Ubuhlobo phakathi kokukhula kwezomnotho nokuqondisa ukuqondisa okulawulayo bunye bezimpikiswano ezingapheli neziphikisanayo embusweni wanamuhla. Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke babhekene nenselele yokuthuthukisa indawo lapho amabhizinisi engachuma khona, athole indawo entsha, futhi adale imisebenzi, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo evikela impilo yomphakathi, indawo ezungezile, kanye nokuthembeka kwezemakethe. Umthetho omningi ungasibekela ibhizinisi; okuncane kakhulu okungaholela ekuxhaphazeni, ukungaguquguquki, nokulimala okuthatha isikhathi eside. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuhwebelana okungagqamile phakathi kwalena kwale mandla amabili, ukudwebela ngenkolelo yezentengo yezentengiselwano, ukuhlola isayensi yezwe, nezimiso ezingokoqobo, kanye namasu okufuna ukukhula ngokuqondisa okungoko.

Ukuqonda Ukwanda Kwezomnotho

Ukwanda kwezomnotho, ngokuvamile okulinganiselwa njengokwanda komkhiqizo wezwe oyinhloko (GDP), kumelela ukukhuliswa kwekhono lomnotho lokuveza impahla nezinkonzo. Kuqhutshwa izici eziningana ezihlangene:

  • [ Ukunqwabelana kwe-capinal - - - ukutshala izakhiwo ezingokomzimba njengemigwaqo, izikhumulo zemikhumbi, namafektha, kanye nenhloko - dolobha yomuntu ngemfundo nangokuqeqeshwa.
  • Intuthuko yezentengiselwano [ - izinqubo ezintsha, imikhiqizo, namathuluzi emishini athuthukisa umkhiqizo nokuvula izimakethe ezintsha.
  • ukwanda kwamandla anamandla [ - ukwanda kwenani lezisebenzi, okuvame ukubhebhethekiswa ukwanda kwenani labantu noma izinga lezisebenzi ezithatha inxaxheba.
  • Impumelelo yezentengiselwano [ - - izimiso zomthetho ezibonakala kalula, amalungelo empahla, nokulawula okuzinzile okukhuthaza ukuhweba nokutshala imali.

Nokho ukukhula kwe-GDP akuyona into elungile. Kungafihla ukukhuphuka kokungalingani, ukuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile, nokungahlali kahle kwezenhlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuchuma okusheshayo emazweni amaningi asathuthuka kuye kwasusa izigidi zabantu ebumpofwini kodwa futhi kuye kwaholela ekungcoleni komoya namanzi. Umbono ocaciswe kakhulu wokukhula awubheki nje njengejubane layo kodwa izinga nokusakazeka kwayo. Umqondo owengeziwe uye wazuza ingxenyana, ugcizelela ukuthi ukwanda kwezomnotho kufanele kuzuzise zonke izingxenye zomphakathi futhi kuqhubekele indawo ezungezile.

Indima Yokuqondisa

Ukuqondisa kubhekisele enqubeni yemithetho, imithetho, kanye nezimiso zokugcinwa kwemithetho ezilawula umsebenzi wezomnotho. Izinjongo zayo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukulungisa ukuhluleka kwezentengiselwano, ukuvikela amaqembu asengozini, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imingcele eqinile. Izindawo eziyinhloko zokulawula zihlanganisa:

  • umthetho we-Environ prezence translation - imingcele ekhiqizweni, ekulahlwani kwemfucumfucu, nokukhishwa kwemicebo engokwemvelo ukuze kuvinjelwe umonakalo ongalungiseki.
  • Isivikelo seConsumer – izinga lokuphepha komkhiqizo, ukubekwa ngokunembile, nezivumelwano ezilungile.
  • [ umthetho wezezimali – izimfuneko eziyinhloko, imithetho ebonakala ngaphandle, kanye nezinyathelo ezimelene nokuzinziswa kwemakethe.
  • umthetho we-Labber - – umholo onciphile, iholo elengeziwe, ukuphepha emsebenzini, nemithetho engacunuli.
  • Inkambiso yokuzinza [ - - imithetho emelene nokuthembana ukuze kuvinjelwe i-odolescine futhi kukhuthaze ukuncintisana.

