Ukungezwani Kwamalungelo Omphakathi Nezinhlangano Zokwahlulela

Ukuphishekela amalungelo omphakathi nobulungisa bezenhlalo eUnited States kumelela okungaphezu kweqoqo lezenzakalo ezingokomlando; kuyindaba elokhu idingida yezenzo ezihlangene ngokumelene nokungalingani kwezimiso. Nakuba izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu ziye zagxila ngokomlando ekutholeni izivikelo ezingokomthetho nomthetho wezivumelwano zamaqembu ahlukene ngokwemingcele, izinhlangano zobulungisa zidingi ukulingana okubanzi kwezinhlanga, ubulili, isigaba, isigaba, ukuhlangana kobulili, nekhono. Ukuqonda lapho lemifula emibili ihlangana kubalulekile kubafundisi, abafundi, nabasekeli abafuna ukuqonda ubunkimbinkimbi bemi baseMelika ngokuqhubekayo. Uma lezinhlangano zilwa ngokulingana okuqhubekayo.

Ukuhlangana kwamalungelo omphakathi nobulungisa bezenhlalo akuyona into entsha. kusukela emikhankasweni yokuqeda inqubo yekhulu le - 19 kuya ekuhlelweni kwezisebenzi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, abashisekeli baye baqaphela kudala ukuthi ubulungisa bezinhlanga, ubulungisa bezomnotho, nokulingana kwabobulili kuhlangene kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimbangela ezingokomlando zalezinhlangano, sihlola izimbangela eziyinhloko, sihlola ukuhlelwa kwanamuhla okunjengothi Black Lives Matter neMeToo murt, futhi sinikeza izindlela ezisebenzayo zokufundisa lemibazwelo exubile.

Umlando Wezinhlangano Zamalungelo Omphakathi

Izikhulu Zakuqala Zamashumi Amabili

Isisekelo somzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi wanamuhla sabekwa esikhathini eside ngaphambi konyaka ka-1950. Izinhlangano ezinjengesinqumo sezemfundo , , ezasungulwa ngo-1990, izinselele ezinyuselwe ngokomthetho ngokumelene nokuhlukanisa izinhlanga kanye nokususa imingcele. Isakhiwo 1954 Brown v. I-Butry yezemfundo [ isinqumo, esathi izikole zomphakathi azihlukanisa izikole zezempatho zomphakathi, kwakuyisiphetho samashumi eminyaka empindathane ehleli ehosholo eholwa izibalo njengoCharles Houston noThurmall. Okwamanje, utshani olunjengo-191919197 i-Cult Riant Riatet no-1930 “Unglick’s's Cont" lapho Ungabert'od Studiodstststst yemist yezentengo yezente yezente yezente yezente yezente ezenhlalo neyo eMelika neyonga.

I - Civil Rights Era (1954-1968)

Umphakamo ongokwesiko wenhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi ngokuvamile uhlelwa maphakathi nawo-1950 kuya ekupheleni kwawo-1960. Izenzakalo eziyinhloko zavuselela ukunakekela kwesizwe kanye nokuphoqelelwa kwezenzo zomthetho:

  • iMontgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956):[[FLT] Iphazanyiswe ukwenqaba kukaRosa Park ukushiya isihlalo sakhe, lo mfanyana wezinsuku ezingu- 381 waholela ekuncishisweni kwendlela yomphakathi futhi waphakamisa uMartin Luther King Jr. njengomholi wesizwe.
  • IGreensboro Sit-Ins (1960): Abafundi abane basekholiji babangela igagasi lokubhikisha okungenabudlova ngokumelene nezikhawu zesidlo sasemini ezihlukaniswe ngokwemithetho, okuholela ekusungulweni kweKomiti yomfundi iNonligbibibibing (SNC).
  • UMarch eWashington (1963): Lapho iNkosi yanikeza khona inkulumo yayo ethi “Nginephupho”, lokhu kuboniswa kwesixuku kwakucindezela uMkhandlu ukuba udlulise umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi.
  • Umthetho wamalungelo abantu (1964):[[FL:1] Lomthetho ophawulayo owenqabela ukucwaswa kobandlululo olusekelwe ohlazweni, ebala, enkolweni, ebulilini, noma emsuka wezwe, uqeda ukwahlukana ezindaweni zomphakathi futhi uvimbele ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi.
  • Umthetho weVoting Rights (1965): Ngemva kokumasha okunobudlova “ngeSonto” eSelma, e-Alabama, uMkhandlu wamisa umthetho owenqabela ukucwasana ngokohlanga ekuvoteni, ukunqoba okukhulu ekunqabeni ukulahla imingcele.

