Table of Contents

Ukuhlangana kwezindawo zokuvikela eziphindiwe eziyingozi kanye nezinhlangothi ezivikelayo kumelela enye yezici ezicaciswe kakhulu nezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho wobugebengu. Ochwepheshe bezomthetho, abamangalelwa, nofakazi baqondisa isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu, beqonda indlela lezimiso zomthetho ezihlukene ezisebenza ngayo(/nalapho zihlukene) futhi lapho zibalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinolwazi ezingase zenze imiphumela engathi sína yecala nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola izisekelo zomthetho-mthetho, izicelo ezisebenzayo, nokucabangela okunemibandela ehlobene nezivumelwano eziphindiwe eziphindiwe nezivikelayo eziphethe ezinkantolo zanamuhla zobugebengu.

Ukuqonda Inkolelo Kabili KaClaus: IZisekelo Zomthetho - sisekelo Nezivikelo

I-Reopardy Claus yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ivikela ekumangalelwe kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo. Lesivikelo esiyisisekelo, esibekwe kuyiBhili yamaLungelo, sisebenza njengesivikelo esibucayi ekuphathweni kabi amandla kahulumeni nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla abashushisi. Umthetho ovimbela ukulimala okuphindwe kabili wahloselwe ukuvikela umuntu ukuba angangeni ezingozini zokuqulwa kwecala futhi athole ukuqiniseka okunokwenzeka izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ngenxa yecala elibekwa icala.

Ngemfundiso ehlanganiswayo, ingozi ephindwe kabili isebenza kokubili kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni, belandela iBenton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784 (192). Lokhu kusho ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubhekene namacala enkantolo kahulumeni noma enkantolo kahulumeni, isivikelo esifanayo somthetho ngokomthetho siyasebenza, siqinisekisa ukuthi lelilungelo eliyisisekelo livikelwe kanjani ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yesivikelo Esikabili Sengozi

Iphuzu eliyisisekelo litholakala emthetho wesiNgisi, nakuba ezinye izazi zisikisela ukuthi lomqondo uvela eMthethweni wamaRoma. Isimiso sinezimpande ezijulile ezingokomlando ezibonisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okungokomthetho okuhloselwe ukuvimbela ohulumeni abanobushiqela ukuba baphikise ngokuphindaphindiwe abantu kuze kube yilapho befinyelela umphumela ofunekayo. Incwadi yokuqala yamalungelo eyamukela isilinganiso sengozi ephindwe kabili kwakuyi-New Hampshire Constitution ka-1784, eyathi: "Ayikho indikimba ekufanele ivinjelwe, ngemva kokulahlwa, ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo noma icala.""

I - jeoparding Ihlanganiswa Nini?

Ukuqonda lapho isivikelo sengozi ephindwe kabili siqala kubalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo siyasebenza yini esimweni esithile. I-jeopardish ihlangana namacala aqulwayo lapho ijaji libekwa futhi lifungwe, lapho inkantolo iqala ukuzwa ubufakazi ngemva kobufakazi bokuqala bufunyanisiwe, noma lapho inkantolo ivuma isicelo sommangalelwa ngokungagwegwesi. Lokhu kuphawuleka ngoba kuphawula iqophelo lapho ikhono likahulumeni lokuvala ummangalelwa liba yimingcele engokomthetho.

I - Frif Doothy Jeoparde of the Findropment ayihlanganisi ikomiti enkulu yabasizi bejaji ukuba ikhiphe icala lapho ijaji elikhulu elandulelayo selenqaba ukwenza kanjalo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abashushisi banganikeza ubufakazi emajajini amakhulu afuna ukumangalelwa ngaphandle kokwephula isivikelo esinezingozi ezimbili, njengoba inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala ingakaqali.

Izivikelo Ezintathu Zokulimala Okukabili

Amalungu enkonzo avikelekile ngokuphathelene nengxenye ngayinye kwezintathu zomthetho-mthetho onqabelayo ukuba zingangeni ezingozini eziphindwe kabili: (1) ukuqulwa icala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa; (2) ukuqulwa icala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa; (3) isijeziso esiningi. Lezi zigwebo ezintathu zisebenza ndawonye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uma nje isimiso sokwahlulela somthetho sesifinyelele isinqumo sokugcina ngokuphathelene necala noma ubumsulwa bommangalelwa, lesosinqumo sigcina.

Izici Ezihlukile Nezilinganiselwayo Ekuvikelweni Okukabili Kwengozi

Nakuba izingozi eziphindwe kabili zinikeza isivikelo esiqinile, kunezinto eziningi ezibalulekile ezihlukile. I-jeopardy ayihlanganisi ukuqinisekiswa okuye kwashintshwa ekudlulisweni kwesiqinisekiso esisezisekelweni ze-procedtural (njengoba kuphambene nokubonakala kwezindawo eziqinile), embonini okuye kwaboniswa ngayo ukuthi "isidingo esikhulu" silandela inqubo engafanele, futhi ezihlalweni zomunye umsizi omkhulu uma lowo ophambili enqaba ukubuyisela icala.

IRepain Famists Doctrine ivumela imibuso ehlukene (isib., uhulumeni nohulumeni) ukuba ithwele umuntu ofanayo ngezenzo ezifanayo ngaphandle kokwephula isivikelo esiphindwe kabili. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukulahlwa kwecala enkantolo kahulumeni akubavimbeli abashushisi bakahulumeni ukuba balethe amacala asekelwe ekuziphatheni okufanayo, njengoba uhulumeni ngamunye ophethe ebhekwa njengonezithakazelo ezihlukene ekumiseni imithetho yakhe.

