Izimiso zomthetho wangaphakathi zinikeza uhlelo oluhlelwe kahle lokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwabantu, izinhlangano, nesifundazwe. Okuphakathi kulenqubo yizindlela zokuphoqelela ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana nezinqumo zomthetho nokusekela umthetho. Ngaphandle kokuqiniswa kwemithetho ethembekile, izahlulelo zenkantolo, iziyalezo zokuphatha, nezivumelwano zomuntu siqu zingahlala zingenanjongo. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola zonke izinqubo zokuphoqelela umthetho wesizwe, sichaza indlela izingxabano ezixazululwa ngayo kusukela ekuqaleni ukubulawa, futhi sihlola izindima zezinkantolo, izinkantolo zokuphatha, namaqembu azimele ekubopheni imithetho.

Isisekelo Sezimiso Zomthetho Wezakhamuzi

Umthetho wangaphakathi uyisiko elingokomthetho elisekelwe emithethweni ebhaliwe nezimiso. Ngokungafani nezimiso zomthetho ezivamile lapho izenzakalo zokwahlulela ziphatha khona igunya elibophayo, umthetho wesizwe ugcizelela izimiso ezihlangene njengomthombo oyinhloko womthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kunikeza ukubikezelwa nokucaca, /-_isigaba singawazi amalungelo abo nezibopho ngokuhlola imithetho efanelekile. Ukugcinwa kwalemithetho kubalulekile ekusebenzeni komphakathi, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye, nokuzinziswa kwemisebenzi yezentengiselwano. Ngaphandle kokugcinwa kwemithetho yezentengiselwano eqinile, ngisho nezimiso ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zingaba incwadi engasasebenzi.

Isihluthulelo Sokuphoqelelwa Komshini Emthetho Womphakathi

Izigaba ezine eziyinhloko zokugcinwa kwamandla emithetho zikhona emagunyeni omthetho we-odal: ukugcinwa kwamacala omthetho, ukugcinwa kwabaphathi, ukuzinyanzela, nezwi lesinqumo elihlukile lempikiswano (ADR). Ngasinye sifeza izinjongo ezihlukene futhi sisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene nokulinganiselwa.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kokwahlulela

Ukugcinwa kwamacala kuyindlela izinkantolo eziqinisekisa ngayo ukuthi ziyavumelana nemithetho yazo. Ilandela uchungechunge lwezigaba, ngalunye lulawulwa yimithetho yemithetho ehlukahlukene ehlukahlukayo. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza amaqembu ukuba alindele isikhathi nezindleko ezihilelekile.

Ukukhipha Umthetho Futhi Uthole Ukwahlulela

Iqembu eligadlile liqala icala ngokufaka isikhalo enkantolo efanelekayo. Ummangalelwa uthola isaziso nethuba lokusabela. Ngemva kokuncenga, ukutholwa (kwamanye amazwe omthetho wesizwe, okulinganiselwe), nokuqulwa noma ukuqulwa kwecala, inkantolo ikhipha isahlulelo. Isahlulelo simemezela amalungelo amaqembu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhipha ukukhokhwa kwemali, ukubuyiselwa kwempahla, ukwenza isivumelwano, noma ukuqulwa kwento ecasulayo.