Ukugcizelela kwale nhlangano kokungalaleli komphakathi okungenabudlova kwakhuthazwa uMahatma Gandhi nayinkolelo yobuKristu yokufakaza ngokokuziphatha.

Ukulinganiselwa Nebhizinisi Elingacimeki

Nakuba u-1964 no-65 bethatha izenzo zokuhlukanisa ngokwezomnotho, abazange baqede ukungalingani kwezindawo zokuhlala, imfundo, noma ingcebo. Ukubulawa kukaMartin Luther King Jr. ngo-1968 kwaphawula inkathi yoshintsho, futhi ukuphakama kwenhlangano yamandla amaBlack kwalandela kwaqokomisa imfuneko yokuzinqumela ngokwezomnotho kanye nokuqhosha okungokwesiko ukuthi inguquko engokomthetho iyodwa ayinakwanelisa. Lenkathi futhi yabona ukuqaphela okwandayo ukuthi uhlanga luhlangana kanjani nesigaba nobulili, kumisa isigaba esibanzi sobulungisa bezenhlalo.

Ukwahlulela Okukabanzi Kobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Amalungelo Nabesifazane

Inhlangano yabesifazane yokuzibamba yangasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwelama-20 ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengesahluko esihlukile, kodwa abaholi bayo babevame ukusebenzisa ubuciko bobushiqela kanye namasu. UFrederick Douglas wayengumsekeli ovelele wesidlali sabesifazane, futhi iSivumelwano seSenecas Falls sahlobanisa ngokuqondile ukulwela amalungelo abesifazane ekulweni nobugqila. Nokho, lenhlangano futhi yalwa nezingxabano zobuhlanga: ngemva kweMpi Yombango, amanye amakhosikazi amhlophe ayephikisa ukuthi abesifazane abamhlophe abafundile babefanelwe yivoti engcono kunamadoda amaBlamfa, bembula imingcele yobumbano. ISishayamthetho seshumi Nesihlanu (1920) ayizange ivikele ngokuphelele amalungelo okuvolasha abesifazane abaNsundu eNingizimu kuze kube seSivumelwano somthetho ka-19665.

LGBTQ+ Inhlangano yamalungelo

I-LGBTQ yanamuhla, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi i-Stonewall Riots e-New York City ka-1996, yayiholwa abesifazane abadabulayo bemibala efana ne-Marsha P. Johnson noSylvia Rivera. Isenzo sabo sokulwa ngokuqondile nezimpi zamalungelo omphakathi, njengoba babebhekene nonya lwamaphoyisa nobandlululo olufana nolwabantu baseAfrika. Umzabalazo wangaphambili wokususa ubungqingili kanye nokucwasa kwemisebenzi kwabangela ukucwasana kwezindlela ezingokomthetho zeNAACP. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, ukulwela ukulingana komshado (owenziwe ngo-2015) nobudlova obuqhubekayo. [FLD: 0] uHodges v[FLD:1] wakhankathazo lwezelelwa ezimpini zomphakathi ezingokomthetho ezingenisweni zomthetho. Kodwa, abantu abambalwa bayaqhubeka befuna ukubhekana nobudlova obungokomthetho.

Ubulungisa Bezomnotho Nezinhlangano Zezisebenzi

Umzabalazo wobulungisa bezomnotho usekelwe kakhulu emzabalazweni wezisebenzi, kusukela ngo-1886 Haymarket kuya ku-1937 Flint ihlala phansi. Ngawo-1960, uMartin Luther King Jr. wagxila kakhulu ekusweleni, eqala iPicence of Famont People ngo-1968 ukufuna amalungelo abantu angokomnotho kuwo wonke amaMelika, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlanga. Waphikisa ukuthi amalungelo omphakathi angempela ayedinga iholo elifanele, izindlu ezihloniphekile, kanye nokufinyelela ekunakekeleni impilo. Ngokufanayo, iUnited Farming Working, eholwa uCevez noDolores Huerta, ehlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwenhlangano elwela amalungelo omphakathi, esebenzisa abafana nabalimi abahlala ezindaweni ezingcono. Namuhla, izinhlangano zemali ehrentswond ehrents, zifuna inzuzo ephambili engoko ngokomthetho yezentengongongo yeze yeze ezomnotho.