Izindaba Eziwusongo Ezicatshangelweni Zezigebengu: Izinhlobo, Izinjongo, Nezinqubo Ezihlelekile

UFakazi ovikelekile ekumangalelweni kwenzeka lapho umshushisi evuma ukungamangaleli ufakazi ukuze athole ubufakazi noma akhiqize obunye ubufakazi. Izivumelwano zobuqhawe zisebenza njengamathuluzi anamandla asiza uhulumeni ukuba athole ubufakazi obugxekayo obungavikelwa ngelungelo leSichibiyelo sesihlanu lokuzimela. Lezi zinqumo zibaluleke kakhulu ikakhulukazi emacaleni ayinkimbinkimbi ahilela abamangalelwa abaningi, ubugebengu obuhleliwe, amacala ombaleki abamhlophe, kanye namacala ozungu.

Ukuvikelwa Okungadlulisi: Isivikelo Esikhulu Kunazo Zonke

Isimiso sokuvikela ukungenwa kwezifo, esaziwa ngokuphambana ngokuthi "blanket" noma "ukuzivikela", sivikela ngokuphelele ubufakazi ekumangalelweni ngesikhathi esizayo ngenxa yobufakazi bakhe. Lokhu kumelela uhlobo olubanzi kakhulu lokuzivikela olukhona, kunikeza ofakazi isivikelo esiphelele ekumangalelweni nganoma yimuphi umsebenzi wobugebengu ohlobene nendaba yobufakazi babo.

Uma unikezwa ukuzivikela komthetho othengiselwayo, kusho ukuthi awunakubekwa icala ngendima yakho emsebenzini wobugebengu ofakaza ngawo – ngisho noma bukhona ubufakazi obuningi obunikeza icala. Lokhu kuvikela okukhulu kwenza ukugonyelwa kwemali kuthandeke kakhulu ngokombono wofakazi, kodwa futhi kwenza abashushisi babe madolonzima ukuyinikeza ngaphandle kwezimo ezingavamile.

Abashushisi bayanqikaza ukunikeza ofakazi loluhlobo lwesivikelo ekumangalelweni, futhi isimiso sikahulumeni asilusebenzisi nhlobo. Isimiso somthetho womthetho kahulumeni asinikezi ukuthengwa kokuzivikela, kodwa izizwe eziningi ziyakunikeza. Lomehluko olawulayo usho ukuthi uhlobo lwesimiso sokuvikela igciwane olukhona lungaxhomeka ekutheni izikhalazo ziyaphishekelwa kuhulumeni noma kuhulumeni.

Sebenzisa Nokusebenzisa Ukungathathi Imali: Okuvamile

Ukusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa kwesimiso sokuzivikela komzimba kuvimbela ukushushiswa ekusebenziseni ubufakazi bofakazi kuphela noma noma yibuphi ubufakazi obutholakala ebufakazini obumelene nobufakazi. Loluhlobo olulinganiselwe kakhulu lokugoma luyindinganiso kuhulumeni futhi luvame kakhulu nasezingeni lombuso.

Nokho, uma umshushisi ethola ubufakazi obungabufakazi ubufakazi obubodwa, ufakazi angabe esemangalelwa. Lokhu kuhlukanisa okubucayi kusho ukuthi ofakazi abathola ukuzivikela kuseyizisulu zokuqulwa icala uma uhulumeni engabonisa ukuthi ubufakazi bawo butholakele ngemithombo ngaphandle kobufakazi obugonyiwe.

Sebenzisa abashushisi abavikelekile ekusebenziseni amazwi obufakazi ngokumelene nabo. Ukusebenzisa isciletiss sokuzivikela komshushisi kuvimbela abashushisi ukuba basebenzise noma yibuphi ubufakazi obuthathwe emazwini ofakazi abamelene nabo. Ndawonye, lezi zivikelo zenza lokho ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi "ukusebenzisa nokusetshenziswa" isikhwama sokuzivikela" esivikelayo ofakazi abangase bavumele ukuba baxhumane nabo kodwa silondoloze ikhono likahulumeni lokumangalela ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obutholakele.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokusebenzisa Ukungahlangani

Lomkhuba uye wasekelwa yizehlakalo ezingokomthetho, njengesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. eKastigar v. United States, eyasekela ukufaneleka kokusebenzisa isivikelo sokuzivikela njengesivikelo samalungelo okumelene nokuzilawula. Lesi sinqumo esiphawulekayo esimisiwe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa kwesimiso sokuvikela imfuno kunikeza isivikelo esisemthethweni esifanelekile, ngisho noma singabanzi kakhulu kunesimiso sokuvikela esithengiselwayo.

Izivumelwano Eziyimpoqo Nezithukuthezi

Ngaphandle kwezindawo ezingokomthetho ezivikelayo, abashushisi ngezinye izikhathi banikeza iziqinisekiso zethukela noma amalungiselelo. Lezi zivumelwano ezingavunyelwe zingahlanganisa izithembiso zomlomo noma ukuqonda okungakhunjulwanga eziyalweni zasenkantolo. Nokho, amalungiselelo anjalo angenamicikilisho ayingozi kakhulu kofakazi, njengoba kungase kube nzima kakhulu ukuphoqelela futhi kungase kunganikezi izinga elifanayo lesivikelo esingokomthetho njengeziqondiso ezingokomthetho zokuvikela.

