Ukuqonda isimiso senkantolo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile ezinqubweni zomthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungummangalelwa, ufakazi, noma uyisakhamuzi esikhathazekile. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sinweba izigaba eziyinhloko zezenkantolo, izindima zezisebenzi zasenkantolo, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinkantolo, nezinyathelo ezisebenzayo ongazithatha ukuze uqondise isimiso ngokuqiniseka. Ukususa ukukhononda ngokuphishekela ukudlulisa isikhalo, isigaba ngasinye sidinga ukunakekela okucophelelayo ekubekeni imithetho engokomthetho nemithetho emisiwe. Ngokususa inqubo, lesi sihloko sihlose ukukusiza ukuba uqonde isimo sakho esingokomthetho futhi ulungiselele.

Ukubukeza Kwesimiso Senkantolo

Isimiso senkantolo sisebenza njengesisekelo somthetho, siqinisekisa ukuthi ukwahlulela kulawulwa kahle futhi kungenziwa njalo. E-United States, ijaji lisebenza kokubili emazingeni ezwe nawasesifundazweni, ngalinye linezikhundla zalo siqu negunya lalo. Izinkantolo zibekwa ngokwahlukanisayo. Izinkantolo zibekwa isigaba somthetho ezikhuluma ngokujezisa nokuxabana kwazo. Izigaba ezivamile zihlanganisa izinkantolo zobugebengu, ezisingatha amacala amelene nombuso; izinkantolo zombango, ezixazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu ezizimele; izinkantolo zemikhaya, ezikhuluma ngesahlukaniso, isibopho sokugcina ifa, nokutholwa; izinkantolo zomgwaqo, ezisingatha ukushayela impoqo; nezinkantolo ezincane ezizwa izimpikiswano zemali ngezimiso ezincane.

Ukuqonda ukuthi yisiphi inkantolo enegunya ecaleni lakho kungesinye sezinyathelo zokuqala nezibucayi kakhulu. Icala lika Juriscion libhekisela egunyeni lenkantolo lokuzwa indaba ethile esekelwe ekuzimeni kwezwe, izindaba, noma isibalo semali ephikisanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo kahulumeni ayinakuzwa icala elivamile elingaphansi komthetho wezwe, futhi inkantolo encane ayinakulilimaza kakhulu isilinganiso sayo somthetho (ngokuvamile amaR150 000 kuya ku-R1 000 kuye ngokwezwe).

Ngesizinda esengeziwe esihlelweni senkantolo, vakashela U.S. izinkantolo ezisemthethweni ekhasini ngendima yenkantolo nokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo.

Inqubo Engokomthetho: Hamba Ngenkani

Inqubo engokomthetho ihlanganisa izigaba eziningana ezicacisiwe, ezibalulekile exazululweni lecala ngalinye. Nakuba ukulandelana okuqondile kungahluka ngokwendlela yokulawula nohlobo lwamacala, amacala amaningi omphakathi nowezigebengu alandela indlela efanayo. Ukuqonda lezi ziteshi kungasiza ekususeni inkantolo futhi kunciphise ukukhathazeka ngalokho okumelwe kulindelwe.

Ukukhononda

Le nqubo iqala lapho ummangaleli (ecaleni lomphakathi) noma umshushisi (ecaleni lobugebengu) efaka incwadi engokomthetho enkantolo. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, lencwadi ibizwa ngokuthi isikhalo futhi inikeza incazelo yamacala omphathi wecala, isisekelo esingokomthetho salokho akushoyo, futhi impumuzo yafuna (njengemali echithwe noma imvume). Emacalani ezigebengu, umshushisi ufaka ukwaziswa noma icala lommangalelwa ngecala elithile. I-pastlep unikeza igunya lenkantolo futhi uqala umthetho wesikhathi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwenqubo Nokusabela Kungumlweli

Uma isikhalo sesiqanjiwe, ummangalelwa kumelwe atshelwe ngokomthetho. Lesi sinyathelo, esaziwa njengenkonzo yenqubo, siqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuthi uthola ikhophi yesikhalo kanye nesicelo sokuvela noma ukusabela phakathi nezinsuku ezikhankanyiwe (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu 20 kuya kwezingu-30). Ummangalelwa kufanele afake impendulo (ngokuvamile) “evuma noma enqaba ukumangalela, noma ukunyakaza ukuze aphikise ukuthi isikhalo sehluleka ukuveza isikhalazo esingokomthetho. Ukuhluleka ukuphendula kungaphumela ekwahluleleni okuphelele kommangalelwa.