Ukulungisa kungavuselela futhi ukukhula ngokudala izimo ezilindelekile zokutshala imali. Ngokwesibonelo, amalungelo acacile empahla nokugcinwa kwesivumelwano kunciphisa ukungaqiniseki, kukhuthaza abathengisi ukuba bazifake engozini. Ngokufanayo, izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile zingashukumisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile, zinikeze izinzuzo zakuqala ezimakethe zomhlaba wonke. ECD yomsebenzi womthetho wokuzilawula [ njalo ithola ukuthi imithetho ehlelwe kahle ingathuthukisa imiphumela yezezomnotho ngaphandle kokuyidela isivikelo.

Ukuchazwa Kwebhizinisi

Ukushelela phakathi kokukhula nokulawula akuwona umdlalo we-zero-sum. Idlala ngezilinganiso eziningana abakhi bezimiso okumelwe baziqondise ngokucophelela.

Izindleko Zokubambisana

Imithetho yonke ifaka izindleko zokuthobela amabhizinisi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izindleko eziqondile njengezindleko, imvume, kanye nezindleko ezingaqondile zokuzihlola, ukulibala, ukubhalisa, nemali engokomthetho. Amabhizinisi amancane nama-SME) asengozini kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi antula isilinganiso sokuthola izindleko ezimisiwe. Ukuhlaziya i-Business [ kwathola ukuthi izindleko zokulawula izindleko zingaba ziphakeme ngokuphindwe kathathu ngemishini emincane kunezezinhlangano ezinkulu. Lokhu kuthuthelela izimali eziphuma ekukhiqizeni okunenzuzo, ekukhiqizeni, ekukhiyeni nasekuthuthukiseni, ekuthuthukeni kwe-GDP.

Ukubuyisela umbalo. Ukubuyisela

Ukubuyisela ushintsho ngezinye izikhathi kungacindezela ukusungulwa kwezindinganiso eziqinile ezivala imoto ebuchwephesheni obukhona noma ngokumisa izikhathi ezinde zokuvunyelwa kwemikhiqizo emisha. Ngokwesibonelo, imboni yemithi kumelwe isebenzise izimfuneko zokuhlola ezingokwesayensi ngaphambi kokuba umuthi omusha ufinyelele emakethe. Nakuba lemithetho ivikela iziguli emithini eyingozi, futhi ibambezela ukufinyelela ekwelapheni okungasongela ukuphila futhi yandise izindleko zokuthuthukisa. Ngokuphambene, umthetho ungabuye usebenzise izimfuneko zokuhlola iziguli ingqabathwa. Izindinganiso zokukhipha izimoto zisunduze abakhi bezimoto ukuba bafake imali emotweni kagesi nasekwenzeni, ukwakha izimboni ezintsha nemisebenzi. Isihluthulelo siwukuklama okusebenza okusekelwe ekuhleleni izinhlelo eziphambili, ukuvumela ukuguquka kwemiphumele kwemiphumelo.

Imizuzu-mzuzwana v. Imigomo yesikhathi eside

Abezombangazwe ngokuvamile babhekana nokucindezela kokuhlela imiphumela esheshayo yezomnotho (---* imisebenzi eminingi, ukukhula okukhulu kwe-GDP, ukunyuka kwezimakethe zamasheya , izinhloso ezithatha isikhathi eside zokuzilawula. Ukunqanda kungaveza isilinganiso esifushane ngokunciphisa izindleko nangokusheshisa izinhlelo zokusebenza, kodwa kungadala izingozi ezihlelekayo ezifaka ukuphila eminyakeni eminingi kamuva. Inkinga yezezimali yembulunga yonke iyisibonelo esiqinile: ukulinganisela kokuboleka kwemali nemisebenzi yezindlu ezinikelwe ekuweni okubangele ukuwohloka kwezindlu eziwohlokele ukuntenga komhlaba wonke. Ngokufanayo, imithetho yendawo ebuthakathaka ingakhanga izimboni zezentengiselwano ekuhambeni kwesikhathi esifushane, kuphela ezihlala izizukulwane ngezindleko zokuhlanza nezinkinga zempilo. Umbono wezezimali [[FLC:]] [FLC:]]] ukuphumelela okukhulu kusikhumbuza ukuthi izimiso zokusebenza ezikhona akufanele zihlomele zikhuliswe ngenxa yekhono lazo lokukhula kwazo.