Umehluko Obucayi: Isizathu Sokuba Izindlela Zokulwa Ezingakukhuthazi Kabili Ukuvikelwa Okukabili Kwengozi

Umbuzo oyisisekelo okhona ekunqamuleneni kwalezizimiso ezimbili ezingokomthetho ukuthi ukwamukela ukuvikeleka ekushushisweni kuyingozi yini ngezinjongo ze - Frif Jeopardy Claus. Impendulo, eyanikezwa amashumi eminyaka elandela umthetho, iwukuthi izivumelwano zokuvikela izingozi eziphindwe kabili zisebenza ezindinganisweni ezihlukene ngokuphelele ezingokomthetho.

Ukungavumelani Njengethuluzi Lesayensi, Akusona Isahlulelo Sokugcina

Izinkantolo ziye zaphikelela zikholelwa ukuthi ukuvikela amasosha omzimba akuyona ingozi ephindwe kabili ngoba ukugonywa kwesimiso sokuzivikela kuhlukile ekuthethelweni noma ekuqinisekeni. Isivumelwano sokuzivikela kuyisinqumo somshushisi sokungaphishekeli amacala ngokubambisana, okungekhona ukunquma kokwahlulela icala noma ubumsulwa. Ngenxa yokuthi ingozi ihlobene kuphela lapho ummangalelwa equliswa phambi kwamajaji noma amajaji, ukunikezwa kwesimiso sokuvikela amasosha akubhebhebheki ukuvikelwa komthetho ezingozini eziphindwe kabili.

Umehluko ubalulekile: izingozi eziphindwe kabili zivikela ekuzanyweni kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo, kodwa ukuvikeleka kuvimbela ukulingwa ukuba kwenzeke ekuqaleni. Njengoba kungekho kuqulwa kwecala, kungekho zingozi, futhi umthetho awuhileleki. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma isivumelwano sokuzivikela kamuva sitholakala singasebenzi, noma uma ufakazi ephula izimfuneko zesivumelwano, ukuquliswa kungasenzeka ngaphandle kokwephula izimiso eziyingozi eziphindwe kabili.

Izinga Nokulinganiselwa Kokuvikelwa Yizikhungo

Nakuba ukugonyelwa kwesimiso sokuvikela ukuhweba kubhekwa njengetshe lolwelo noma ngezinye izikhathi "ingqikithi" yokuvikeleka, ngeke kusebenze kunoma yimuphi omunye umsebenzi wobugebengu okuthiwa awuhlobene necala. Lokhu kulinganiselwa kubalulekile ngoba kusho ukuthi ngisho nohlobo olubanzi kakhulu lokugonyelwa luvikela ekumangalelweni kuphela ngenxa yesivumelwano sokuzivikela. Ukuziphatha kwesigebengu ngaphandle kwesilinganiso sesivumelwano kuhlala kungenakubulawa ngaphandle kokukhathazeka okuphindwe kabili.

Isimiso sokuvikela ukuhweba asikuvimbeli ukuquliswa kwecala ngezenzo zobugebengu ezingahlobene nentengiselwano ekhona. Ngakho, uma kuvela kamuva ukuthi ufakazi wenza ukuphanga ngesikhathi athengisa izidakamizwa, cishe ngeke athole isivikelo salelocala. Lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuchaza ngokucophelela ubukhulu banoma isiphi isivumelwano sokuzivikela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukuphathwa kwecala okuhlobene kuyabhekiswa.

Ukucatshangelwa Okufanele Ekuhlolweni

Kulabo abamangalelwa nofakazi abacabangela izivumelwano zokuzivikela, kubalulekile ukuqonda imiphumela ewusizo. Lezivumelwano zinganikeza isivikelo esiwusizo, kodwa futhi ziletha izibopho ezibalulekile nezihibe ezingase zibe khona.

Lapho Abashushisi Bethi Bafuna Ukuzimela

Ngokuvamile, umshushisi unikeza umuntu owenze ubugebengu obuncane isivikelo ngoba ukholelwa ukuthi buyobasiza ukuba babambe noma babophe umuntu owenze ubugebengu obukhulu.

Abamangaleli bavame ukuzimisela ukuvikela ekuqulweni icala uma befuna ukuthola "ingqopha - ngqondo" yokuhlinzwa noma abanye abakholelwa ukuthi benze amacala amakhulu kakhulu. Lelisu lomshushisi libonisa iqiniso lokuthi ukuvikeleka kuyithuluzi lokufinyelela izinjongo ezinkulu zokugcinwa komthetho, hhayi inzuzo enikezwa ngokuphana.

