Indima Ehlala Njalo Yokulingwa Komphakathi Ezimisweni Zezomthetho Zanamuhla

Ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi kumelela esinye sezivikelo ezibonakala kakhulu zesimiso sobulungisa. Isimiso sokuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kufanele kuqashelwe umphakathi(-"futhi ngokuvamile abezindaba"asebenza njengesehlo emandleni kahulumeni futhi isiqinisekiso sokuthi ubulungisa abugcini nje kuphela kodwa bubonakala bungenziwa. Nakuba umqondo oyinhloko umdala, ukusebenza kwawo kuyaqhubeka kusabela ekusabelweni kwezinguquko zezobuchwepheshe, ukukhathalela ukuvikela, nokushintsha izimo zomphakathi. Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani ziye zavela kabanzi, indlela eziye zakhula ngayo ngokomlando, kanye nezingcindezi ezibhekene nazo namuhla zibalulekile kunoma ubani obheka umthetho njengowazisa umthetho.

Isisekelo Somlando Sobulungisa Obuvulekile

Umqondo wokuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kufanele kuqhutshwe emphakathini awuzange wavela ngokugcwele. Wakhula emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, eqondiswa isidingo sokunqanda izinkantolo eziyimfihlo nemithetho ewubushiqela. Izimiso zomthetho zakuqala zaqaphela ukuthi ukuqulwa kwamacala afihlekile kwakuvame ukubangela ukonakala nokuxhashazwa, kuyilapho ukuqulwa kwecala obala kwakungabhebhethekisa ukusola nokugunyaza.

Imisuka Yasendulo ERoma NaseGrisi

ERome Republic, ukuqulwa kwamacala angokomthetho kwakuvame ukuqhutshelwa e-forum, indawo yomphakathi lapho izakhamuzi zazingahlangana khona. Amacala enkantolo ayephikiswa phambi kontanga, futhi ukuba khona kwababebukele kwaqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli banamathele emithethweni emisiwe yobufakazi. Ngokufanayo, e-Athene yasendulo, ukuqulwa kwenzeka ukuqulwa kwecala [[FLT], , inkantolo enkulu yomphakathi obala. Isinye isakhamuzi sabesilisa singaya futhi sivote ngezinqumo, senze inqubo ebanzi yokukhipha icala imvume. Le komiti yasekuqaleni yayingeyona imvume ekhululekile; yayiyimpendulo eyingozi eyingozini engaqondile engathi i-agconten.

INgilandi YangeNkathi Ephakathi Nokuphakama KweJury

Umthetho ovamile wesiNgisi wazuza ifa lokusakazwa kweRoma, kodwa wawunikeza isimo esihlukile sokuzinza. Ngemva kokuba iNorman Conquest, izinkantolo zasebukhosini zaqala ukuhamba ngesifunda, amacala okuzwa emadolobheni endawo. [[gna Carta] [1215] [i-Magna Carta] [i-Magna] (1215]) ayizange igunyazise ngokuqondile ukulingwa komphakathi, kodwa ukugcizelelwa kwayo ngenqubo efanele. Isazi sezentengiselwano zasemthethweni uJohn Baker siphawula ukuthi “enkathi yamuva yenkathi ephakathi, ukuqulwa kwecala lapho izibukeli lapho izibukeli zibukwa khona izikhalo zezeluleko. Isimiso sokwahlulela, esabeka izakhamuzi esivamile sezekwethuletwayo.

Ukukhanyiselwa Nomthetho - sisekelo WaseMelika

Amasumu wefilosofi yeSikhanyiso aphakamisa ubulungisa obuvuliwe kusuka kumthetho-sisekelo osebenzayo kuya elungelweni lomthetho-sisekelo. [FLT] aphikisana kakhulu ngokuthi “umphefumulo wobulungisa” ngoba ubusa abahluleli nabameli“ abanombono womphakathi.” Abahleli bomthetho womthetho womthetho bafaka ilungelo lokuqulwa komphakathi iSimende seSimendo , beqinisekisa ukuthi abamangaleli becala abangesomthetho bangalahlwa ngasese. [[FLT:] Isiphakamiso esiphezulu] esivikela ikhono lokuhlola ukubonakala kwenkantolo, ukubonakala kokwethembana konke. [FLT]

Imisebenzi Yokubona Kahle Ezindaweni Ezingokomthetho

Ukubona kude kwenza okungaphezu kokwanelisa imiqondo engabonakali; kwenza imisebenzi eqinisekile eyenza isimiso sobulungisa sisebenze ngokufaneleyo nangempumelelo. Ngaphandle kokuhlolisiswa umphakathi, izinqubo eziningana ezibucayi ziyawohloka.

