Umphakathi wezakhamuzi usebenza njengesimiso esihlanganisa izakhamuzi nohulumeni bazo, usebenza njengesehlolo sokuhlola amandla kahulumeni kanye nomphakathi wezikhulu. Ngaphesheya kwedemokrasi nemibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi eshukumisayo emhlabeni wonke, umphakathi wezakhamuzi ogcwele ingqamuzana eliphambili lokuvikela ukufiphala, inkohlakalo, nokungalingani. Lokhu kuhlola okunwetshiwe kuhlola indima ebanzi yomphakathi womphakathi ekuthuthukiseni ukubonakala obala, izinqubo ezizisebenzisayo, izithiyo, izinselele ezikhona, kanye nemiphumela engokoqobo eye yazifinyelela. Ukuqonda lobu buhlobo kuyingozi kunoma ubani ozinikele ekukheni obanziyo, osabelayo, nothembekile ezikhungweni zomphakathi.

Isisekelo Sokubonisana Kukahulumeni Nokungalawuli Kwawo Intando Yeningi

Ukubonakala kukahulumeni akuyona nje indlela engcono kakhulu; kuyinsika eyisisekelo yokubusa kwentando yeningi. Phakathi nendawo, ukubonakala okusobala kusho ukuthi umphakathi unelungelo lokwazi ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani, ukuthi izimali zomphakathi zisetshenziswa kanjani, nokuthi amandla asetshenziswa kanjani. Lapho izakhamuzi zingafinyelela ngesikhathi, ngokunembile, nangokuqonda, zingahlanganyela ngokomthetho ezimisweni zentando yeningi, zibambe izikhulu ezikhethiwe zilandisa, futhi zisebenzisane nohulumeni ezinkingeni ezifanayo.

Ukubona ngaphaya futhi kuyikhambi elinamandla lenkohlakalo. Uma izenzo zikahulumeni zifihlekile ekuhlolweni umphakathi, amathuba okufumbathisa, ukukhokha imali, nokukhetha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlelwa kwemali okuvulekile, amarekhodi omphakathi, kanye nezinhlelo ezikhona zezemithetho kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngezikhulu zomphakathi ukusebenzisa kabi izikhundla zazo. IZizwe Ezihlangene zikuqaphela ngokucacile ukubaluleka kwezinhlangano ezibonisa ukukhanya njengengxenye ye-Sustainable Development Path 16, efuna ukuba kwakhiwe ngokuphumelela, ngempumelelo, futhi ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izinhlangano. Ukucwaninga ngezinhlangano ezinjenge World Bank kulokhu kubonisa ukuthi amazwe anezinga eliphakeme lokubona kude kakhulu, ukukhula okungokonga, ukukhula okungokomnotho okunamandla, nokuthenjelwa umphakathi.

Kodwa ukubonakala akuzenzekeli. Akwenzeki ukuba ohulumeni bakhiphe ukwaziswa ngokuzithandela; ngokuvamile kuthatha ingcindezi engapheli ezakhamuzini ezihleliwe namaqembu azimele ukuze bavule imfihlo kahulumeni. Yilapho umphakathi wezakhamuzi ufeza khona indima yawo ebalulekile.

Indlela Umphakathi Osebenza Ngayo Uhulumeni Obonisa Ukubona Okuqondile

Izinhlangano zomphakathi (CSOs) zisebenzisa izindlela eziningi zokuthuthukisa ukubonakala kwangaphandle. Imisebenzi yazo yokuhlola, ukucwaninga, ukuqasha, ukuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho, imfundo yomphakathi, kanye nokubambisana ngokuqondile nabashisekeli benguquko bakahulumeni. Izingxenye ezilandelayo ziningiliza izinqubo eziyinhloko umphakathi othuthukisa ngazo ukubusa.

Ukuhlolwa Nokuqondiswa Ngokuzimele

Enye yeminikelo eqondile yomphakathi i-operad yemisebenzi kahulumeni. Izinhlangano zilandela izindleko zomphakathi, izinqubo zokubhaliswa kwemali, ihlola ukumiswa kwemithetho nezimiso, nezenzakalo zezincwadi zokulahlwa noma ukonakala. Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni amaningi, i-CSOs yandisa "ukukhanya okusobala" izinyathelo ezihlaziya izimali zesizwe noma zendawo futhi ziqhathanise nokusetshenziswa kwemali ehleliwe nemiphumela engokoqobo. Uma kuvela iziphakamiso, lamaqembu aveza obala okutholwa kwazo nezincazelo ezifunwa yizikhulu zikahulumeni.