I - project

Ukuvubukulwa kuvame ukuba ingxenye ethatha isikhathi eside kakhulu nenzima yokuthola ukwaziswa. Bobabili abachaphazeli bafaka ukwaziswa futhi baqoqe ubufakazi bokwakha amacala abo. Amathuluzi okuthola izinhlelo ahlanganisa ukuphenya (imibuzo ebhaliwe), izicelo zokwenziwa kwezincwadi, ukugcinwa kwezincwadi (ubufakazi bomlomo obuthathwe ngaphandle kwenkantolo), nezicelo zokungeniswa. Le ngxenye ibalulekile ekutholeni amaqiniso, ukuhlaziya amandla endaba yakho, kanye nokuhlola amandla okuthola izingxoxo zokuhlala. Izinkantolo zikhomba imithetho yokuthola izinto eziphoqelelwe, futhi ukuhluleka ukuvumelana nayo kungaholela ekutholeni izivumelwano.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuba icala liqale, kungaba yilowo othatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala ukuze kuxazululwe izimpikiswano ezithile zomthetho noma kuncishiswe icala. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuxosha, ukuthatha isinyathelo ukuze kuthathwe isahlulelo esifingqiwe (ukucela inkantolo ukuba ibuse inkantolo isekelwe entweni engenakuphikiswa), kanye nokuthatha isinyathelo sokuqeda ubufakazi (emacaleni obugebengu). Ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kuthatha isinyathelo kungaxazulula ngokuphelele icala ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuqulwa kwecala, kugcine isikhathi nezindleko.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Icala liwukuhlola ubufakazi obuhleliwe phambi kwejaji noma amajaji. Zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza izinkulumo zokuvula, zibiza ofakazi, zinikeza imiboniso, futhi zidlulisele izimpikiswano zokuphetha. Umahluleli uqondisa izenzakalo, ubeka imithetho esobala, futhi uyala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo. Ekuqulweni kwebhentshi (ngaphandle kwejaji), ijaji bobabili banquma amaqiniso futhi basebenzise umthetho. Ukuqulwa kungathatha amahora ambalwa kuya emasontweni ambalwa, kuye ngokuthi icala liyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukwahlulela Nesigwebo

Uma icala seliphelile, uma ijaji noma ijaji likhipha isinqumo. Uma kuvela, isinqumo sinquma ukuthi isigwebo sinecala, futhi uma kufanelekile, isigwebo sinquma ukuthi unecala noma unecala. Ngemva kwesinqumo, inkantolo ithatha isahlulelo, okuwumyalo wenkantolo ogunyaza umphumela. Isinqumo singahlanganisa ukukhululeka okuthile, njengokukhokha imali, umthetho, noma, emacaleni obugebengu, isigwebo sokuboshwa noma ukugwetshwa.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Uma omunye ekholelwa ukuthi inkantolo yecala yenza iphutha elingokomthetho elathinta umphumela, bangase bafake isikhalo enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo azizona inkantolo ephinde yaqulwa; zigxila kuphela ekutheni inkantolo ephansi yayisebenzisa kahle yini umthetho. I-apulant (umkhandlu othandekayo) ifaka ukuphikisa okufushane okubhaliwe, futhi inkantolo edlulisa icala ingalalela izimpikiswano zomlomo ngaphambi kokukhipha isinqumo. Imiphumela engenzeka ihlanganisa ukuqinisekisa isahlulelo, ukusihoxisa, ukubuyisela icala ngecala elingokomthetho, noma ukudlulisa ukukhululeka okuvunyelwe. Izikhalo zingathatha izinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka eminingi ukunquma.

Ukuze ungene jule kakhulu enqubweni yezikhalo, bheka i-Cornell Legal Information Institute elawula inqubo ye-appelllate.

Izindima Eziyinhloko Endulo

Ukuqonda imithwalo yemfanelo yomuntu ngamunye ohlanganyelayo kungakusiza ukuba wazi ukuthi yini okufanele uyilindele nokuthi ungasebenzelana kanjani nabo ngokuphumelelayo.

Abahluleli

Abahluleli baqondisa izinkantolo, baqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ulandelwa futhi icala liqulwa ngokulunga, babusa ngezenzo, baqondise inkantolo, bafundise abahluleli, futhi, emacaleni asebhentshini, banqume umphumela. Abahluleli kumelwe bangakhethi futhi basekele izinqumo zabo kuphela ebufakazini nasemthethweni osebenzayo.

