Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho KaHulumeni Nemininingwane Yokuhlanganyela Neminye Imibandela: Ukucatshangelwa Okungokomthetho

Izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni zibambisana ngokuqhubekayo futhi zihlanganyela ukwaziswa nezinye izifunda ukuze zithuthukise ukuphepha komphakathi nophenya lobugebengu. Kusukela ekuhlakanipheni kwangempela ngobugebengu obunobudlova ukuqinisekisa ukuthengiselana ubufakazi obusemikhawulweni kahulumeni, lokhu kubambisana kungaba namandla. Nokho, ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa okusemthethweni okuhlangeneyo kuphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi izinhlangano okumelwe zisebenzise ngokucophelela ukuze zihlale zithembekile, zivikele amalungelo abantu ngabanye, futhi zilondoloze ukuthembana komphakathi.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukubukezwa okubanzi komthetho, izinselele, nemikhuba engcono kakhulu elawula ukwaziswa okuhlanganyelwa nezinhlangano ezilawula umthetho wezwe nezokugcinwa komthetho. Sinweba ngezimiso eziyisisekelo, sihlola izithiyo zezwe langempela, futhi sinikeza isiqondiso esisebenzayo ezinhlanganweni ezisebenza ukuze zakhe izinhlelo zokwaziswa ezingokomthetho neziphumelelayo.

Imisebenzi Yomthetho Yokugunyaza Imininingwane Yomthetho

Imithetho eminingi ebekwe phansi − zombili izigaba zikahulumeni nombuso − shape indlela imininingwane yomthetho womthetho engaqoqwa, isetshenziswe, futhi ihlangane ngayo phakathi kwemingcele ebanzi. Ukuqonda lemithetho kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekwakheni uhlelo oluvumelanayo lokwaziswa.

Imithetho Engokwezigaba

Umthetho ka-1964 (5 U.S.C. 76 552a). I-Asct yabumfihlelo ilawula ukuqoqwa, ukunakekelwa, ukusetshenziswa, nokusakazwa kokwaziswa okungaqondakaliyo okuphethwe yizinhlangano zikahulumeni. Nakuba isebenza ngokuqondile kuphela kwizinhlangano zikahulumeni, izimiso zazo eziyisisekelo, ukululaza, imvume, nokulandisa. (ngokuvamile) izikhungo eziningi zikahulumeni ezithola izimali ezisekela izivumelwano zikahulumeni ezisekela izimfuneko ze-Oficects ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumela ukuba zivunyelwe.

Exlectronic Communications Influect (ECPA) [18 U.S.C. 76 25102522, 2701212]. I-ECPA ibusa ukunqatshelwa, ukutholakala, nokuvezwa kwemininingwane yezokuxhumana ne-electronic compression. Ihlanganisa amalungiselelo anjenge-Vedd Communications Act (SCA), abaluleke kakhulu lapho imithetho ifuna ukwabelana ubufakazi bezehlakalo (umz., ama-email, amarekhodi ezokuxhumana) nezinhlangano zezinye izindawo. Ngaphansi kwe-SCA, isiqinisekiso esisekelwa yimbangela ukuba umsebenzi ogciniwe ukuze kugcinwe izingxoxo ezigciniwe (i-SCA), futhi okumelwe kukhishwe ngokukhethekile ngemvume yenkantolo esemthethweni engokomthetho engokomthetho.

Inkululeko yoMthetho wolwazi (FOIA) [5 U.S.C. 76 552] futhi isho izinto ezifanayo. I-FOIA nesifunda sivule imithetho ifuna izinhlangano ukuze zenze amarekhodi athile atholakale emphakathini, kodwa futhi ziqukethe futhi ukukhulula kokugcinwa komthetho okungaphazamisa ukugcinwa kwezincwadi zomthetho, ukuphazamisa imfihlo yomuntu siqu, noma ukuveza imithombo eyimfihlo. Uma zihlanganyela nenye imibuso, izinhlangano kumelwe zicabangele ukuthi ukusabela kwe-acement ezivumelweni zomphakathi kungakhulula ngokungaqondiseki ukwaziswa.

Isizwe esinguMbhidlizi womlando we-CNHBCS noBumbene be-Interstate for Adult Offender Supectus (ICAOS). Lemifelandawo yombuso imisa imithetho eqondile ekuhlanganyeleni amarekhodi omlando wobugebengu nezomthetho abaqondisa abadlula emigqeni yombuso. Ngokwesibonelo, i-FBI’s Criminal Justice Information Servicement Service (CJIS) Programme esekelwe izimfuneko eziyisisekelo zokuvikela umlando wobugebengu, kuhlanganise nokukhomba, izintambo zokungena kwecala, kanye nezindlela zokuhlola i-transtive.