Ukushikashikeka Ngokweqile Nokuqina

Amalungelo Omphakathi Nenkambo Yabesifazane

Phakathi nawo-1960 nawo 1970, abashisekeli abaningi bamalungelo abesifazane bakhungatheka ngenxa yokuhlanganyela ubulili ezinhlanganweni zezinhlangano. Abesifazane abanjengo-Ellan Baker, uFannie Lou Hamer, noSeptima Poinette Clark basungula izinhlelo zobuholi ezanika abesifazane abamnyama amandla, futhi okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kwabeka isisekelo senhlangano yesibili yezizwe elandelanayo. INhlangano yesizwe yabesifazane eHouston esobala yamukela indawo ehlanganisa ukusekela amalungelo ongqingili, inkululeko yokuzala, kanye nokubekwa kwe-Actal Rights Reformation (ERA), ebonisa indlela ubulungisa bobulili obabusuka ngayo ekugxileni ezinkonzweni ezihlanganisa ukulingana kwezinhlanga nezomnotho.

Ukuhlangana Kwendawo Njengesakhelo

Isazi esingokomthetho uKimberlé Crenshaw saqala igama elithi ububanzi ngo- 1989 ukuchaza indlela ubudlelwane obungenayo obungokwenhlalo (njengebala, ubulili, isigaba, kanye nokukhetha ngokobulili). Loluhlelo luye lwadingeka ngayo ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani ukunyakaza kwe-axis eyodwa ngokuvamile kuhluleka ukusingatha izidingo zabasohlwini. Ngokwesibonelo, owesifazane omnyama obhekene nokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili emsebenzini angasetshenziswa kabi yinhlangano egxile kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabesifazane abamhlophe noma amalungelo omphakathi agxile kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu bamnyama. Ukuhlanganisa izimo zokuhlangana kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-pollationak awe yi-codeccracco. I-Cenne, kanye ne-Aud projectives, i-Anday, kanye ne-Ald protest, i-Anvolugatist, i-gement, i-An

Izihloko Eziyinhloko Ezavimbela Izinhlangano

Abaholi abambalwa ababonisa izimpawu bafaka isibonakaliso sokuhlangana kwamalungelo omphakathi nobulungisa bezenhlalo ngokuzinikela kwabo kukho konke ukuphila kwabo ezimpathwini eziningi. Nazi izibalo ezinhlanu umsebenzi wazo oweqa imingcele engokwesiko:

  • [[FLT: 0] uMartin King Jr. -'idume kakhulu ngokuhola i-Civil Rights Movement, iminyaka yamuva yeNkosi yagxila kakhulu ekwahlulelweni kwezomnotho, ukuphikisa iMpi yaseVietnam, nokuqalisa uMkhankaso woLuntu Ompofu. Wathola ukuxhumana okusobala phakathi kwempi, ubuhlanga, nobumpofu, ephikisa ngokuthi ukuthula kweqiniso kwakudinga ubulungisa bezenhlalo.
  • Fannie Lou Hamer - Umhleli we-SNC, uHamer wasungula iMississippi Free Democratic Party ngo-1964 futhi wafaka ubufakazi obunamandla ngonya lwamaphoyisa nokucindezelwa kwe-Democratic National Convention. Wasebenza futhi ekuxhumaneni kokudla nezinhlelo ze-Head Start, ekhuluma ngobumpofu njengendaba yamalungelo omphakathi.
  • U-Harvey Ubisi – Njengesinye sezikhulu zokuqala ezikhethwe obala zongqingili e-United States, uMalk walwela i-LGBTQ+ + amalungelo kuyilapho esekela izinyunyana zezisebenzi, isigaba esincane sohlanga, nezindlu ezibizayo eSan Francisco. Ukubulawa kwakhe ngo-1979 kwakhuthaza izinhlangano zamalungelo ongqingili futhi kwaqokomisa isidingo sokuhlangana kwemifelandawonye.
  • Dolores Huerta - Usekeli we-United Farm Works ophethe uCesar Chavez, uHuerta uchithe amashumi eminyaka esekela amalungelo abafuduki, amalungelo abesifazane, nobulungisa bendawo ezungezile. Waqamba isiqubulo esithi “Sí, se puede” (Yebo, singaba), kamuva esaba isikhalo sokunxusa amalungelo abafuduki kanye nomkhankaso we-Obama.
  • Marsha P. Johnson - Umshisekeli wenguquko futhi odonsa indlovukazi, uJohnson wayengumuntu oyinhloko ekuvukeleni kwe-Stone Wallall futhi wasungula i-Transvestate Action Revolutionries (STAR) yokusekela i-LGBTQ+ yobusha engenamakhaya. Umsebenzi wakhe eqenjini elihlukanisa ubulili, ubumpofu, nonya lwamaphoyisa olulindele ukuba amalungelo ahlukene namuhla.