Ama - attorney

Ama-athorney amelela izithakazelo zamakhasimende awo, anikeza iseluleko somthetho, amaphepha okubhala, futhi asekela inqubo yabo engokomthetho. Emacaleni obugebengu, abamangalelwa banelungelo kummeli, futhi uma bengakwazi ukuthenga, inkantolo kumelwe imise umlweli womphakathi. Ezimweni zomphakathi, abantu bangase bakhethe ukuqasha ummeli noma bazibonakalise ngokwabo (prose). Izinkantolo eziningi zinikeza imithombo yezezethulo ezizimele, kodwa inqubo ingaba yinkimbinkimbi ngisho nangesiqondiso.

Ama - “juror ”

Ekuqulweni kwejaji, iqembu lezakhamuzi (ngokuvamile ezingu - 6 kuya ku - 12) likhethwa ukuba lilalele ubufakazi futhi lizimisele ngokusekelwe kuphela emaqinisweni anikezwayo. Abameleli bafundiswa umthetho umahluleli futhi ngasese ukuba bafinyelele isinqumo. Ukukhonza ejajini kuwumsebenzi womphakathi, futhi abahluleli kumelwe bahlale bengakhethi futhi bagweme amathonya angaphandle.

Abenzi Bezentengiselwano Basenkantolo

Omabhalane benkantolo baphatha izintambo zenkantolo. Bagcina amarekhodi angokomthetho, bahlela ukuqulwa kwecala, bamukele amaface, futhi basize amajaji ngamaphepha. OClerk bangaphendula imibuzo ehambisana ne-procedro kodwa abakwazi ukunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho. Uma ufaka icala, ihhovisi lomabhalane liyindawo yokuqala yokuvakashela amafomu nezikhathi.

Amabhayiliff

Abamangali bagcina ukuhleleka enkantolo, baqinisekisa ukulondeka kwabo bonke abahlanganyeli, futhi banakekela ukugcinwa kwamacala abo abasejele.

Abalobeli Bezinkantolo

Izintatheli zenkantolo zenza izikhangiso eziqinile zazo zonke izikhalo. Le mibiko ibalulekile ekudluliseleni izicelo nasekulondolozeni irekhodi. Kwezinye izinkantolo, kusetshenziswa izimiso zokuqopha zemishini, kodwa intatheli enesiqiniseko esiqinile ikhona cishe kukho konke ukuqulwa kwecala nokuqulwa kwecala okungokomthetho.

Izinhlobo Zezinkantolo Neziphakamiso Zazo

Izinkantolo zihlelwe zaba izitebhisi ezihlukene nezikhethekile zokusingatha izinhlobonhlobo zezindaba zomthetho eziphakamayo. Ukwazi inkantolo elungile ukuba ibhale icala lakho kungalondoloza isikhathi futhi kuvimbele ukuxoshwa.

Izinkantolo Ezizimele

Izinkantolo ze-Federal zisingatha amacala ahilela imithetho kahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., izivumelwano, izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe, noma amaqembu avela ezindaweni ezihlukene (ukubusa kwezempikiswano) uma isilinganiso sempikiswano singaphezu kuka $75 000 (izinga lezenkantolo), izinkantolo zesifunda (isilinganiso sezenkantolo), izikhalo zezicelo (izimemezelo ze-intermeteragementellate), kanye neNkantolo Ephakeme ye-Courtel yase-United States. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zisingatha ukuwa kwamalungelo, ukugunyazwa, kanye namacala azimele.

Izinkantolo ZoMbuso

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zikhuluma ngempikiswano enkulu engokomthetho, kuhlanganise nomthetho womkhaya, izingxabano, izikhalo zokuzilimaza komuntu siqu, ukuquliswa kwecala, kanye nemithetho eminingi yobugebengu. Umbuso ngamunye unesigaba sawo siqu, ngokuvamile unezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala (ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi eziphezulu, izitalato, noma izinkantolo zesifunda), izinkantolo zezikhulu, nenkantolo ephakeme yezwe. Izinqubo zenkantolo yenkantolo yezwe nemithetho yenkantolo ingahluka kakhulu kuzwe ngalinye.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Izinkantolo ezikhethekile zigxila ezinhlotsheni ezithile zamacala, zinikeza izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezivumelana nezinkonzo zomphakathi.