Ngaphezu kokugadwa kwezimiso zokuhlela, amaqembu omphakathi avame ukuqaphela okhetho, izikhawu zemithetho, nokuqondisa. Ukuhlola kwe-CSOs kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinqubo zokukhetha zihlala zikhululekile, zilungile, futhi zisobala. Ngokufanayo, izinhlangano zezenja ezigadile zihlanganyela ukuqulwa komphakathi futhi zibike umbiko wokuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni ziphatha izakhamuzi ngokulinganayo noma zisebenza ngemva kweminyango evaliwe. Lokhu kuhlola kokuzimela okuzimele kuveza isithiyo esinamandla ngokumelene nokuziphatha okubi futhi kunikeza umphakathi ulwazi oludingekayo ekuhloleni ukusebenza kukahulumeni.

Ukucwaninga, Ukuhlaziya Ukwaziswa, Nemikhankaso Yokwaziswa Komphakathi

Izinhlangano zomphakathi zisebenza njengezindawo zolwazi eziguqulela ukwaziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kukahulumeni ekwazisweni okufinyelelekayo kwezakhamuzi. Ngokucwaninga okunzima nokuhlaziywa kokwaziswa, ziveza izindlela zenkohlakalo, ukuhluleka, noma ukucwaswa okungase kuhlale kufihliwe. Ziveza imibiko, ukwaziswa okubhalwe ngolwazi, kanye namawebhusayithi okudlulisela ulwazi okwenza kube lula kumuntu ovamile ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni wazo osebenza ngayo. Lokhu kuhlelwa kokwaziswa kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ekutholeni ulwazi olufundile.

Ama-CSO amaningi afaka futhi imali eshisiwe emikhankasweni yokuqapha umphakathi. Asebenzisa imithombo yezindaba, imithombo yezokuxhumana, izenzakalo zomphakathi, namashabhu omphakathi ukuze afundise izakhamuzi ngelungelo lazo lokuthola ukwaziswa, ukubaluleka kokubona ukukhanya, nendlela yokufuna ukulandisa. Lemikhankaso ibaluleke kakhulu emongweni lapho ukukwazi ukufunda nokubhala noma ukufinyelela kwemishini kulinganiselwe, ngoba aqinisekisa ukuthi imiphakathi elinganiselwe ayishiywe emzabalazweni.

Imvume engokomthetho nemithetho yokuya ekulandiseni

Zimbalwa izinto ezifezwe umphakathi eziye zashintsha njengemithetho yembulunga yonke yenkululeko yolwazi (FOI). Emazweni amaningi, amaqembu omphakathi aye ahola impi yokumisa, ukuqinisa, nokusebenzisa umthetho we-FOI. Basekela izincazelo ezibanzi zemininingwane ye- "umphakathi," eziphansi kakhulu, eziphansi noma ezingenayo izimali zezicelo, kanye nezingamele zobukhokhazikhazikhazi. Uma imithetho ikhona ezincwadini, u-CSOs uyaqhubeka uhlola ukuthobela, ukuphika enkantolo, nezakhamuzi zokusebenzisa izicelo ze-FOI ngokuphumelelayo.

Inkululeko yoMthetho wolwazi eUnited States iyisibonelo esiphawulekayo, kodwa imithetho efanayo manje ikhona emazweni angaphezu kuka 120. I-Indiyas Iright to Information Act (2005] yayiwumphumela oqondile weminyaka yokusebenza kwemisuka yotshani ngezinhlangano ezifana neMazhoo Kiston Shakti Santagahan (MKS), eyasebenzisa ukuzwa nokuhlolwa komphakathi ukudalula ukonakala ezimisweni zasemaphandleni. Lemikhankani yemithetho ibingeke ibe khona ngaphandle kokucindezela okungapheli nobuciko bomphakathi.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezakhamuzi Nokuhlanganyela Ekubuseni

Ukubona gcaluku akusona isiphetho ngokwaso; kuyindlela yokwenza umphakathi ukwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokunenzuzo. Umphakathi udala amapulatifomu lapho izakhamuzi zingasebenzelana khona ngokuqondile nezikhulu zikahulumeni, zinikeze ukuqondisa ezimisweni, futhi zinikeze izinqumo zokulungisa ezithinta ukuphila kwazo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlanganyela ekuhleleni imali kwaqala ePorto Alegre, eBrazil, ekupheleni kwawo-1980 futhi kusukela kusakazeke emadolobheni amakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Kulezi zinqubo, amalungu omphakathi avota indlela yokuhlela ingxenye yemali kamasipala, ngokusekela kwezemisebenzi yobuchwepheshe.

Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali, umphakathi uhlela ukuxhumana komphakathi, amahholo edolobha, namakomiti aqondisa izakhamuzi.

Amathuluzi Emishini Nenhlangano Yanamuhla Yokubonisana

Ubuchwepheshe buye bandisa kakhulu ama-atkit atholakala emphakathini. Izindawo zokwaziswa, ama-apples, izimemo ezinama-computer, izikhungo ezisemqoka ezibika amapulatifomu, kanye nemithombo yezokuxhumana zivumela i-CSOs ukuba iqoqe, ihlaziye, futhi isakaza ukwaziswa ngesilinganiso esingakaze sibonwe ngaphambili. Izinhlangano manje zilungisa amawebhusayithi kahulumeni ukuze kutholakale ukwaziswa, zakhe amabhodi angempela emalini yomphakathi, futhi zenze izakhamuzi zikwazi ukubika inkohlakalo ngokungena komakhalekhukhwini.

Ngokwesibonelo, uGunya oluvulekile luqalwe ngo-2011, luyinyathelo elibanzi elihlanganisa ohulumeni nomphakathi ukuba bahlangane ukuze benze amalungiselelo esizwe okubona, ukuthatha isinyathelo, nokulandisa. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zifeza indima ebalulekile e-OGP ngokuhlola izibopho zazo zohulumeni, zifune izinguquko ezingokwentando, futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi izakhamuzi zinesihlalo etafuleni. Isivumelwano siye sakhula ukuze sihlanganise amazwe angaphezu kuka-70 namakhulu ohulumeni bendawo, sibonise amandla omphakathi okuqhuba ushintsho lwesimiso somphakathi emhlabeni wonke.

Nokho, amathuluzi emishini nawo ayingozi. Ohulumeni bangasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha ukuze balandele abashisekeli, amawebhusayithi okuvimbela noma ukusakaza ukwaziswa okungahambisani. Amaqembu omphakathi kumelwe azivumelanise njalo nezinsongo eziphazamisayo, aqiniseke ukuthi izakhiwo zawo zemishini zihlala zilondekile nokuthi ukuqamba kwazo nge-intanethi akunciphi noma kuthulisiwe.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nomphakathi Wezakhamuzi Ekulweleni Ukubona Izindawo Ngokubonana

Naphezu kwendima yalo ebucayi, umphakathi usebenza endaweni enzima kakhulu.

Ukungasasebenzi Kwemithombo Yezinto

Izinhlangano eziningi zomphakathi zithembele ezinkondlweni zezimali ezivela ezisekelweni, ezinikelayo emhlabeni wonke, noma iminikelo yomuntu ngamunye. Le mithombo yezimali ingaba engaqondakali, ingaphansi kokushintsha kwezombangazwe, noma ixhumene nezimfuneko ezimxinwa zesimiso. Uma imithombo yengcebo intuthu, i-CSOs kumelwe ibeke izakhiwo ezimfushane zesikhashana zezakhiwo ze-octal, ezingase zinciphise ikhono lazo lokuphatha ngokuqhubekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohulumeni abaningi baye bamisa imithetho evimbela ukuxhaswa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yamaCSOs, ifaka izinhlangano ezizimele njenge "inxusa ezizimele zezezezwe" futhi inqume imigodi yezimali ebalulekile.

Ukuwohloka Okungokomthetho Nokuqondisa

Emazweni amaningi, ohulumeni baye babeka imingcele eqinile emphakathini womphakathi. Lezi zihlanganisa izimfuneko zokubhalisa, izincazelo ezibanzi ze "izombangazwe" ezigadla emalungelweni abantu nokusebenza kokubona, nezijeziso ezinzima ezinhlanganweni ezihlulekayo ukuhambisana. Izinhlangano ezilwayo zibhekene nokuqashelwa, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuboshwa okungenabo ubudlwanguqu, ngisho nobudlova obungokomzimba. [izimo ezihlukene] zembulunga yonke [[FLTLT]] ziqokomisa njalo ukuncipha kwendawo yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi emazweni lapho izinguquko zemibala ehlukahlukene idingeka kakhulu khona. Imingcele enjalo ayilimazi nje kuphela izinhlangano ezithile kodwa yenza imiphumela eshaqisayo evimbela abanye ekuhlanganyeleni ukuphathana.