Ukubhujiswa Kwesahlulelo

Uma iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingavumelani ngokuzithandela, umkhakha owinayo angafuna ukuqashelwa ngenqubo yokubulala yenkantolo. Lokhu kuvame ukuhilela ukusebenzisa isikhulu esikhethekile sokuphoqelela amaphoyisa (umz., i-beliff noma i-huissier de jastier) esinegunya elingokomthetho lokuthatha izinto, iholo eliwushevu, noma ukunamathisela amabhange. Izindlela eziqondile zihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukuboniswa kwempahla ebonakalayo: Isikhulu sezisebenzi zingathatha impahla ehlelwa ngesandla noma engashukumi, siyithengisele edayiswani lomphakathi, futhi sisebenzise imiphumela ukuze sanelise isahlulelo.
  • Ukukhokha iholo noma ama-akhawunti ebhange: Umyalo wenkantolo uqondisa umqashi noma inhlangano yezimali ukuba iphinde ikhokhele umkweleti.
  • Ukuqopha isikweleti sokwahlulela: Ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho wezwe, ukwahlulela kungabhaliswa njengenkohliso emelene nempahla yangempela, kuvikelwe ukukhokhwa uma indawo ithengiswa.
  • Ukuhlwithwa kwenkantolo: ngezibopho ezithile (umzk., ifuna iqembu ukuba lenze noma ligweme ukwenza isenzo), inkantolo ingaphoqelela inhlawulo, ukuphangwa kwempahla, noma ngisho nokuboshwa ngenxa yokudelela, ngaphansi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuphumelela komthetho wokwahlulela kuxhomeke empahleni yomuntu onecala, ijubane lenqubo yokuphoqelelwa kwamaphoyisa, kanye nokutholakala kosizo olungokomthetho kumaqembu angenamthetho. Kwezinye izifunda, ukuphoqelelwa kwamaphoyisa kunganzima kakhulu CD ukucwaninga ngezahlulelo zomthetho [ okuqokomisa ukuhlukaniswa ezikhathini zokubulala ezinqamule amazwe omphakathi.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwamandla Okuqondisa

Ezindabeni zokuqondisa nokuqondisa, izindikimba ezikhethekile zinegunya lokuphoqelela izinqumo zomthetho ngaphandle kokuhilela izinkantolo kuzo zonke izimo.

Izinhlangano Negunya Eliphoqelelwayo

Izinhlangano zezokuphatha .Njengemishini yezemvelo, imishini yokulawula indawo ezungezile, imishini yokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwezindawo, noma izikhulu zokuncintisana − i-acan commission, i-flash, i-spective layisensi, futhi idinga izenzo zokulungisa. Ngokwesibonelo, inkampani yendawo ezungezile ingayala ifektri ukuba ifake umthetho wokulawula ukungcola noma izijeziso zansuku zonke. Inhlangano ngokuvamile inamandla okuhlola izindawo, ifuna izincwadi, nofakazi abaphansi. Ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho, abaphathi bezomthetho bangaphansi kwezehlulelo ibekwa enkantolo, ivumela amaqembu athintelwe ukubekela isinqumo senhlangano inkantolo inkantolo inselele.

Ukugunyaza Nemvume

Ukungahambisani nezindinganiso zomthetho kungaholela ekususweni noma ekususweni kwamaphepha-mvume noma ekuvunyelweni okudingekile ukuze kuqhutshwe ibhizinisi, uprakthizo, noma usebenzise impahla ethile. Lenqubo yokuphoqelela yangaqondile idala izisusa ezinamandla zokulalela ngoba ukulahlekelwa yilayisense kungalimaza ibhizinisi noma umuntu ngamunye.

Imisebenzi Emihle Nenhlanzeko Esetshenziswayo

Izintambo ezimiswe ngemithetho noma imithetho zingamathuluzi avamile okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo. Angabalwa ngosuku, iqoqo ngalinye lokwephula umthetho, noma njengenani elimisiwe. Ezinye izimiso zomthetho zivumela ukujeziswa kokuphatha njengemvume yokunqatshelwa izivumelwano zomphakathi noma ukukhishwa kwemvume yomthetho. Lezijeziso ngokuvamile zilula futhi zishesha ukuphoqelela kunemithetho yenkantolo, zizenze zikhange ekubekeni umthetho.

Ukuziphoqelela

Ukwenziwa kwesivumelwano somthetho nezimfundiso ezingokomthetho ezivumela ukuthatha isinyathelo esilinganiselwe, kusuke kuphoqelelwa ukuba kuphoqelelwe amalungelo abo ngaphandle kokuphendukela ezinkantolo noma ezinkantolo.

Ukuzilibazisa Nokuhlala Ngokuqondile

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe noma yikuphi, imibuthano ingase ixoxe ngokuqondile ukuze kuxazululwe impikiswano. Ukuxoxisana okuphumelelayo kuphumela esivumelwaneni sokuxazulula ingxabano, esingaphoqelelwa njengesivumelwano. Eminye imithetho ifuna ukuba abantu bazame ukuxoxa ngaphambi kokuba bafake isudi, kodwa uhlobo lwengxoxo ebophekile yangaphambi kwe-2006.