Ukuze uthole isiqondiso sikahulumeni esiningiliziwe, bheka uMnyango woMahlulelo noMnyango weSikhungo sobuLungu [uMthetho] weSikhungo sobuNondyebo noMsebenzi we-Fosion.

Imithetho Kahulumeni Nezivumelwano Zempi

Izimiso zikahulumeni ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ezinye zinemithetho eqondile ehlanganisa imininingwane yezomthetho (umz., izivumelwano zeCalifornia CPA ) ezimisa imithetho eqinile ekusebenziseni komthetho wokugcinwa kwe-PII. Eminye inemithetho eqondile ekhuluma ngokuhlanganyela phakathi kwezinhlangano zomthetho noma ezikhungweni zokuhlanganisa ulwazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izivumelwano ezinjenge- i-Interstical Calginal Data Convision Commotion[ imisa amapulani emisebenzi yokuzithandela yokudlulisela amarekhodi obugebengu. I-AUPUT kufanele ithintanezeluleko lwawo olungokomthetho ukuze iqonde imingcele nezivumelwano ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezisekwe-odwa.

Izinselele Eziyinhloko Ezingokomthetho Ekwabelaneni Ngemininingwane Yecala

Ngisho noma zisekelwa ngokukhanyayo umthetho, izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zibhekana nezithiyo ezingokoqobo nezingokomthetho nsuku zonke.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukwaziswa Okunembile Nokungaguquguquki

Uma ukwaziswa kungena phakathi kwezimiso eziningi cishe kungena ngezandla ngezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene. Irekhodi elinganembile lokuboshwa noma umthetho ophelelwe isikhathi ohlanganiswe nenye indawo kungaholela ekuboshweni okungalungile noma ekuhlolweni okuyekelelwe. I-Ascrect ifuna ukuba izinhlangano zikahulumeni zigcine amarekhodi “ngendlela yokubhalisa, ukusebenza, ukusebenza, isikhathi, nokuphelela.” Izinhlangano zikahulumeni kufanele zithathe izindinganiso ezifanayo futhi ziqinisekise ukwaziswa ngaphambi kokusakazwa. Amakhabhuntshi avamile namashekethi emishini anganciphisa ingozi.

Ukuvikela Isikhathi Sokuba Wedwa Nenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Imininingwane eqoqwa ngokomthetho ngenjongo eyodwa (umz., ukuvala izimoto) ingase ingakufanelekeli ukusetshenziswa ekuhloleni okuhlukile kwesinye isifundazwe. Isimiso sokulinganisela injongo sibekwe emapulanini amaningi ezindaba eziyimfihlo. Ukugcinwa kwezivumelwano zomthetho kumelwe kuchaze ngokucacile izinhlobo zemininingwane ehlanganiwe, ukusetshenziswa okuvunyelwe, nemingcele ekusakazeni okwengeziwe. Izikhungo ze-Fusion, ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvamile zinezimiso eziyimfihlo ezivimbela ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa okusekelwe kuphela kwimisebenzi yoFirst Amendment à provice.

Ukulondoloza Isifuba Nokulondeka

Imininingwane ehlanganyelwayo iba yindawo elondekile njenjnge ebuthakathaka kakhulu. Uma inkampani eyamukelayo ingenayo inqubo eyanele yokugcinwa kwe-inthanethi, ukuqiniswa komthetho okunemininingwane (-PII), amakheli asekhaya, noma ukuhlakanipha kwe-Gnomebuilting memotion memode. Izimo ze-ofectal kumele ziqinisekise ukuthi i-data-savensshopist ivumelana nezindinganiso ezinjenge-CJIS Security Policy[[, okufuna ukuba ukuvulwa kwemidiyamu, ukuqinisekiswa kwe-milligence, kanye namasuntry.

Izingxabano Ezingokomthetho Nenqubo Engokomthetho

Ukuhlanganyela ubufakazi obuhlanganiswe ngaphansi kwenqubo yomthetho kahulumeni othile kungase kweqe imithetho yombuso. Ngokwesibonelo, isimo esivumela iqoqo elingenamkhawulo lemininingwane yengqamuzana ngqa ezimweni ezixeshiwe singahlanganisa leyo mininingwane nombuso odinga uhlelo lwenkantolo. Inhlangano etholayo ingase ingakwazi ukusebenzisa ukwaziswa ecaleni layo.