Imiqondo Engokomlando Nokuhlolwa Kwecala

Ukuhlola indlela ehlukahlukene ezomnotho eziye zalawula ngayo ukuhwebelana ngemithetho elawula ukukhula kunikeza izifundo ezibalulekile.

E - United States: I - Penduru Yokwenqatshelwa Komthetho

I-U.S. ibone imijikelezo yokunqanda nokubuyisela unyaka ka-20000. Inkathi kaReagan (ngonyaka wama-1980) yaba nemiphumela ephawulekayo ekwakheni indawo ezungezile, engokwezimali, nasendleleni yokuhamba, ehambisana nenkathi yokukhula okuqinile kwe-GDP. Nokho, ukunqanyulwa kwezimali phakathi kwawo-1990 kanye nonyaka ka-20000 kwabangela ukuhlelwa kwengozi okukhulu, okwaphumela ekuqedeni inhlekelele yenkinga ka 2008. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-U.S. iye yaveza imithetho eqinile njenge-Dodd-Frank Act. Engxenyeni yezobuchwepheshe, ukuchaphaza kokukhanya okungalawuleki ngokuqhathaniswa kuye kwabangela ukuhlelwa kweSiliconvolvel, kodwa kwaphakamisa nokukhathazeka mayelana nokungafihliwezindaba bomuntu wezentengiselwano, ukumelana nokunga. I-U.S.

I - European Union: Ukubuyiselwa njengesinzuzo Sempi

I-European Union ithathe indlela yokuqapha kakhulu. Imithetho yayo eqinile yokuvikela ukwaziswa nezindinganiso zendawo ezungezile (isibonelo, i-European Green Deal) ngezinye izikhathi igxekwa ngokubeka izindleko eziphezulu nokuncishiswa kwamanani. Kodwa lemithetho futhi iye yasungula ipulani yezindinganiso zembulunga yonke futhi yanikeza izinkampani zaseYurophu idumela lokuvikela nokulondolozwa. Ukugcizelela kwe-EU ekuvikeleni umphakathi nendawo ezungezile (isibonelo, i-European Green Deal) kubonisa umbono wayo wokuthi ukukhula isikhathi eside kuxhomeke ekulondolozeni ukuthemba nokwethengwa umphakathi. Ezinye izifundo zisikisela ukuthi ukwakheka okuqinile kokulawula imbulunga kungathuthukisa ukuncintisana ngempela ngokukhuthaza ukuthengwa kwezinga eliphezulu nokusetshenziswa kwemali.

EChina: Ukwanda Okusheshayo Ngokuzikhethela

Intuthuko yezomnotho zaseChina phakathi namashumi amane eminyaka adlule iye yakhuthazwa indlela yokulawula: ukulawula okukhulu kwezwe ezingxenyeni ezihleliwe kanye nokuqiniswa kokukhanya kwezinye ukuze kukhange ukutshala kwamanye amazwe. Lelicebo liveze ukukhula okungavamile kwe-GDP kodwa ngezindleko ezinkulu: ukungcoliswa komoya okubi, ukuswelakala kwamanzi, ukuxhashazwa kwamalungelo abantu, kanye nezikweletu eziphezulu zezikweletu. Eminyakeni yamuva, iBeijing iqale ukuqinisa iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile kanye nokuwohloka kwezingozi zemali, ngisho nangezindleko zokukhula okuya ngokuncipha. Isibonelo saseChina sibonisa ukuthi ukukhula okungaphazamiseki kakhulu komphakathi kanye nezokusebenza kwemvelo okusekelwe kuyo, kuphoqelela ukulungisa okubuhlungu kakhulu kunalokho ukungenela ukungenela kwayo.