Ukuzisiza Ngokwakho

Izikhombo zivame ukuhlanganisa izigaba ezivumela omunye umuntu ukuba enze izenzo ezithile ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yinkantolo. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Isokudla sokunqamuka: Umbangi angacisha isivumelwano uma omunye ephula igama lento.
  • Ukugcinwa kwempahla:[ Umthengisi angagcina impahla esele kuze kube yilapho kukhokhelwa, noma umthelisi angagodlela izinkonzo kuze kukhokhelwe ama-invoice.
  • Seta-ifo: Iqembu lingasusa izilinganiso ezikweletwa omunye kusuka kwimali eliyikweletayo, uma izibopho zikhona futhi ziphucwa.
  • I-lien noma i-application: Ezithengisweni ezilondekile, umkweleti angathatha ishende futhi alithengise uma itshengisiwe, ingaphansi kokuvikelwa kwemicu.

Ukuzifaka komthetho kusebenza kahle ngoba kugwema isikhathi nezindleko zokuzifaka, kodwa kunezingozi. Uma iqembu lidlula egunyeni lalo, ngokwesibonelo, ngokuthatha impahla eningi kunokuba ivunyelwe, ingabhekana necala lokuzisiza ngokwalo okungalungile. Izimiso eziningi zomthetho zibeke imingcele ekuzinqandeni ukuxhashazwa nokuhleleka komphakathi.

Enye Impikiswano

Izindlela ezimbili ezivame kakhulu ukuvela kuyi-media nokunqanda ukumiswa kwemithetho ye-ADR ngemithetho nangemithetho yenkantolo, ngokuvamile ezifuna ukuba amaqembu acabangele i-ADR ngaphambi kokuba aqhubeke ayoqulwa.

Isiphazamiso

Kuyi-media, ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi yenza kube lula ukukhulumisana nokuxoxa phakathi kwamaqembu aphikisanayo, kusiza ukuba afinyelele isivumelwano sokuzithandela. Umlamuleli akaphoqeleli sinqumo. i-, i-flectiveble[ engenakukhohlakala, futhi ngokuvamile i-adversarial kune-ligitation. Uma amaqembu efinyelela isivumelwano, angabuthwa njengesivumelwano noma, kwezinye izifunda, ivunywe inkantolo ukuba ikwazi ukugcinwa njengesahlulelo.

Ukudluliselwa Kwezindawo

I-Arbitration ihlanganisa isiphathi-mkhakha esingathathi hlangothi noma iqembu elizwa ubufakazi futhi likhiphe isinqumo esibophayo (umklomelo). Ukuhlanganiswa kulawulwa yisivumelwano samaqembu nemithetho yesizwe noma yezizwe zonke esebenzayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-litribitation, uku-arbitration kushesha, ukuthumba, okukhulu, futhi kuvumela amaqembu ukuba akhethe abaqondisi abanolwazi olukhethekile. [[FLT: 0] I-International Chamber of commentationstion’s withrortys mithetho[[[FLT: 1] ingumzekelo osetshenziswa kakhulu. Ama-Abitration ayagcinwa ngaphansi kwe-New York Convention emazweni angaphezu kwe 160, enza ukukhetha okukhanga kwesiphambano ye- - creast.

Ezinye Izindlela Ze - ADR

Izindlela ezivamile kodwa ezisabalulekile zihlanganisa [ ukuhlanganisa [ukuvumelana ne-media kodwa umhlanganisi angaveza amagama, imiquluning[ [izingxoxo zokuhlelwa kwezindawo], kanye ukuzimisela [ (ukuhlanganisa umbono ngochwepheshe ongathathi hlangothi engxoxhibeni ethile).

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemiphumela Ye - ADR

Izindawo ezihlala abezindaba ziphoqelelwa njengezivumelwano futhi zingafakwa njengezahlulelo ezivumayo. Amadivosi, ake aqinisekiswa yinkantolo, anamandla afana nawokugcina izahlulelo. Amazwe amaningi omthetho wezwe aye anikeza i-arbitral imiklomelo yakwamanye amazwe nge-New York Convention. Nokho, izinkantolo zigcina isisekelo esilinganiselwe sokwenqaba ukugcinwa kwemithetho, njengokungalungi kwemithetho yomphakathi.