  • Inkantolo yeBankruptic: Inkantolo kahulumeni esingatha izikhwama zokwehla kwamali zomuntu siqu nezebhizinisi ngaphansi komthetho we-Bankruptic Code yase-U.S.
  • [[INkantolo:0] Inkantolo yeTax:[ izwa izingxabano phakathi kwabakhokhi bentela nenkonzo ye-International Revolution Service (I-IRS).
  • [ Inkantolo yomkhaya:[ isingatha isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwezingane, ukusekela umntwana, ukutholwa, nobudlova basekhaya obuvikelayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkantolo yeJuvenile: Isebenzelana nezingane ezimangalelwe ngezindaba zobuhlongandlebe noma zokuncika (uhlelo/umthetho).
  • [ Inkantolo yezidakamizwa: inikeza enye indlela engcono ekuboshweni kwezaphulamthetho ezingenabudlova kanye nezinkinga zokusebenzisa kabi izinto ezidakayo, ukuhlanganisa ukuphatha nokwahlulela.

Ngohlu lwezinhlelo ezikhethekile zasenkantolo, vakashela iNational Center for State Courts ekhasini ezikhondluni ezicazulula izinkinga[.

Ukulungiselela Ukubonakala Kwenkantolo

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumhlanganyeli, ufakazi, noma ungumsizi wejaji, ukulungiselelwa kungakunciphisa kakhulu ukucindezeleka futhi kuthuthukise okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho. Nazi izinyathelo eziwusizo okufanele uzithathe ngaphambi kokubonakala kwanoma ikuphi ukubonakala enkantolo:

Ukugqoka Nendlela Engafanele

Gqoka ngendlela ehloniphekile neyobuchwepheshe . Gwema izingubo eziwubuthi obufana nobhogadi, i-tu - shirt, noma izigqoko. Yima lapho umahluleli engena, ukhulume ngokucacile nangenhlonipho, futhi njalo ubize umahluleli ngokuthi “Udumo lwakho.” Phazamisa ucingo lwakho bese ugwema ukuhlafuna ushumumu noma udle enkantolo.

Yazi Icala Lakho

Bukeza wonke amaphepha ahlobene nendaba yakho. Uma ungowokuhlanganyela, letha amakhophi azo zonke izingcingo, ukusabela kokuthola izinto, nanoma ibuphi ubufakazi obuceba ukubunikeza. Uma unommeli, xoxa ngalelicala kusengaphambili futhi wazi ukuthi yini okumelwe uyilindele.

Ukufika Ngokushesha

Hlela ukufika okungenani emizuzwini engu-30 ngaphambi kokuba uqulwe, nikeza isikhathi sokuhlola ukuqapha, ukuthola inkantolo efanele, futhi uhlole umabhalane noma i-canif. Ukufika sekwephuzile kungaphumela ekungazwini kahle noma ngisho nasekwahluleleni okungahleliwe.

Lawula Amadokhumende Nobufakazi

Hlela amabhukwana akho ezibaya ezibhalwe amagama noma ama-tab. Uma unemiboniso, letha amakhophi amaningi (owamahluleli, elinye lawo aphikisayo, elinye lakho ngokwakho). Uma uhlela ukubiza ofakazi, babe nokwaziswa kwabo kokuxhumana futhi baqinisekise ukuthi bakhona. Ubufakazi obufana nezithombe noma amavidiyo, qinisekisa ukuthi basesimweni esifinyele futhi balethe isisekelo.

Ukuqonda Indaba Yenkantolo

Ungaphazamisi lapho abanye bekhuluma. Yima ukuze ubeke ithuba lakho lokukhuluma nomahluleli. Lapho usondela ebhentshini, buza ukuthi “Ngingasondela?” Ungaphikisi nomahluleli noma nokwelulekwa okuphikisayo. Uma ungufakazi, lalela ngokucophelela umbuzo futhi uphendule kuphela lokho okubuzwayo.

Izindlela Ezihlukile Zokudlulisela Izindaba Ezingokwesiko

Akuzona zonke izimpikiswano okudingeka ziye enkantolo. Izindlela ezihlukile zempikiswano (ADR) zingalondoloza isikhathi, imali, namandla angokomzwelo. Izinkantolo eziningi zifuna amaqembu ukuba azame i-ADR ngaphambi kokuba icala lihlelwe.

Isiphazamiso

Kuyi-media, ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi (umlamuleli) isiza abahilelekile ukuba baxhumane futhi baxoxe ngesinqumo esamukelekayo. Umlamuleli akaxazululi kodwa usiza ukuxoxa. Ukuxoxa kuyimfihlo futhi kungasetshenziswa kunoma iliphi izinga. Kuvame kakhulu emthethweni womkhaya nasezintweni ezincane ezifuna ukuxoxwa.