Ukunganaki Komphakathi Nokungaqondi

Ngisho nasemphakathini ovulekile, izakhamuzi eziningi azikwenzi ukubuswa. Ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni, umuzwa wokungabi namandla, noma ukugcwala kokwaziswa okulula kungabangela ukunganaki. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okunganembile nokungahambisani nokwaziswa kudida umphakathi ngamabomu, kukhubaza ukholo ekubikeni okuyiqiniso, futhi kwenza kube nzima ukuba umphakathi wakhe izinxulumani ukuze ushintshe. Ukulwa nomphakathi kudinga ukusungula nokuphikelela, kuhlanganise nokusebenzisa izindaba ezilandiswayo, imibuthano yendawo, kanye nokubhala ngemiyalezo ecacile ukuze ubonise izakhamuzi ukuthi zibhekene nezindaba zesithembiso.

Izingozi Zokuphepha Kwababezindlobongela

Izintatheli, abavikeli bamalungelo abantu, nabashisekeli bokubona ngamehlo bavame ukusongelwa ngenxa nje yokwenza umsebenzi wabo. Emazweni anjengeMexico, iPhilippines, neRussia, abashisekeli bezentengiselwano baye bathunjwa, bashaywa, noma babulawa. Indawo ye-mitayela ayiphephile noma yiziphi; ukuxeshwa kwezindawo zikahulumeni, ukuhlinzwa, ukushwabashelwa, nokuhlatshwa kwemikhankaso kuvamile. Izinhlangano zomphakathi kumelwe zifake izimali ekuqeqesheni ukuqapha, ukuxhumana okuyimfihlo, nokusekela okungokwengqondo izisebenzi zazo. Izimiso zezizwe zonke, njengezokuvikela i-UN, ngokuvamile azifanele, zishiya abashisekeli amalungelo abantu bedalwe ngokuyingozi.

Ukuhlola Icala: Inhlangano Yasebuthweni Lezakhamuzi Iyasebenza

Ukuze uqonde ithonya langempela lomphakathi ekubonakaleni kukahulumeni, kusiza ukuhlola izinyathelo ezithile eziye zafinyelela imiphumela engenakulungiseka. Izibonelo ezilandelayo zibonisa amasu ahlukene nomongo.

Inkululeko Yokwaziswa Ithatha Isinyathelo E - United States

I-FOIA, eyamiswa ngo-1966, yaba umphumela oqondile wamashumi eminyaka yokuziphendulela kwabacosheli bezindaba, abameli, namaqembu kahulumeni omphakathi anjenge-American Civil Liberesties Union kanye neNhlangano ye-Professional pointss. Lezinhlangano zafaka umthetho owawuyoqinisekisa ukutholakala komphakathi emarekhodini kahulumeni, ziphikisa ukuthi ukufihla idemocricial kwathatha indiva yezentando yeningi. Nakuba umthetho wokuqala wawunezikhalaze, umphakathi waqhubeka ucindezela ukunqanda ukunqanda ukunqanda ukuguquka kwawo phakathi kwawo-1970, 1990, nawo 2000, namakhulu amabini eminyaka. Namuhla, i-FOIA iseyithuluzi elinamandla lokuveza ukuziphatha okubi komthetho, kusukela kuPentagon Papers ekuhloleni izinhlelo zokuhlola izinhlelo zokuhlola. Nokho, amaqembu omphakathi ayaqhubeka ukuqondisa nokusekela ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zezokulungisa ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zomphakathi emuva kuma-1970, 1990, nakubhishoshoshobo.

Imikhankaso Yokuvimbela Ukuthola Imithi Ebonakalisiwe Emhlabeni Wonke

I-Transparency International (TI) yasungulwa ngo-1993, iye yaba yinhlangano yomhlaba ehola umphakathi wezakhamuzi ezimelene nokonakala. Nge-Infection Perceptions Index yayo, i-Global Corous Barometer, nomsebenzi wokuphatha i-operation, i-TI ibeke inkohlakalo ezindaweni ezihleliwe emhlabeni wonke. Isekela izahluko zezizwe emazweni angaphezu kwekhulu aqondisa ukuthembeka kukahulumeni, acindezela inguquko engokomthetho, futhi inika izakhamuzi amandla okushaya ikhwelo ekuxhaphazeni impondo. I-Thisvocacy yaba wusizo ekuthatheni i-United Nations Convention emelene nokuthatha iqhaza kokukhanya nokuhlanganyela umphakathi. Ngokuhlanganisa imininingwane eqinile nezenzo eziqhubekayo zokusekela ukuthembeka, i-TI iye yabonisa indlela umphakathi owodwa ongashintsha ngayo ukushayela kuyo kokubili ukusetshenziswa kwemisebe yotshalo nokwe.