ISingapore: Ukuzivumelanisa Okuhlakaniphile Nezomnotho Ezincane

ISingapore inikeza isibonelo esiqinile sokuqondisa okulinganiselwe. Isifundazwe siphakathi kwezindawo ezilula kakhulu ukwenza ibhizinisi kuyilapho sigcina imithetho eqinile kuzo zonke izinto kusukela epringitheni yomgwaqo kuya ekuhlafuneni ushungamu. Isimiso sayo sokuqondisa sinciphile, sibonakale, futhi silinganisele ngokushesha, sinciphisa umthwalo ezimbonini kuyilapho siqinisekisa ukulondeka komphakathi nendawo ezungezile. Impumelelo yeSingapore isikisela ukuthi izinga lemithetho ebekweyo (ukucacile), ukungaguquguquki, kanye nokusebenza kahle (*) kunciphe kakhulu ngaphezu kobukhulu bayo. Izimiso ezihlakaniphile zingasekela ukukhula kwezomnotho ngokunciphisa ukungaqiniseki nokufeza izinqumo ezisheshayo.

Izinyathelo Zokulinganisela Ukwanda Nokuzivumelanisa Nesimo

Abenzi bemithetho baye basungula amathuluzi amaningana okuvumelanisa nezidingo eziphikisanayo zokukhula nokwengamela.

Ukuthonya Isimiso Sokuqondisa (RIA)

I-RIA iyinqubo ehleliwe yokuhlola izindleko, izinzuzo, kanye nemiphumela yezimiso ezihlongozwayo ngaphambi kokuba zimiswe. Ngokufuna ukuba izinhlangano zicabangele ezinye izindlela nemiphumela elinganayo, i-RIA isiza ekuvimbeleni imithetho eklanywe kabi engalimaza ukukhula ngaphandle kokufinyelela imigomo yazo evikelayo. I- World Bank iye yathuthukisa ukutholwa kwe-RIA emhlabeni wonke[[, kanye nentuthuko eboniswayo emfaneloni yokuzinzisa.

Izihlabathi Ezilawulayo

Ikakhulukazi embonini yezezimali (i-fintech), amabhokisi e-galensi avumela izimboni ukuba zihlole imikhiqizo emisha esendaweni ezungezile elawulwayo ngaphansi kwemithetho ekhululekile isikhathi esilinganiselwe. Lendlela yenza abaqondisi baqonde ubuchwepheshe obuvelayo ngaphandle kokubeka imithwalo egcwele. I-Fintercial Selegation Authority ye-UK yaqala ukusungula i-Sandbox, futhi amazwe amaningi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi aye ayisebenzisa. AmaSandbox ashaya isilinganiso ngokukhuthaza intuthuko kuyilapho elondoloza ikhono lokungenela uma izingozi zihamba.

Ukushona Kwelanga Nokubukezwa Kwezikhathi Eziningi

Ukuvimbela imithetho ekubeni iphelelwe isikhathi noma ibe umthwalo ngokungadingekile, imibuso eminingi ifuna ukuba imithetho iphele ngokuzenzekelayo ngemva kwenani elimisiwe leminyaka ngaphandle kokuba ivunyelwe futhi. Lokhu kuhlola ngezikhathi ezithile ukuthi umthetho usadingeka yini, uyasebenza, futhi uyalingana. i-Canada ne-Australia iye yasebenzisa izinhlelo ezihlelekile “ezincishisiwe ze-tepepe” ezihlanganisa amalungiselelo okushona kwelanga kanye nemijikelezo elawulayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwesibambiso Nokukhipha Isigwebo

Amabhizinisi alawulayo, abathengi, namaqembu emfundo enqubo yokubekwa kwemithetho kungaholela ezimisweni eziwusizo kakhulu nezamukelwa kabanzi. Ukuhlela ukuhlanganisa izinhlangano, lapho izimboni ziveza khona izindinganiso eziphoqelelwa uhulumeni, zinganciphisa izindleko zokuphoqelelwa nokukhuphuka kwenani lokugcinwa kwemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Global Fund yeCoral Reefs isebenzisa izimiso zezezimali ezihlangene ezihlanganisa ukuqondisa umphakathi kanye nokuzivumelanisa kweqembu lomuntu siqu ukuze kufinyelelwe imigomo yendawo ezungezile ngaphandle kokuvimbela umsebenzi wezomnotho.