Isibopho Esihambisana Nokungahlangani

Uma uvuma kuloluhlobo lwesivumelwano, kumelwe ufakazele njengoba kuthenjisiwe, noma ungabhekana nesikhathi sejele nenhlawulo. Umuntu onqaba ukunikeza ubufakazi ngemva kokunikezwa ukuzivikela komzimba angabekwa ehlazweni enkantolo futhi mhlawumbe avalelwe ejele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukwamukela ukugonyelwa kwamagciwane kuveza isibopho esingokomthetho sokubambisana ngokugcwele nangeqiniso nabashushisi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izivumelwano zokuvikela ezivame ukuhlanganisa ukungezona ezokujeziswa namacala ahlobene nayo. OFakazi bangase babhekane nokuquliswa icala ngenxa yokwephulwa komthetho, ukuhlanekezelwa kobufakazi, ukuqanjwa, noma ukwedelelwa okwenziwa ngokuphendula, ukuhluleka ukuphendula, noma ukuhluleka ukuveza ukwaziswa ngokuvumelana nomyalo. Laba ababodwa baqinisekisa ukuthi ofakazi abanakho ukusebenzisa ukuvikeleka njengesivikelo sokunikeza ubufakazi bamanga.

Ukushushiswa Okuyinselele Ngemva Kokuthola Ukwehlukana

Ummangalelwa angaphakamisa ukuvikela kokuzivikela ngokuveza ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi bavikelekile endabeni yamacala.

Inkulumo egcwele ukuthi abazange basebenzise ubufakazi bokugoma noma ubufakazi obuvela kuyo ngeke buhambe kakhulu. Noma yibuphi ubufakazi bokuthi umshushisi othola ubufakazi obugonyiwe cishe uyokhishwa ekuhlolweni lapho kuqulwa icala. Uma bungabufaki lobufakazi busho ukuthi umshushisi akanacala, inkantolo izowalahla amacala. Lokhu kuvikela komthetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano zokuzivikela azinakuhlonishwa futhi abashushisi abanakuzihoxisa izibopho zabo ngokuzifunela ukukhululeka ngaphandle kobufakazi.

Ukubhekana Nokungashayeleli Ezivumelwaneni Zokubambisana Nezokubambisana

Ukuqonda indlela la malungiselelo angasiza ngayo abamangalelwa nabameli babo baqondise amacala obugebengu ayinkimbinkimbi ngokuphumelelayo kuvame ukuvela ezivumelwaneni ezibanzi zokuncenga nezivumelwano zokubambisana.

Ukuhlangana Njengengxenye Yezingxoxo

Ezimweni zobugebengu, ukugonywa kungafeza indima ebalulekile ezingxoxweni zokuncenga. Abameli bamabutho bangase bafune ukuvikela amakhasimende abo njengengxenye yesicelo esikhokhelwayo, ikakhulukazi uma ikhasimende linokwaziswa okuwusizo kumacala. Lokhu kusetshenziswa okufanelekile kokuzivikela kungabangela ukuncishiswa okukhulu kwamacala noma ngisho nokukhishwa ngokuphelele kwemibandela ethile ukuze likwazi ukubambisana.

Uma icala lakho lixazululwa kahle ngesivumelwano, ummeli wakho angase axoxe ngolimi oluvimbela ukuqulwa kwecala esikhathini esizayo ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo. Lezi zivumelwano zidinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe isivikelo esibanzi. Ulimi olukhethekile olusetshenziswa ezivumelwaneni zokuvikela nokunxusa lungenza umehluko phakathi kokuvikelwa ngokuphelele nokuchayeka kobugebengu okuqhubekayo.

Izivumelwano Zokubambisana Nosizo Oluyisisekelo

Ummangalelwa ovuma ukubambisana nabagunyaza umthetho noma onikeza ukwaziswa ngezinye izenzo zobugebengu angase athole ukuvikelwa kwesimiso sokuzivikela noma, ezimweni ezingavamile, ukuze athole usizo.

Lezi zivumelwano zokubambisana ngokuvamile zihilela izibopho eziqhubekayo, kuhlanganise nezikhathi zokuqeda ukuqashana nabashushisi kanye nokugcinwa komthetho, ubufakazi phambi kwabasizi bejaji abakhulu, nobufakazi bokuqulwa kwecala ngokumelene nabasizi abahlangeneyo. Izinga lokubambisana okudingekayo nezinzuzo ezinikezwayo kufanele kuchazwe ngokucacile ezivumelwaneni ezibhaliwe ukugwema ukungaqondani nezingxabano.

Ukucabangela Okukabili Ocansini Oluhlobene Nalo

Ukuqonda ukuthi iliphi i-"icala" ngezinjongo eziphindwe kabili kubalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo sisebenza nini. Lokhu kuhlola kuba okubaluleke kakhulu uma abamangalelwa bebhekene namacala amaningi abangelwa ukuziphatha kobugebengu okufanayo.

Isivivinyo Sokuhlola Ohlangothini Olufanayo

Umuntu oboshelwe eqenjini elilodwa lamacala akanakuqulwa icala ngokwengeziwe elihlobene nobugebengu ngaphandle kokuba asho amanye amacala aphathelene namaqiniso amasha lowo muntu okukhulunywa ngaye angakakhululwa noma angalahlwe icala.

INkantolo ishaya umthetho wokuthi ngenxa yokuthi lobu bugebengu bubili budinga ubufakazi "bezici ezihlukene," akufanele buthathwe njengobugebengu obufanayo, futhi ngakho-ke, kungavela izinkomba ezimbili. "Izici ezifanayo" ukuhlolwa – okusho ukuthi, uma ubugebengu obubili budinga ubufakazi bezici ezifanayo, khona - ke ingozi ephindwe kabili ivimbela ukumangalelwa kommangalelwa ngawo womabili amacala – ingenye yezimiso ezihlala njalo ekuchazeni ilungiselelo eliyingozi.