Ukudluliselwa Kwezindawo

I-Arbitration iyinqubo engokomthetho lapho ummisi (noma iqembu) ezwa khona ubufakazi futhi enze isinqumo esibophayo noma esingabophiyo. Ukuhlanganisa kungavunyelwa amaqembu esivumelwano noma agunyazwe umthetho wenkantolo. Ngokuvamile kushesha futhi akubizi kakhulu kunecala, nakuba isinqumo singase sibe namalungelo alinganiselwe okudlulisa.

Izingxoxo Zokuhlalisana

Izindawo zingaxoxa ngesivumelwano esiqeda icala; uma sezisayinwe, amaqembu aphuma enkantolo.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe nge-ADR, bheka ukufihlwa kwe-American Bar Association yokukhetha impikiswano .

Imithetho Nemiqondo Evamile

Amagama angokomthetho angadida. Ngezansi kunamagama avame ukusetshenziswa ongase uhlangatshezwe nawo enkantolo:

  • [[Umthetho:0] I-Platontiff: Umuntu oletha icala lomphakathi.
  • [ I-Defantint: Umuntu omangalelwa noma omangalelwa ngobugebengu.
  • Complist: Ibhukwana lokuqala eliqala icala lomphakathi.
  • Icala: Icala elingokomthetho elikhishwa ijaji elikhulu ecaleni lobugebengu.
  • Affidavit: Isifungo esilotshiwe senkulumo yamaqiniso.
  • Subpoena:[ Isinqumo senkantolo esifuna umuntu ukufakaza noma ukhiqize amabhukwana.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukubekwa:[ Ubufakazi obuyinqaba obuthathwa ngaphandle kwenkantolo, ngokuvamile obusetshenziswa ekutholeni.
  • [[FT:0] Ukwahlulela okungaqondakaliyo:[[FT:1] Isinqumo esenziwa ngaphandle kovivinyo uma kungekho ukuphikisana okuqotho yiqiniso lezinto ezibonakalayo.
  • Appal:[ Isicelo sokuba inkantolo ephakeme ibukeze isinqumo senkantolo ephansi.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukulawula ukulinganiselwa: Isikhathi esilinganiselwe lapho icala kumelwe lidluliselwe khona.

Ukujwayelana nala mazwi kungakusiza ukuba uqonde izincwadi neziyalezo zenkantolo ezivela kummeli wakho.

Amacebiso Ezisulu Eziziphendulela Zodwa

Uma ukhetha ukuzimelela wena (pro se), qonda ukuthi uzogcinwa ezindinganisweni ezifanayo zomthetho njengommeli. Izinkantolo zinikeza imithombo yosizo, kodwa umthwalo ukuwe ukuze uhlangabezane nayo yonke imithetho efingqiwe futhi ulandele imithetho. Cabangela lamacebiso:

  • Vikela isikhungo senkantolo yendawo ozozisiza kuyo noma webhusayithi. Eziningi zinezinhlobo, iziyalezo, namavidiyo.
  • Yiba khona enkantolo ukuze uqaphele ukuqulwa kwecala lakho.
  • Hleleka futhi ugcine ikhalenda lazo zonke izikhathi ezimisiwe (izikhathi ezinqunyiwe, izinsuku zokuzwa, ukuvubukula).
  • Uma uzizwa ukhungathekile, funa ukuboniswa izimpawu ezibonisa izinto ezithile (izinkonzo ezingokomthetho ezingakatholakali) lapho ummeli esingatha khona izingxenye ezithile zecala lakho.
  • Ungazinaki iziyalezo zenkantolo noma wehluleke ukusabela eqeleni lokuthatha isinyathelo ngesikhashana nje. Lokhu kungaphumela ephutheni.

Isiphetho

Ukumisa isimiso senkantolo kungaba yinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ukuqonda izinqubo, izindima, nemithombo ekhona kunika abantu amandla okufinyelela izimo zabo ezingokomthetho ngokuqiniseka. Noma uqeda isikhalo, uvikela icala, noma usebenza njengejaji, ukulungiselela kuyisihluthulelo. Khumbula ukuthi awuwedwa (omabhalane), izikhungo zosizo, nezinhlangano zomthetho ezikhona ukuze zikuqondise. Isimiso sokwahlulela, nakuba singaphelele, siklanyelwe ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ngokuthula nangokuthula. Ngokuzihlomisela ulwazi nokufuna usizo olufanelekile lapho kudingeka, ungahamba ngenqubo engokomthetho ngokukhanya okukhulu nokulawula.