Izinhlangano Zanamuhla: Ukuphikelela Noshintsho

Indaba Yokuphila Okunsundu

Iqalwe ngo-2013 ngemva kokulahlwa kukaGeorge Zimmerman ekubulaweni kukaThiyavon Martin, Umphakathi Omnyama UMane (BLM)[[FLM:1] wakhula waba umzabalazo wembulunga yonke omelene nonya lwamaphoyisa nobandlululo lwezimiso. I-BLM ihluke kusukela kuma-1960 enqubeni yamalungelo omphakathi ekwaholweni kwayo okuhloniphekile, ukusebenzisa imithombo yezenhlalakahle, kanye nokufakwa ngokuqondile kwe LGTBQ+ namalungu abesifazane. Umzabalazwe uqhubele ukuguqula izinto njengamakhamera endikimba, ukuphatha kwezenzwe kwamaphoyisa, nedelikishibhili lokulwa kweminyango ukuze kubuyiselwe futhi kuqhutshwe izinkonzo zomphakathi. I-BLMFLM [FFF:] igcizelela futhi ukuhlanganisa [FLT], ukuthi ukuphila kwabantu abamnyama abamnyama abakwazi ukuqaphela; i-Blackli; izimo eziphakathi, futhi i-Blackner, izimpi zika-Blabel, abantu abalwa abantu abamnyama.

Ukuhamba Nami

Iqanjwe nguTarna Burke ngo- 2006 njengomzamo wokulondoloza abasinda ebudloveni, iMe Too yaqhuma yaba yisenzakalo sembulunga yonke ngo-2017 ngemva kwempicabadala yeHarvey Weinstein. Inhlangano iqokomisa indlela ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nokuhlaselwa okungalinganiyo okuthinta ngayo abesifazane ngemibala, izisebenzi eziphansi, nabantu abadayisayo. Ngokufaka ubudlova bobulili njengendaba yobulungisa yezenhlalo kunokuba kube yindaba yangasese, uMeo useye wabangela izinguquko zemithetho ye-palce, izinguquko emsebenzini, kanye nokuhlelwa kwesimilo esingokwesiko okungalinganiyo namandla. Ukuhamba kwayo emgwaqweqweni kuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi angenazisulu kakhulu, hhayi nje abantu abanecala elihloniphekile.

Ubulungisa Besimo Sezulu Njengobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Inkinga yesimo sezulu ithinta ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi etholakele nemiphakathi enemibala ephansi, evame kakhulu ukuhlala eduze kwezimboni ezingcolisayo nentuthu yemithombo yemali ukuze ivumelane. ukuhamba okuhambisana nobulungisa okuholwa amaqembu anjenge-Invironmental Network ne Sun Transsion Movement, kuhlobanisa ukuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile nezimiso zemvelo, ukuncintisana kwezimiso zezenhlalo, ukuhlangana kwezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle, ukulingana kwezomnotho. Abasha abanjengo-Greta Thunberg nentsha yesikhathi sakusasa baye bandisa ingxoxo ukuze bahlanganise ukungenwa kwazo zonke, beveza ukuthi ukulwa kweplanethi ekwaziyokulwela amalungelo ezenhlalo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izinhlangano zezenhlalo namuhla ziqaphele kakhulu kunesidingo esikhulu esikhona sokudinga ukuhlanganisa izingxoxo eziningi, ukuhlanganisa izingxoxo zesikhathi esisodwa.