Ukukhubeka Okuncane Kwahlanganisa Nesijeziso Esiningi

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza isivikelo engozini ephindwe kabili ukuthi umuntu omangalelwayo akanakubekwa icala nanecala elingaphansi. Lokhu kuvikela kubashushisi kuvimbela ukuba bathole izinkolelo eziningi zalokho okuwukuziphatha okufanayo, ngisho noma lokho kungqubuzana namalungiselelo amaningi angokomthetho.

Izindlela Eziwusizo Zokuzivikela Ezigebengwini

Kubameli bezephula - mthetho nabamangalelwa, ukuqonda imidlalo ephakathi kwengozi ephindwe kabili nesimiso sokuzivikela kudinga ukuhlaziywa nokuhlelwa ngokucophelela.

Iminikelo Ecekela Phansi

Uma ikhasimende lithola imvume yokuvikela, iseluleko sokuvikela kumelwe sihlole ngokucophelela izici eziningana: uhlobo lwesivikelo olunikezwayo (oluhambisana nokusetshenziswa), ukuvikela okunikezwayo, izibopho ezibekwayo, amandla kahulumeni ngokumelene nekhasimende, nemiphumela engenzeka yokulahla isithembiso. Lokhu kuhlola kufanele kuhlanganise nokucabangela ukuthi isivumelwano sokuzivikela kuvikela ngokufanelekile yini ikhasimende kukho konke ukuchayeka kobugebengu okuhlobene nokuziphatha okuhlobene nomthetho.

Izivumelwano Zokungahlanganisi

Zonke izivumelwano zokuzivikela kufanele zincishiswe ukuba zibhalwe futhi uma kungenzeka, zifakwe njengeziqondiso zenkantolo. Izivumelwano ezilotshiwe zinikeza ubufakazi obucacile bemibandela nezinga lokuzivikela, okungaba okugxekayo uma kamuva kuphakama izimpikiswano ngokuthi isiphi isivikelo esinikezwayo. Abameli kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi izivumelwano zokuvikela izifo zibanzi ngangokunokwenzeka futhi zichaza ngokucacile izinga lokuziphatha okuvikelwe.

Ukuqonda Izingozi Zokubambisana

Ikhasimende elicabangela izivumelwano zokuzivikela Kumelwe liqonde ukuthi ukubambisana kunezingozi ezingaphezu kwezibopho ezingokomthetho ezibekwe. Ofakazi ababambisanayo bangabhekana nokuphindisela kwabasizi abahlangene, umonakalo ebuhlotsheni bomuntu siqu nobezobuchwepheshe, nomthwalo ongokwengqondo wokufakaza ngokumelene nabangane bangaphambili. Lokhu kucabangela okusebenzayo kufanele kuhlolwe kanye nezinzuzo ezingokomthetho nezibopho zokuzivikela.

Indima Yokubambisana Ekuhlolweni Kwezigebengu Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Izivumelwano zobugebengu zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuhlolweni kobugebengu okuyinkimbinkimbi okuhilela abamangalelwa abaningi, amabhizinisi obugebengu ayinkimbinkimbi, nobugebengu bama - cellar.

Ukuhlangana Ekumangaleleni Kobugebengu Okuhleliwe

Ezimweni ezihleliwe zobugebengu, abashushisi bavame ukusebenzisa ukuvikeleka ekukhipheni amaqembu ezigebengu aphansi, bathole ubufakazi obungamelene nabaholi ababengaba nzima ukuqulwa icala. Lelisu liye labonakala liphumelela ekuxosheleni amacala ezigebengu, kodwa futhi liphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngobufakazi obunokwethenjelwa kofakazi abathola izinzuzo ezinkulu ukuze babambisana.

Ubugebengu Belanga Nezinkampani Zokuhlola I - corporate

Ekuhloleni ubugebengu obumhlophe, izivumelwano zokuvikela izivumelwano zihilela izisebenzi zenkampani ezinolwazi lwezinqubo zokuphambana, ubugebengu bezimali, noma ukuphulwa komthetho. Abashushisi bangase banikeze ukuvikela abagcini bemali, izikhulu eziphansi, noma ezinye izisebenzi ukuze zinikeze ubufakazi ngokumelene nezikhulu zenkampani noma inhlangano ngokwayo. Lezi zivumelwano zingaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu uma zihilela kokubili ukungemthetho nomthetho, njengoba ukuvikeleka ekumangalelweni kwezemthetho kungavikeli izikhulu zezezezwe noma izivumelwano zokuzishaya umthetho.

Ukushushumbisa Izidakamizwa Nezinkinga Zokushushumbisa

Izivumelwano ze-inmunity zivamile ezimweni ezihlobene nezidakamizwa. Abashushisi ngokuvamile bazimisele ukunikeza ukugonyelwa ekushushisweni lapho benesithakazelo ekutholeni "umphathi" wokuhlinzwa noma abanye abakholelwa ukuthi baye benza amacala amakhulu kakhulu. Kulezi zimo, abalweli bezifo bavumela abashushisi ukuba basebenzise indlela yabo yokukhuphula iketango, besebenzisa ubufakazi obuvela kubathengisi bezesiteshi sasemgwaqweni ukuze bamangalele abatheli nabaholi benhlangano.

Imingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo Ekungahlangani Nokumangalela

Nakuba izivumelwano zokuvikela izikhali zingamathuluzi anamandla abashushisi, azizona izigwebo ezingenamkhawulo. UMthetho - sisekelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo leSichibiyelo Sesihlanu ngokumelene nokuzilahla komuntu siqu nezimfuneko ezifanelekile zenqubo, kubeka imingcele ebalulekile ekutheni ukugoma kungasetshenziswa kanjani.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu Ilungelo Nobufakazi Obushukumisayo

Ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sesihlanu, uhulumeni ngeke uphoqelele umuntu ukuba abe ufakazi omelene naye, nakuba umuntu engase alilahle ilungelo lokuzisola ngokunqaba ukuligcizelela, ngokulilahla ngokuqondile, noma ngokufakaza ezindabeni ezifanayo ngaphambi kokulimisa.

Nakuba ubufakazi bungaphoqeleka, obubomunye umsizi, naye onecala lobugebengu, buvikelwe yisimemezelo sokuziphindiselela somthetho-mthetho wesihlanu weSichibiyelo sesihlanu e-U.S. Ukugwema lesisiphazamiso, abashushisi banikeza isithembiso esibophekayo sokungabekeli ukushushiswa ukuze banikeze ubufakazi. Ngoba ukuquliswa kobufakazi manje kucatshangelwe, izithakazelo zofakazi ukuba zingaguqulelwanga ethuluzini lembubhiso yabo siqu engokomthetho ziyaneliswa ngokwanele.

Ukucabangela Inqubo Efanele

Izimfuneko zenqubo ziletha imingcele eyengeziwe ezivumelwaneni zokuzivikela ezifweni nasekuqinisweni kwazo. Abashushisi kumelwe bahloniphe izivumelwano zokuzivikela ezifweni ngokholo oluqinile futhi abakwazi ukusebenzisa ubufakazi obugonyiwe ngezindlela eziphula izivumelwano. Izinkantolo ziyohlola ukuqulwa kwecala ngemva kwenkokhelo yokuzivikela komzimba ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi uhulumeni akabusebenzisi ngokungafanele ubufakazi obuvikelweyo noma ubufakazi obuthathwe kuso.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nezindaba Eziqhubekayo

Umthetho ohlobene nokuzivikela nokulimala okuphindwe kabili uyaqhubeka uguquka njengoba izinkantolo zikhuluma ngezimo ezintsha eziyiqiniso nemibuzo engokomthetho.

Ukungashayeleli Enkathini Yezinombolo

Njengoba ukucwaninga kobugebengu kuhilela ubufakazi obungokwezinombolo, kuphakama imibuzo mayelana nendlela izivumelwano zokuzivikela ezingosini ezisebenza ngayo ekuxhumaneni ngemishini, ezikhungweni zezokuxhumana, nakwezinye izingcingo ezisebenza ngobuchwepheshe. abameli bezokuzivikela kumelwe baqiniseke ukuthi izivumelwano zokuzivikela ezimweni zemishini zinikeza ubufakazi obufanele futhi zivikele amakhasimende ekuqulweni kwamacala okushunyayelwa emarekhodini emishini angase atholakale ngemva kokuqala kokubambisana.

Izindaba Eziyingozi Ezibangelwa Ukuvinjelwa Kwesiphambano

Kulenkathi yokubambisana okukhulu phakathi kwezinhlangano zomthetho ezilawula umthetho, nomthetho wendawo, imibuzo ephathelene nogono lwezinga lokuvikela eziqenjini ziye zaya ngokuphuthuma kakhulu. Nakuba abashushisi bakahulumeni bengase banikeze ukuvikelwa ekumangalelweni kukahulumeni, abakwazi ukubopha abashushisi bakahulumeni, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Lokhu kudala izikhala ezingase ziphumele ekuvikeleni okumelwe zikhulunywe ngokuxoxisana ngokucophelela, futhi uma kungenzeka, ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwamahhovisi abashushisi ahlukene.

Imiphumela Yokungahlangani Neyokulwa

Ngisho noma ukuzivikela kokuzivikela kuvikelwa ekumangalelweni ngecala, ofakazi bangase babhekane nemiphumela eqinisekisiwe ehlanganisa ukufakwa kwezindaba zobuchwepheshe, imiphumela yokufuduka, kanye nokubekeka kwecala lomphakathi. Abameli bezesivikelo kumelwe belule amakhasimende ngalemiphumela yokuvikela engenzeka lapho behlola ukuvikeleka ezimweni zobugebengu, njengoba ukuvikelwa ekumangalelweni kwecala kungase kungadingi ukusingatha zonke izinkathazo ezingokomthetho zekhasimende.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yochwepheshe Bezomthetho

Abameli abasingatha amacala ahilela ukugonywa kwezifo nezindaba eziyingozi eziphindwe kabili, imikhuba eminingana emihle ingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abameleli bakhona bayasebenza futhi bavikele izithakazelo zamakhasimende.

Ukuhlolisisa Nokuhlaziya Icala

Ngaphambi kokweluleka ikhasimende ukuba lamukele noma lenqabe isiqinisekiso sokuzivikela, iseluleko sokuvikela kufanele sihlole amaqiniso nangokuhlaziya okubanzi kokungachayeka kobugebengu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlukanisa zonke izikhalo ezingase zibhekane nekhasimende, ukuhlola amandla obufakazi bukahulumeni, nokuhlola ukuthi kungenzeka yini uma icala liqhubeka liqulwa.