Ubudlelwane Obukhululekile Bukahulumeni: Isibonelo Esisha Sendalo Kakho

I-Ouble Government Prined sho ukubambisana okusha phakathi kohulumeni nomphakathi. Kwasungulwa amazwe angu-8 ngo-2011, i-OGP manje ihlanganisa inqwaba yohulumeni bezwe nezindawo ezibopha ukusungula amasu okuxoxa nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezizimele. La mapulani ahlanganisa izindawo ezinjengokuveza ulwazi, ukukwazi ukunikeza ukwaziswa, ukuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi, nokusebenzisa imishini yobuchwepheshe. Umphakathi ufeza indima ehlukene: njengomsunguli wezibopho kanye nomqondisi wentuthuko ozimele. I-OGP iholele emiphumeleni eqinisekile, kuhlanganise nokukhululwa kwemininingwane ezuzisayo yenkampani ezindaweni eziphezulu njenge-United Kingdom, ukuthatha i-transportoption religion e-al e-Ukraine, nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zezesayensi yobuchwepheshe e-Latin America. Umfanekiso obonisa ukuthi uma umphakathi uphethe isihlalo sethena, ukuvundayo futhi ukwanda kakhulu.

AmaNdiya Anelungelo Lokuqhuba Inhlangano Yokwaziswa

Mhlawumbe akukhona okunye ukulandisa okungcono okubonisa amandla omphakathi womphakathi ompofu okushintsha ukubusa kune-Indian Right to Information (RTI). Kusukela ngawo 1990 esifundeni sogwadule saseRajasthan, abashisekeli base-MKSS abahlela ukuqulwa komphakathi lapho izakhamuzi ezimpofu zabhekana khona nezikhulu ngeholo elilahlekileyo nemibhalo ebhalwe ngokwezimo zotshani. Umzabalazo wakhula waba umkhankaso wezwe ofuna ilungelo elingokomthetho lokwaziswa. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yokucindezela nokucindezela emgwaqweni, iPhalamende laseNdiya ladlula i-RTI Act ngo 2005. Umthetho uye wasetshenziswa izigidi zezikhathi ngezakhamuzi ezivamile ukuze uhlole imibhalo yezwe, udalula ukonakala emisebenzini yomphakathi, futhi ubambe i-Curecracractation ngokufundisa. Ukuqeqesha nokulawula umthetho ngomthetho, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemiphakathi yomphakathi owenziwa ngokuveza izimo ezingcono kakhulu.

Isiphetho: Indima Engenakuxazululwa Yomphakathi Wasemphakathini

Ukubonana kukahulumeni akusona isipho esithi kuphana; kuyilungelo okumelwe lishiwo futhi livikelwe. Izinhlangano zomphakathi ziyizici eziyinhloko zalokho kugomela. Ngokuhlola, ukucwaninga, ukuqasha, ukuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho, nokuthembisana kwezakhamuzi, zivulela iminyango evulekelwe, zidalula ukuziphatha okubi, futhi zidala izimo zokuhlanganyela okunenjongo emphakathini. Njengoba lesi sihloko sibonise, ukunqoba okufezwa umphakathi (inkululeko yolwazi), izivumelwano zokulwa nembubhiso, izimali zokungayeki, ukukhokha, nokubambisana kohulumeni okungakholekiyo, kodwa akuzona izinqubo ezingekho mthethweni ezithuthukisa ukuphila kwabantu.

Kodwa indlela engaphambili igcwele izinselele. Ukuncishiswa kwendawo yomphakathi, izingcindezelo zemali, izinsongo zemishini, nokunganaki komphakathi konke kusongela ukuqhubekeka kokubona. Ukusekela intuthuko, izinhlangano zomphakathi kumelwe zikwazi ukusungula, zakhe imifelandawo, futhi zifake imali ekuzikhuthazeleni kwazo. Izakhamuzi, nazo kumelwe ziqaphele ukuthi ukubonakala ngaphandle akuyena omunye umuntu osebenzayo; kudinga ukuthembisana ngentshiseko. Ukusekela imithetho yendawo, ukusebenzisa imithetho ye-FOI, ukufuna ukwaziswa okuvulekile, nokuvota kokukhanya kungenza abantu basekele zonke izindlela.

Ubuhlobo phakathi komphakathi womphakathi nohulumeni buyi-oknomoki. Uma umphakathi uqinile, ohulumeni banomthwalo wemfanelo, futhi idemokrasi ingcono kakhulu. Uma umphakathi womphakathi ucindezelwe, ukufinyela nenkohlakalo kuchuma. Kunoma ubani ozimisele ukwakha izwe elinobulungisa nelivulekile, umphakathi womphakathi osekela umphakathi awuyona into edingekayo.