Izingxenye Ezibucayi Zezivumelwano Zemininingwane EZOKUHLANGANA

Izivumelwano ezingokomthetho ziwumgogodla wanoma yikuphi ukwaziswa okungokomthetho . Kufanele zibhekise izingxoxo ezincane:

  • Uphawu lwemininingwane[ - ichaza kahle ukuthi yimaphi amarekhodi (isib., umlando wobugebengu, imibiko yezehlakalo, i-biometrics) ehlanganyelwayo, futhi ngayiphi indlela.
  • Isilinganiso [ - kusho ukuthi ukwaziswa kungasetshenziselwa ukuphoqelela umthetho, ukuphepha komphakathi, noma izinjongo zokwahlulela kobugebengu ezigunyaziwe.
  • imfanelo ye-DAT – idinga inxusa ngalinye ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kokwaziswa kanye nokushintshwa okufike ngesikhathi (umz., ukukhishwa kwesithombe, izilungisi).
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukhuseleko luvikela[ - kugunyazwe ukuvumelana nomthetho we-CJIS Security Policy, izindinganiso zokukhowuda, kanye nezilinganiso zezikhathi ezithile zokuphepha.
  • i-audit kanye nokulandisa [ – ihlanganisa amalungiselelo okungena, ukubheka izibalo, nokubika kabi.
  • Isinqumo seDistpulet - - isho ukuthi ukungavumelani ngencazelo yemininingwane noma ukuphatha kuzakuxazululwa kanjani.
  • 'I-Termation - - icacisa ukuthi kwenzekani uma isivumelwano siphela (umz., buya noma ukubhujiswa kwamarekhodi).

Ngaphandle kwalezo zivumelwano, izinhlangano zifaka engozini izinselele ezingokomthetho ngenxa yokuthi zisho ukuthi zithola amalungelo azo angagunyaziwe, ziphule amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu noma zaphula isivumelwano.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Ukuklama uhlelo olungokomthetho noluphumelelayo lokusekela ukwaziswa kudinga izimiso eziqhubekayo, ukuqeqeshwa, nokwengamela.

Yakha Imininingwane Ecacile − Ethuthukisa Ukuziphatha Okuhambisana Nezimfuneko Ezingokomthetho

I-policies kufanele ihlanganise izibopho zikahulumeni nombuso futhi ihlolwe njalo. Kumele ichaze ukuthi ubani ogunyazwe ukuhlanganyela ukwaziswa, ngaziphi izindlela (umzk., ukuhlanganiswa kwesimiso esilondekile, ukuhlanganiswa okuqondile) futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo (umzk., izimo eziguquguqukayo. ukubuza okuvamile). Isimiso esithuthukisiwe sisiza ukuqinisekisa nokuvikela ukufakwa kwemininingwane eyimfihlo noma ukusetshenziswa kolwazi olusemthethweni.

Yakha Izivumelwano Zokungenela Uhulumeni

Njengoba kuxoxwe ngenhla, i-memorandium ebhaliwe yokuqonda (MOU) noma i-data eqinile ibalulekile. Kufanele ivunyelwe ngeseluleko somthetho kubo bonke abahilelekile futhi ibuye ithathelwe eceleni. Izikhungo eziningi zokufaka zisebenzisa amalebula avamile avela eMnyango Wezokuvikela Izwe (DHS) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-moscial project, kodwa kusadingeka inqubo yendawo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezindlela Zokuzivikela Zobuchwepheshe Ezigonyiwe

Ubuchwepheshe bungasiza futhi buvikele ukwabelana ngemininingwane. Izinyathelo ezituswayo zihlanganisa:

  • Yeka ukufingqa ukwaziswa okuthunyelweyo nokuphumulile.
  • Isiqiniseko esiningi kubo bonke abasebenzisi abafinyelela izimiso ezihlanganyelwe.
  • Ukulawula ukufinyelela okusekelwe kwi-molection (RBAC) ukunciphisa ukubonakala kokwaziswa kulabo “abadinga ukwazi.”
  • Amapulangwe okuhlola abhalwe phansi abika imininingwane, isikhathi, nangayiphi injongo.
  • Ukuthola ukwaziswa okuzihambelayo namathuluzi okukukhipha ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunemba.