Ukufundisa Izinhlangothi: Izitebhisi Zothisha

Izindlela Zokungena Endleleni

Ukufundisa ukuhlangana kwamalungelo omphakathi nobulungisa bezenhlalo kudinga ukudlulela ngalé kohlelo olulula lwezenzakalo. Abafundisi abaphumelelayo basebenzisa lamacebo alandelayo:

  • Ukuhlaziya okuwumsuka: abafundi bahlole izinkulumo, izincwadi, nezithombe ezisuka ezinyakazweni eziningi. Qhathanisa noMartin Luther King Jr.’s “Let ukusuka eBirmingham Jail” neAudre Lorde ka“Amathuluzi Omphathi Angeke Alahle Indlu KaMaster” ukuze ahlole iziphetho ezihlukene zefilosofi.
  • Izenzakalo zamanje ezixhumeneyo: Sebenzisa izihloko zezindaba ezimayelana nokubhikisha kwanamuhla ``njenge-2020 George Floyd'''''' noma 2022 Inhlonipho ngoMthetho womshado `Izifundo ezingokomlando' zibuye zivele. ACLU[ inikeza udaba lwamanje oluhlobana nezimpikiswano zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.
  • Ukudlala nokulingisa: imisebenzi ehlelwayo ebeka abafundi ezikhundleni zabashisekeli ezihlukene ikhuthaza uzwela futhi yembula izikhawu zokuhwebelana ezihilelekile ekwakheni ingxubevange.
  • Imithombo ye-Multimedia: Imitapo yemibhalo enjenge eyes emklomelweni [, Ukufa kanye nokuphila kwe-Marshata P. Johnson, kanye 13th [[[[FLT]]][ekho ku-NTHLT]] [[[[FLT]]] [ekho ku-NTHLTHLT]], kunikezwa ukulandisa okuqokomisa ukuhamba kweminya. Imicimbi enjenge-“1619 project.[P] Kusukela ku-New York Times kunikeza futhi izinto ezibonakalayo.
  • Ukuhlolwa kohlelo: Fundisa abafundi ukusebenzisa ilens yokuvula ilayini ye-Kimberlé Crenshaw lapho behlola noma ikuphi ukuhlaziywa komphakathi. Ukuvivinya okusebenzayo ukuba abafundi badwebe amabalazwe abo siqu nelungelo, bese baxoxa ngendlela ingxube ehlukile ethinta ngayo okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo.

Izinselele Nokucabangela

Izindaba zokufundisa zingaba nezingxabano ezingokomzwelo. Othisha kumelwe bakhe izindawo ezilondekile zokuxoxa, bavume ubandlululo, futhi bakulungele ukuxoxa nomfundi ocindezelekile. Kubalulekile futhi ukugwema ukuveza noma yikuphi ukunyakaza njenge-monolith; kunalokho, baqokomisa izimpikiswano zangaphakathi kanye nezingxabano. Ngokwesibonelo, inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi ihlanganisa kokubili ama-volution (njengeNkosi) kanye nama-paratist (njengo-Malcolm X emaqophelweni athile), futhi i-LGBBQ+ umzabalazo owenziwe ngezikhathi ezithile uwe-lace transformer nebhite. Izivumelwano zangaphakathi zalemizwanothi zilungiselela abafundi ukubambana kwezenzo zangempela zezwe.

Isiphetho: Uhambo Oluqhubekayo Lokufuna Ubulungisa

Ukuhlangana kwamalungelo omphakathi nezinhlangano zobulungisa bezenhlalo kwembula indlela ecebile yobunye, izingxabano, nokwanda. Kusukela kwababelwa ukunqanda amalungelo abesifazane abasekela i-Black Live Matter abasekela i-Alles Convestant abahlolwayo nozwana nokuhlangenwe nakho, isizukulwane ngasinye sakha izifundo zesikhathi esidlule kuyilapho sisasabela ezinkingeni ezintsha. Umsebenzi wokwakha umphakathi olungile awusoze waqedwa. Ukunqoba okungokomthetho kumelwe kuvikelelwe, futhi ukulingana okuqhubekayo kudinga ukuhlelwa phakathi kwezimpi eziningi. Abafundi nabafundi abafunda lezi zigebekelelo ezingokomlando abazuzisi ulwazi kuphela kodwa futhi nomqondo wenhlangano yokunikela ohambweni oluqhubekayo. Isahluko esilandelayo salendaba siyobhalwa yilabo abaqonda ukuthi impi ayikho ehlukene, futhi umahlulelwa omunye umehluko uhlangene ekugcineni.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-Martin Luther King, Jr. Ukucwaninga ne-Education Institute eStanford kanye ne-[FLT] Project yemfundo ye-[, enikeza imithombo eyinhloko neziqondiso zokufundisa ngamalungelo omphakathi nobulungisa bezenhlalo.