Ukunqandwa Ngokucophelela Kwezivumelwano Zokuhlangana

Izivumelwano zobugqila kufanele zihlanganiswe ngokunembe nangokunaka imininingwane. Izinga lokugoma kufanele lichazwe ngokucacile, kuhlanganise namacala athile, izikhathi ezithile, nokuziphatha okuhlanganiswa yisivumelwano. Noma iziphi izimvume noma imingcele kufanele kushiwo ngokucacile. Isivumelwano kufanele sixoxe futhi ngalokho okwenzekayo uma kuphakama izimpikiswano ngobukhulu noma incazelo yokuzivikela.

Ukukhulumisana Nokululeka Okuqhubekayo

Amakhasimende angena ezivumelwaneni ezivikelayo adinga iseluleko esiqhubekayo nokusekela kuyo yonke inqubo yokubambisana. Abameli bamabutho kufanele balondoloze ukuxhumana njalo namakhasimende, bawalungiselele ukudambisa nobufakazi, futhi baqaphele ukuvumelana nezivumelwano. Lokhu kumelelwa okuqhubekayo kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amakhasimende afeza izibopho zawo kuyilapho evikela amalungelo awo.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngokugoma Nokulimala Okukabili

Imibono eminingi engalungile evamile ngokuzivikela komzimba kanye nezingozi ezimbili ingaholela ekwenzeni izinqumo ezingalungile namathemba angenakufezeka. Ukuveza lokhu kungaqondani kubalulekile kochwepheshe bezomthetho nomphakathi.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Ukugoma Kunikeza Isivikelo Esiphelele

Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukwamukela ukuvikeleka kusho ukuthi ngeke basongwe ngenxa yanoma yibuphi ubugebengu. Eqinisweni, ukugonyelwa kulinganiselwe emacalani athile nokuziphatha okuhlanganiswa isivumelwano.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Ukuvinjelwa Okukabili Kwengozi Konke Ukumangalelwa Okulandelayo

Nakuba ingozi ephindwe kabili ivimbela ukulingwa kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo lombusi oyedwa, ayikuvimbeli ukuquliswa izintambo ababusi abahlukene (njengohulumeni nohulumeni) noma amacala ahlukahlukene abangelwa ukuziphatha okufanayo. Ukuqonda lokhu kulinganiselwa kubalulekile ekuhloleni ngokunembile ukuchayeka kobugebengu.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Ukushintsha Umqondo Kabili Kungenziwa

Mhlawumbe umbono oyiphutha ophawuleka kakhulu uwukuthi izivumelwano zokuzivikela ezifweni zibangela izingozi eziphindwe kabili. Njengoba kuxoxwe ngazo zonke lesi sihloko, lena imiqondo ehlukile engokomthetho esebenzayo ngaphandle komthetho. I-mmuniny iyisinqumo somshushisi sokungaphishekeli amacala, kuyilapho ingozi ephindwe kabili iyisivikelo somthetho sisekelo esinamathela kuphela uma ummangalelwa ebekwe icala.

Ikusasa Lemfundiso Ewubunye Nekabili Yokufa

Njengoba isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu siqhubeka siguquka, izimfundiso ezihlobene nokuzivikela komzimba kanye nezingozi ezimbili cishe ziyobhekana nezinselele ezintsha nezenzakalo.

Ubufakazi Obengeziwe Bezivumelwano Zokubambisana

Ukuqaphela izinkolelo ezingalungile nokukhathazeka ngobufakazi obuvela kofakazi ababambisanayo kungase kuholele ekuhlolweni kokwahlulela izivumelwano zokuzivikela ezifweni nasebufakazini ezibunikezayo. Izinkantolo zingase zibeke izimfuneko eziqinile zokusekela ubufakazi obugonyiwe noma ukwambulwa okuthuthukisiwe kwezinzuzo ezinikezwa ofakazi ababambisanayo.

Ubuchwepheshe Nobufakazi

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bukha izinhlobo ezintsha zobufakazi nezindlela ezintsha zokuhlola, imibuzo ephathelene nokukhululeka kobufakazi ekusetshenzisweni kwezifo ezigonyiwe ingase ixake ngokwengeziwe. abashushisi bayodinga ukubonisa ngokucace ngokwengeziwe indlela ubufakazi obutholakala ngayo ngaphandle kobufakazi obugonyiwe, ikakhulukazi lapho kuhileleke ukuhlaziywa kokwaziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi nemishini ye - computer.

Izinguquko Nezinguquko Ezingokomthetho

Abanye abasekeli bobulungisa abaguqula ubugebengu baye bacela ushintsho emikhubeni yokuzivikela, kuhlanganise nokubonakala kakhulu ezivumelwaneni zokubambisana, ukulinganiselwa kwezinzuzo ezinganikezwa ukuze kuhlangane nofakazi, kanye nesivikelo esikhuliswa abamangalelwa ababambisana neziphathimandla. Nakuba inguquko ebanzi ingakafiki ezingeni likahulumeni, amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa izinguquko ezimisweni nasemikhubeni yawo yokuvikela.

Isiphetho: Ukunqamula Okuyinkimbinkimbi Kokungasheshi Nokubulala

Ukuhlangana kwezindawo eziyingozi ezimbili ezivikelayo kanye nezokuvikela izifo kumelela ingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu yomthetho wobugebengu.