Ukwenqatshelwa Kobufakazi

Akuzona zonke iziqondiso ezizuzisa ngokufanayo. Ezinye ziyizinsalela zezinkinga zesikhathi esidlule noma ziye zabanjwa yizigebengu ukuze zivikele isikhundla sazo sezentengiselwano. Umzamo ohloselwe ukususa noma ukuthatha imithetho ephelelwe isikhathi, − ngokuvamile izinhlelo ezibizwa ngokuthi “izimiso zokuqondisa” / / zingakhulula imithombo yokukhula ngaphandle kokuyekethisa imingcele eyisisekelo. Izinguquko zendawo yaseRwanda, ezasusa amakhulu emvume yokudayisa nokubhalisa intela, zaba nesandla ekukhuleni kwayo okuphawulekayo ngemva kwezomnotho.

Ikusasa Lokulondolozwa Kwembulunga Yonke

Njengoba ezomnotho ziya zihlangana futhi zisebenzisa izinombolo, ukukhula nokulawula kushintshashintsha.

Ukushintsha Kwendlela Yokusebenza Nezinqubo Zomnotho

Izindawo zobuchwepheshe emhlabeni wonke zisebenza emingceleni, okwenza kube nzima ukuthobela imithetho yesizwe engokwesiko. Imizamo ye-EU ye-Digital Services Act ne-U.S. eqhubekayo yokunqanda ukuthengwa kwemisebenzi ye-athom imelela imizamo yokulawula izimakethe ze-millimeter ngaphandle kokushwabana. Inselele eyinhloko i-isiqinisekiso sokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yemininingwane yemininingwane yemininingwane, ukucaca kwe-algoric, nokulinganisela kokunethezeka akuyisebenzisi kakhulu imigoqo noma ukudala izindawo ezidiliselwe izindleko zokuqalisa. Ukuhlanganisa i- International International, njengoba kubonakala kuyi-Basel Reavens, ekugcineni kungavela ekuhleleni i-occonds.

Ukushintsha Isimo Sezulu Nokushintsha Kotshani

Ukulungisa isimo sezulu kuyodinga ushintsho olukhulu olulawulayo, kusukela ekuvalweni kwe carbon kuya ekuvinjelweni kwezinjini ezitshayo. Lezimiso zizobangela izindleko ezimfushane ezimbonini nakubathengi, kodwa futhi zidala amathuba amakhulu okuvuselela amandla avuselelwayo, ukunyakaza nokwehla kwekhabhoni. Intengiselwano lapha ayiphakathi kokukhula nokulawula, kodwa phakathi kokukhula okufushane okusekelwe entweni eshisayo kanye nokuchuma okuqhubekayo. Abaphathi bemithetho kumelwe baklame izindlela zokuguqula indlela ezivikela ithonya ezisebenzini nasemiphakathini ethintekile kuyilapho ukutshala imikhiqizo eluhlaza.

Ukubambisana Kwezimiso Emhlabeni Wonke

Kulelizwe eligcwele ukuqoqwa kwezindawo ezisikwe emhlabeni wonke, imithetho elandelanayo ingadala izimo zokuncintisana futhi ikhuthaze ukulawulwa kwemithetho (ukushintshela emabuthweni ngemithetho ebuthakathaka). Izivumelwano eziningi ezindinganisweni ezifanayo − ngokwesibonelo, isivumelwano se-Paris esiphathelene nesimo sezulu noma i-Global Monly Teach .can ye-OECD ingadala i-Global Scoace processs . Nokho, ukubambisana okunjalo kunzima ngokwezombangazwe futhi ngokuvamile kuyancipha. Umbango phakathi kobukhosi besizwe ne-conational conegate conery iyohlala iyinselele inseko.

Isiphetho

Ukusheshisa phakathi kokukhula kwezomnotho nokuqondisa akuyona intengo emisiwe yokuzinqumela ngokuphelele, kodwa ukulinganisela okunamandla okumelwe kuthathwe njalo ekuphenduleni ekushintsheni ubuchwepheshe, izingozi, kanye nezinzuzo zomphakathi. Umnotho ophumelela kakhulu yilezo ezibheka imithetho njengesithiyo sokukhula kodwa njengesithiyo sokutshala izinga layo nokuhlala. Ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi asekelwe ebufakazini, ababambi bomgodi, nangokuvumelana nezimo, abenzi bezimiso bangaklama iziqondiso ezivikela isithakazelo somphakathi ngaphandle kokuvimbela ukusungulwa kwenguquko nohwebo obubangela ukuchuma. Umnotho owenziwe ngokulawula ukuchuma akuphikisa; yisisekelo esihlala njalo esikhula.