Indima Yezinkantolo Emthetho Wombango

Izinkantolo ziwukunqatshelwa kokugcinwa komthetho wezimiso zomphakathi. Zichaza imithetho, zixazulule izimpikiswano namaqiniso, futhi zigunyaza izinyathelo zokubambisana lapho amaqembu enqaba ukuhambisana.

Imibuso Ekhohlisayo Yamankantolo

Amagunya omthetho womphakathi ahlela izinkantolo ngokwezigaba. [[FLT:] izinkantolo zamacala zezenkantolo (izikhombo zokuqala) zizwa izindaba ekuqaleni, nquma amaqiniso, futhi asebenzise nemithetho esebenzayo. Appelte zinkantolo[ zibukeza izinqumo zenkantolo zamaphutha omthetho noma inqubo kodwa aziwathathi amaqiniso (ngaphazamisi). inkantolo ehloniphekile [noma inkantolo yecala] (icala lomthetho) ihlola amacala okuqinisekisa ukuchazwa komthetho okufanayo. Le nqubo ehlangene ayivumelani ukuvumelana kwezimiso zemithetho. Le nqubo ivumela ukuvumelana nokulungiswa kokubaluleka kokugcina. [[FLT.FLT:]

Ukuchaza Nesiqalo Somthetho Wangaphakathi

Ngokungafani nemithetho evamile, inqubo eqinile ayiboshelwa emthethweni wesizwe. Nokho, izinkantolo eziphansi ngokuvamile zilandela izinqumo eziphezulu, ikakhulukazi lezo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphakeme, ukuze zigweme ukuguqulwa. Ezinye izimiso zomthetho wesizwe ziye zasondela kakhulu ku- conodo [ i-conorders, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikhethekile njengomthetho wezezentengiselwano noma womthetho-mfashini. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkanto eJalimane Federal Court of Justicesment ithonya kakhulu, ngisho noma ingekho isibopho esingokomthetho. iNkanto ye-Fl yase-German Court of Justice [Fl:3]] ikhipha izinqulution eziphawulekayo njengemicial yemithetho yokusebenza kwezentengo.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Kokuphoqelelwa Kwamandla Okuqondisa

Izimiso zomthetho zangaphakathi zinikeza ukubukezwa kokwahlulela izenzo zokugcinwa kwamaphoyisa. Amaqembu athintekile angabekela inselele inhlawulo, ukuchithwa kwelayisensi, noma ezinye izijeziso phambi kwezinkantolo zezombuso (ngokwesibonelo, eFrance i- Conseil d’État[, noma eJalimane i-Verwaltingrichte[[). Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukugcinwa kwemithetho yezomthetho kuhlangene negunya, i-procedialturation, nezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Ngaphandle kokubukeza okunjalo, ukugcinwa kokuphatha kungazenza ngokungenasizathu.

Izinselele Eziphoqelelwayo

Naphezu kwezinqubo ezibanzi ezikhona, ukumisa umthetho kahulumeni akuqondile ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Ukunganqandeki Nokucasha

Amanye amaqembu anqaba ngamabomu ukuvumelana nemithetho yenkantolo noma izinto ezifihliwe ukuze agweme ukubulawa. Ukulandelela kuvame ukuba nzima, ikakhulukazi uma abanamacala empahla edluliselwe kumalungu omkhaya, besebenzisa ama-akhawunti olwembulwa lwasogwini, noma behlanganyela ezinkampanini zamagobolondo. Izinkantolo zingakhipha iziyalo zokuthola inzuzo, ukushintshwa kwezinga lokubanda, noma ukumiswa kwabashicileli, kodwa la makhambi adinga isikhathi nezindleko. Ezimweni ezidlulele, ukuthuthwa kokukhohlisa kungabekelwa inselele, kodwa lokho kwenezela enye inhla yemali.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemithombo Yezinto Eziphilayo Kuyi - yudiciary

Izinkantolo eziningi zomthetho zibhekene neziphakamiso zezezimali ezilinganiselwe. Amahhovisi aqashelwayo agunyazwayo angathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka ukuze akhiphe isahlulelo. Kwamanye amazwe, izikhulu zezempi zikhungathekiswa yizehlulelo, okuholela ekulibaziseni okulula ukuvimbela isahlulelo. Ohulumeni baye basabela ngokuthuthukisa izimiso zokuphatha amacala, ukwandisa izimoto, nokusungula izinkantolo ezikhethekile zezentengiselwano, kodwa intuthuko ayilingani.