Izingozi ezimbili zivikela abamangalelwa ekuqulweni icala elifanayo kabili, ziqinisekisa ukuqedwa kwecala elifanayo futhi zivimbela ukuhlukunyezwa uhulumeni ngokuqulwa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Lokhu kuvikela komthetho - sisekelo kunamathela lapho ummangalelwa equliswa icala futhi kunikeza ukuvinjelwa okuqinile ekumangalelweni kaningi nasekujezisweni ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo kobugebengu.

Izivumelwano zokungathathi hlangothi, ngokuphambene, zingamathuluzi okushumayeza asiza uhulumeni ukuba athole ubufakazi nobufakazi obungavikelwa ngelungelo leSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngokumelene nokuzimela. Lezi zivumelwano zivela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, zenza izivikelo zokuvikela nokusebenzisa ukuzivikela futhi zisebenzise isivikelo esihlukene − ngayinye inikeza izibopho ezihlukene kofakazi abazamukelayo.

Umehluko obucayi phakathi kwalemiqondo uwukuthi ukuvikeleka kuvimbela ukulingwa ukuba kwenzeke ekuqaleni, kuyilapho ingozi ephindwe kabili ivikela ekuzameni ngemva kokuba izingozi zihlangene. Ngenxa yokuthi izivumelwano zokugoma azenzeki ezivivinyayo noma izahlulelo zokugcina, azivuli isivikelo esiphindwe kabili sengozi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuvikeleka kuyithuluzi elisebenza ngokuhlukile ekuvikelweni okungokomthetho ngokumelene nokuqunjelwa okukaningi.

Kuchwepheshe bezezomthetho, ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kwenza ukuba izimpawu eziphumelela kakhulu zamakhasimende abhekene namacala obugebengu noma acabangele ukubambisana neziphathimandla. Abameli bamabutho kumelwe bahlole ngokucophelela izinhlelo zokuzivikela, baxoxele amakhasimende abo isivikelo esibanzi, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi izivumelwano zokugonyelwa zibhalwe kahle futhi ziphoqelelwe. Abashushisi kumelwe bahloniphe izivumelwano zokuzivikela ezisezinkolelweni ezinhle futhi babonise ukukhululeka lapho bephishekela izikhalo ezimelene nofakazi abaye basebenzisa ukuzivikela.

Kubamangalelwa nofakazi, ukuqonda ubukhulu nokulinganiselwa kokuzivikela kudingekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinolwazi ngokubambisana. Ukuhlangana kunganikeza isivikelo esiwusizo ekumangalelweni, kodwa futhi kuvela nezibopho ezibalulekile futhi akuvikeli ngempela kuyo yonke imiphumela engenzeka yokuziphatha kobugebengu. Ukucabangela ngokucophelela uhlobo lwesivikelo esinikezwayo, izinga lesivikelo, nezibopho ezibekwe zidingekile ngaphambi kokuba ungene kunoma yisiphi isivumelwano sokuzivikela.

Njengoba isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu siqhubeka siguquka, izimfundiso ezihlobene nesimiso sokuzivikela nokulimala okuphindwe kabili ngokungangabazeki ziyobhekana nezinselele ezintsha nezenzakalo. Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisayo, ukuhlola okunqamule ukwahlulela, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuguqulwa kobulungisa bobugebengu zizohlela indlela lezizimiso ezisetshenziswa ngayo ezicini ezizayo. Ukuhlala waziswe ngalezi zenzakalo nokuqonda izimiso eziyisisekelo ezilawula ukuvikeleka nokulimala okuphindwe kabili kuyohlala kubalulekile ekusebenziseni ukuzivikela kobugebengu nokuphatha ngokulunga.

Ekugcineni, ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuvikela kokuzivikela ezifweni nezingozi ezimbili kuyimiqondo ehlukile engokomthetho − ngayinye ifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile kodwa ehlukile esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu − ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo abamangalelwa avikelwe kuyilapho enza abashushisi bakwazi ukuphenya nokumangalela amacala ayinkimbinkimbi. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukungalingani, ukuba sobala, nokuphumelela ekumangalelweni kobugebengu, kuzuzisa bonke abahlanganyeli esimisweni sobulungisa.

Imithombo Engeziwe Yochwepheshe Nabafundi Abangokomthetho

Kulabo abafuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo ukuvikeleka nokulahlekelwa kabili, kunemithombo eminingi. I-Cornell Information Institute inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngemfundiso yengozi ephindwe kabili nangezimiso ezihlobene nomthetho-mfashini. [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] ISivumelwano [[[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] Imithombo yemali], eshicilelwe yi-Library Information Informationstion thicreate thicrective Institute, inikeza abashucizenememezithisi bezingozi zesihlanu kuhlanganise nelungelo eliphindwe kabili kanye nelungelo lokuzibophakela. [Izinhlanganweni ze-General Revicence orgoctive , inikeza izivumelwano zezentengo yomthetho eziqhubekayo zezentengo yomthetho ezisekelayo.[FFoctives] [Foctive , izivumelwano ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho nezithiyo.[Foctive , i

Ngokubheka lemithombo nokuhlala behambisana nezenzakalo ezingokomthetho, abameli nabafundi bangakha ulwazi namakhono adingekayo ukuze baqondise ngokuphumelelayo ukuhlangana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezindlela zokuvikela izifo nezingozi eziphindwe kabili emacaleni obugebengu.