akufihle. Ama-Athorney kumelwe alule abathengi kulemisebenzi yokuzikhulula, ngokuvamile atusa ukuba kungathuliswa futhi kokubili kuxazululwe icala lobugebengu. Ezinye izinkantolo zingaveza iziyalezo zokuvikela noma zivumele ukutholakala kwezindaba zomphakathi ukuba kunciphise lezingozi.

Ukuhlobana Nokubekwa Ngokukhethekile

Bambalwa abameli abangochwepheshe kokubili ekumangalelweni komphakathi nobugebengu. Ngakho - ke, ukubambisana phakathi kwabameli abamhlophe abavikela ilanga namakhasimende omphakathi kuvamile. Ngokuhlangene kwakhe icebo elihlangene (icebo elivikela amalungelo ekhasimende kuzo zombili izinkundla) kungaba umehluko phakathi komphumela ophumelelayo nenhlekelele. Odokotela abasemthethweni kufanele basebenze nochwepheshe abakwazi ukulinganisela umonakalo, ubufakazi obuyinselele, futhi balungiselele izindinganiso ezisobala.

Ukucabangela Okunengqondo

Ukumelela amakhasimende emicimbi efanayo kuphakamisa izindaba zezimiso zokuziphatha, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokufihla imfihlo nezingxabano zesithakazelo. Ngokwesibonelo, isivumelwano sokuvikela esihlangene kungase kudingeke sihlanganise kokubili abasizi bomphakathi nobugebengu. Ama-athorney kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi imisebenzi yawo kumthengisi ngamunye ayiyekethiswa futhi ukwaziswa okunelungelo kuhlala kuvikelekile emingceleni yecala. I-ABA Model Miles of Professional Epial inikeza isiqondiso, kodwa odokotela kumelwe bahlale beqaphile.

Ukunakekelwa Kwemfundo Ngezikole Zomthetho Nokuqeqeshwa Ngokomthetho

Uma kucatshangelwa ukubaluleka kwezezemvume zomthetho, imfundo engokomthetho kumelwe ishintshele ekuhlomiseleni abameli besikhathi esizayo ngamakhono okusingatha amacala ahlangeneyo. Inqubo yemfundo yamuva yesikole ngokuvamile inqubo yezemfundo, izivumelwano, izivumelwano, nomthetho wobugebengu zishiya abafundi bezitholele iziphambano ngokwabo. Indlela engcono yokuziqeqeshela ukulungiselela amaqiniso okuziphilisa.

Intuthuko Ezindleleni Nasesiphambanweni

Izikole zomthetho kufanele zihlanganise izikole ezidingida ukuhlangana komthetho wesizwe nowezigebengu. Ngokwesibonelo, “Umhlangano wezifundo ze-litig” ungahlanganisa izenzakalo ezifanayo, i-dicata, kanye nomthetho wokulahla izigigaba eziningi. Enye indlela i-“White-Collar Crime and Corporate Liability". Izifundo ezihlola kokubili ukugcinwa kwemithetho yobugebengu nezenzo zomphakathi. Izikole ezinjalo zisiza abafundi ukuba babone ihlathi ngezihlahla.

I - synome Ewusizo Nokufunda Okubalulekile

Izinkantolo nemitholampilo ye-moot ingalingisa izimo zangempela zezwe lapho izindaba zomphakathi nezigebengu zikhona. Ngokwesibonelo, ikhasimende elifanisiwe lingase libhekane namacala obugebengu okukhwabanisa nokuthatha isinyathelo sesigaba somphakathi kuvela kwabaphethe isigaba sikahulumeni. Abafundi basebenza ngamaqembu, bathuthukisa izindlela zokuzivikela ngesikhathi esisodwa, balawula izingxabano zokuthola izinto, futhi bathathe izimpikiswano. Lokhu kuvivinya ukwakha amakhono asebenzayo nobudlelwane.

Ukumema Abathungi Nezazi Zokuqondisa

Izinkulumo eziphambili zabashushisi, abameli, abavikeli, amakhathazi, namajaji zinganikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile. Abaqondisi bangaxoxa ngezindaba zempi ngendlela abasingatha ngayo izenzakalo ezimbili, kuhlanganise nezingqinana ezingokokuziphatha kanye nezikhonkwane eziseceleni. Ukucela ababhali bama-akauntain, abacwaningi bomuntu, noma abasizi bejaji kungathuthukisa umbono.

Ukuqhubeka Nemfundo Engokomthetho Yabanokuhlangenwe Nakho

Ngisho nabameli abanolwazi bayazuza ngezinhlelo ze-CLE ezisemgaqweni we-computer-partinal. Izihloko ezinjengomthetho omusha wendaba ophathelene nolwembulo lwe-estonel estopel, intuthuko yemithetho efanayo etholakele, nemikhuba emihle kakhulu yokubambisana nomthetho wohlelo ibuye ivuselelwe njalo. Izimboni zomthetho kanye nama-bar commmantry kumele zihlele ukuqeqeshwa.

Isiphetho

Ukusebenzelana phakathi komthetho womthetho nomthetho kuyisici esiyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho esinganakwa. Ukuqonda loluhlelo olubili kubalulekile kudokotela abangokomthetho, abafundi, nabafundisi ngokufanayo. Ngokuqaphela ukuba yinkimbinkimbi nokuhambelana phakathi kwala magatsha amabili omthetho, singasebenzela ekusebenziseni isimiso somthetho esilungile nesilinganayo, esinikeza kokubili ukulandisa komphakathi nekhambi lomuntu ngamunye. Njengoba izibonelo zibonisa, imikhondo yomphakathi neyobugebengu iyaphelelisana, iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho phutha elidlulele. Kumsebenzi ongokomthetho, ukuhlanganisa lobu buhlobo obumbaxababili kusho ukuzuza kangcono, abathengisi abanolwazi kakhulu, nesimiso semfundo esiphambili.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, cabangela ukuhlola imithombo yezemali ethathwe ku- Cornell Legil Information on the National Institute [, [[FLT:], i-American Bar Association's Criminal Justice Language Language[, kanye nokucubungula kwezazi lomthetho ubukeza isihloko esiphathelene nomthetho [[FLT]]. Lemithombo ifaka unyukela ngokujule kakhulu emithethweni nasemithethweni ebusa amapulani amabili.