Impikiswano Eyimpikiswano Nesiphambano

Izimpikiswano ezihilela amaqembu noma izinto emazweni amaningi ziphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi yokulawula imingcele. Ngisho naphakathi kwesiko elihlangene lomthetho, imithetho yemithetho iyahlukahluka. Ukukhipha isahlulelo kwelinye izwe lomthetho kwelinye kwelinye kungadinga izimpawu, ukuqashelwa, noma ukusebenza kwezivumelwano ze-biverdal. I-European Union ithathe izitebhisi ezinkulu ngemithetho enjenge-Brussels I Recast, okuthi ukuqashelwa nokugcinwa kwezahlulelo phakathi kwezizwe ezingamalungu. Ngaphandle kwe-EURC, ukugcinwa kuxhomeke ezivumelwaneni zomthetho, noma [[FLT:] Ingqungquthela ye-Profilena ye-Promstion on production Treactive Conventions . [lect1]

Ukungalawuleki KoMbusi

Impoqo ngokumelene nemibuso ezimele noma izinhlangano zayo ziphakamisa izimpikiswano ezikhethekile. Amazwe amaningi omthetho wangaphakathi aqaphela ukuvikelwa kobukhosi ekubulaweni, avikela impahla kahulumeni njengezindawo zokuxhumana noma amabhange aphakathi ekuthunjweni. Nokho, ukugonyelelwa akuphelele; impahla yezentengiselwano kahulumeni ingabekwa ngaphansi kwemithetho eminingi yesizwe neNhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene ye-Juristinionmental Immunion of United States and Theoreal Precuty. Ukuveza ukuthi impahla iyizentengiselwano yezentengiselwano kunokuba ikhululwe uhulumeni kungahlawuliswa iminyaka eminingi.

Izithiyo Eziyiphutha: Izici Zezenhlalo Nezomdabu

Kwezinye izizwe, isimilo somphakathi noma ukwesaba ukuphindisela kungavimbela abantu ukuba bafune ukugcinwa kwasemthethweni. Kungenzeka ukuthi abakweletayo bangamalungu omkhaya, omakhelwane, noma abantu abasebenza nabo ebhizinisi abanobuhlobo obuyigugu kakhulu kunesilinganiso sokwahlulela. Isinqumo esisekelwe emphakathini ngokuvamile siphumelela lapho ukuphoqelelwa okungokomthetho kungaqeda khona ubuhlobo. Izimiso zomthetho zihlanganisa ukusabela okusheshayo, ziqaphela ukuthi ukuphoqelelwa akuyona inqubo yomthetho kuphela kodwa futhi nenqubo yezenhlalo.

Isiphetho

Izindlela zokuphoqelela ukumiswa komthetho zibalulekile ekuguquleni amalungelo angokomthetho emiphumeleni engokoqobo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokukhipha isigwebo somthetho, izijeziso zokuphatha, imvume yokuzisiza, noma esinye isinqumo sokuphikisana, indlela ngayinye ifeza indima ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka nokulandisa. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kuvumela izinhlangano ukuba zikhethe indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuxazulula izingxabano. Injongo ehilela ukuhlelwa kwezindawo ngokushesha, ukubopha isibopho sokukhipha imvume, noma ukubopha izinselele zezwe. Naphezu kwezindleko ezifana nezindleko, ukulibala, nokunqambula i-translate, izimiso zomthetho ziyaqhubeka zisebenza ngokuguqula amathuluzi azo okugcina umthetho. Umgomo ophelele uhlala njalo: ukufinyelela ubuqotho obulungile nemiphumela ngesikhathi sokugcina ubuqotho kokuhleleka komthetho. Kunoma yiliphi iqembu elihlangeneyo embusweni noma ukugcinwa komthetho wezentengo yomphakathi, ukugcinwa kolwazi olusebenzayo akubalulekile.