Izinhlangano kufanele futhi zihlole njalo ukuchayeka kokuzivikela nokuhlola okungenayo.

Nikeza Ukuqeqeshwa Ezibophweni Ezingokomthetho

Bonke izisebenzi abasingatha ukwaziswa okuhlanganyelwe .Kusukela kubathumeli kubaseshi kumele baqonde imisebenzi yabo engokomthetho. Ukuqeqeshwa kufanele kuhlanganise imithetho ehlobene (Umthetho we-Privugate, ECPA, CJIS Security Policy), okuqukethwe izivumelwano phakathi kwe-international, kanye nokusingatha okufanele ukwaziswa okubucayi. Izikole zomqalisi zaminyaka yonke zincane. Izimo zingasebenzisa ukuqeqeshwa okusekelwe ngokwezimo ezingokomthetho (umz., “Uthola isicelo sokwaziswa esivela kwesinye isifunda esikwesinye isifunda, futhi uthatha ziphi izinyathelo ezilandelayo?” ukuze uqinise ukuvuma.

Ukuziphatha Okubukezwa Njalo Nokuvuselelwa

I-locate commental comments i-revolution esheshayo. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zidlulisa imithetho emisha yangasese yobuchwepheshe, futhi izinqumo zenkantolo (umzk., Carpeent v. United States ku-data yendawo ezungezile ye-cell 88ses) zihlela ukubukezwa komthetho kwaminyaka yonke kwemiyalo yabo eyimfihlo kanye nezimiso ezivumelana nayo. Ibhodi ye-advisory ehlanganisa i-omsbon, imfihlo, nobuchwepheshe inganikeza ukuqondisa okuqhubekayo.

Ukuba Wedwa Nenkululeko Yangaphakathi: Ukulinganisela Ukuphepha Komphakathi Namalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Ukuhlanganyela ulwazi olungenazinsika kungasiza ekuxazululeni ubugebengu ngokushesha, ukuhlukanisa izisulu, futhi kuvimbele izinsongo. Kodwa ngaphandle kwezinga lokuvikela eziqinile, kungaqeda nokuthembana komphakathi. Izibonelo zalezo zivikelo zihlanganisa:

  • Ukunciphisa [ - ukuqoqa kuphela imininingwane edingekayo enjongweni yokugcinwa komthetho.
  • Ukukhumbula nokukhipha uhlelo – misa imigqa ecacile yesikhathi sokuhlanganisa imininingwane ehlanganyelweyo, nokucisha imoto uma ivunyelwe.
  • Ukuqapha nokulandisa – kusho isikhulu senkululeko yomphakathi esinegunya lokuhlola izikhalo nokubika okutholakele kumholi omkhulu.
  • Umehluko [ - - ushicilela umbiko waminyaka yonke ngemisebenzi yokwaziswa (ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ekuhloleni) ukuze kwazise umphakathi.

Izikhungo eziningi zokufakwa ziye zamukela izimiso zokuzithandela [[FLT: 0] ukufundisa ezidlula umthetho. Ukulingisa lezi kungasiza inxusa ukuba libonise ukuzimisela kwalo enkululekoni yomphakathi.

Ubuchwepheshe Nemininingwane Elondekile Kuyahlangana

Imininingwane yokugcinwa komthetho yanamuhla ngokuvamile incike emapulatifomuni alondekile anjengezimiso zokuhlanganyela ukwaziswa (isib., LEOlínk, NLETS, izinhlangano ezihlanganisayo). Imishini kufanele ihlole ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokuvikela zanoma isiphi isikhulumi esihlanganyelwe. Izihloko eziyinhloko:

  • Ingabe indawo yesikhulumi isekela ukufinyelela okunendima proteins kanye nezimvume ezinhle?
  • Ingabe konke ukuxhumana kufingqiwe?
  • Ingabe indawo yesikhulumi imelene nezindinganiso zikahulumeni (isib., FRAMP ngenxa yezinkonzo zamafu)?
  • Ingabe umnakekeli ulondoloza izincwadi zokuphepha ezizimele?

Ukuze kuhlanganyelwe ukuhlakanipha kwangempela, izinhlangano kungadingeka zifake izimali ezindaweni ezingenisa ukwaziswa okungangeni eziguqulela phakathi kwezimiso ezihlukene zokulawula amarekhodi kuyilapho zilondoloza amapulagi. Ngisho nakwezobuchwepheshe, ukuqondisa kwabantu kusabalulekile, [1] ukufunza ukwaziswa okusemzimbeni kudinga ukubukezwa yisikhulu esigunyaziwe ngaphambi kokuba sisakaze izenzakalo ezibanga ukuzwela okukhulu.

Ukunikeza Inkokhelo Nokuphishekelwa Okuqhubekayo

Isimiso sokuhlola asimiswanga “ngokukhohlwa.” Izimo zokuhlolwa kumele ziqhube ukuhlola kwangaphakathi ngezikhathi ezithile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwaziswa okwabelanayo kuyasetshenziswa ngokuvumelana nezivumelwano nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho. Izihloko okumelwe zibukezwe phakathi nokuhlola zihlanganisa:

  • Ingabe zonke izingqwembe ezifakwayo ziqanjiwe ngokunembile?
  • Noma yiziphi izibonelo zokusetshenziswa kokwaziswa ezinjongweni ngaphandle kwesivumelwano.
  • Ingabe ukwabelana ngemininingwane engavumelekile (jengesibonelo, ikhophi ephindayo ethunyelwe nge-imeyili) yenzekile.
  • Ukusebenzisa ukwaziswa nokuncishiswa kwemali kuhambisana nezimiso zokukugcina nokukuqeda.

Imiphumela yokuhlola kufanele ibikwe kubaholi bezinhlangano futhi, ezimweni zezinto ezingekho ngqiqweni, kubaphathi-mininingwane abasebenza nabo. Izenzo zokulungisa (*) njengokuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe, ukulungisa isimiso, noma izinguquko ezisebenzini) kumelwe zifunyanwe futhi ziqinisekiswe.

Ukwethenjwa Komphakathi Nokulandisa

Ekugcineni, ukugunyaza ukuhlanganisa imininingwane yomthetho kuyilungelo elinikezwa umphakathi. Izinhlangano ezisebenza ngokukhululekile, zinezikhungo eziqinile zomthetho nezezomuntu siqu, zakha ukuthemba okudingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubambisana okude. Ukwethemba umphakathi kuhlangene ngokuqondile nokusetshenziswa okucatshangelwayo kokwaziswa. Uma imiphakathi ikholelwa ukuthi ukwaziswa okuhlangene ngokungenakulinganiswa kuhlasela amaqembu athile, kungalulaza ukubambisana nokuhlakanipha okuhlanganyela nokugcinwa komthetho.

Ukuze zithuthukise ukwethembana, izinhlangano kufanele:

  • Yiba nobuhlobo nabasekeli bomphakathi lapho uklama ukwaziswa 76 okulawula izimiso.
  • Phoqa izincazelo ezicacile nezifinyelelekayo zendlela ukwaziswa okuhlanganyelwa ngayo okuvikelwe ngayo.
  • Beka ibhodi elingekho empini noma ikomiti yangasese ukuze ubukeze imikhuba.
  • Yamukela ngokushesha nangokungagwegwesi izicelo zomphakathi (nakuba ukhuluma ngokugcinwa komthetho ungenamthetho).

Isiphetho

Ukuhlanganyela ukwaziswa okuphumelelayo phakathi kwezinhlangano zombuso nezokugcinwa komthetho wendawo kungathuthukisa ngokuphawulekayo imizamo yokuphepha komphakathi, ukuhluleka ukuveza ngokushesha ukusolwa, imilando yobugebengu ephelele, kanye nokuhlakanipha kokubambisana ekusongelelweni okuvelayo. Nokho ukushintshisana ngokwaziswa kunezibopho ezingokomthetho okungenakushaywa indiva. Izimiso zangasese, izindinganiso zokuphepha, nezivumelwano ezihlangeneyo kumelwe zisebenze ekhonsathini ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo abantu ngabanye futhi kugcinwe ubuqotho bemisebenzi yokugcinwa komthetho.

Ngokuthuthukisa iziqondiso ezicacile ezihlangene nezimfuneko zikahulumeni nombuso, ukumisa izivumelwano ezingokomthetho, ukusebenzisa izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile, ukunikeza ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo, nokuthatha ukuphenywa njalo, izinhlangano zingasebenzisa amandla okwaziswa okuhlanganyela kuyilapho zihlala ngakwesokudla somthetho. Ukuhlanganyela ukwaziswa okuqotho akugunyaziwe ngokomthetho kuphela ukugcina ukuthemba komphakathi okungenza amaphoyisa abe nokwenzeka.