Ukulandisa Kwabahluleli Nabameli

Uma umahluleli enquma ngemuva, akukho kuhlola okusheshayo ngobandlululo, ukungalungi, noma ukonakala. Izikhulu zokwahlulela ezivulekile ziphoqelela ukuba zikhiphe indlela yazo yokucabanga phambi kwezibukeli ezingase ziphikise izinqumo ngokudluliswa kwesicelo noma ngenkulumo yasobala. Okunye futhi kulindele abashushisi nabameli bezokuvikela, okumelwe baziphathe ngobuciko lapho izenzo zabo zibonakala kuthelevishini nasemphakathini. Lokhu kulandisa kubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni ezihilela isijeziso esiphakeme, njengesijeziso sentambo noma inkohlakalo yezombangazwe.

Ukuwohloka Kokuziphatha Okubi Nobugebengu

Ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi kusebenza umsebenzi onamandla wokuvimbela amazinga amabili. Okokuqala, kuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kokwahlulela: umahluleli ongase alingeke ukuba alawule ngokungafanele uyazi ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuphambuka kuzakudalulwa. Okwesibili, bavimbela izephulamthetho ngokubonisa ukuthi ukuziphatha kobugebengu kuzohlangabezana nemiphumela esheshayo, ebonakalayo. Ukucwaninga kwezentengiselwano kuveza ukuthi ukuqiniseka kwesijeziso, ikakhulukazi lapho kuboniswa ngabanye − kunemiphumela enamandla kunaleyo yokungalinganisi kwesigwebo sodwa. Ukulingwa komphakathi kufundisa futhi umphakathi ngemiphumela yokwephula umthetho, kuqinisa izimiso zezenhlalo.

Ukulwela Ukuthenjwa Umphakathi Nokungagunyazwa Kwemithetho

Isimiso sobulungisa esisebenza ekusithekeni sibangela ukusola. Izakhamuzi ezingaboni ukuthi izinqumo zifinyelelwa kanjani zingaphetha ngokuthi lesi simiso siphoqelelwe noma asiqondi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho izinkantolo zimema ukuqashelwa komphakathi, zibonisa ukuthi azinalutho lokufihla. Lokhu kwakha iqoqo lokuthemba elisekela isikhungo ngisho nalapho kudluliswa izinqumo ezingathandeki. ISigqizo sobulungisa [ sigcizelela ukuthi abantu abahambisani nomthetho ngenxa yokwesaba, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi baqonda ukuthi isimiso sihambisana nobulungisa. Ukuqulwa komphakathi kungezinye zezimpawu ezibonakala kakhulu zalokho kulungile.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esizayo Zokuvula Ubulungisa

Naphezu kwendima yalo eliyisisekelo, umkhuba wokusingatha ukuqulwa kwecala komphakathi ungaphansi kobunzima ekhulwini lama - 21. ubuchwepheshe obusha, ukusongelwa kwezokulondeka, nezindinganiso ezishintshayo zomphakathi kuye kwadala izingxabano izinkantolo okumelwe zisebenzise ngokucophelela.

Isenzakalo Esimangalisayo Sethonya Lemithombo Yezindaba

I-Mass − futhi manje imithombo yezindaba yezenhlalo (inamandla okuguqula ukuqulwa kwecala libe umbukwane wembulunga yonke. .J.Simpson ukuqulwa kwecala phakathi nonyaka ka-1990] kuyisibonelo esivelele: ukunikezwa kwethelevishini nokuhlola okungapheli kwadala ukulandisa okuhambisana nobufakazi benkantolo. Abaqondisi bamacala abanjalo bangase bathonywe yimibiko, futhi ofakazi bangaguqula ubufakazi babo obusekelwe kulokho abaye bakubona ezimisweni zezindaba. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ukusakaza okukhulu ngaphambi kohlelo lwezezindaba kungaveza ukucwasana okunzima ukuvikela ukuvivinywa okulungile. Eminye imikhankambi manje ifaka iziqondiso eziqinile noma imingcele eqinile kulemiphumela kodwa bona ngokwabo ngokwabo ngokwabo, imiphi imingcele emelene nale zimiso zezindaba.

Amalungelo Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Ezisulu NoFakazi

Imfuneko yokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi ingaphikisana nezithakazelo ezingokomthetho zomuntu siqu zezisulu, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezibucayi ezihilela ukuhlaselwa ngokobulili, ubudlova basekhaya, noma ofakazi bezingane. Ukuphoqelela isisulu ukuba sifakaze enkantolo egcwele abantu kungase kubangele ubuhlungu obengeziwe noma ngisho nokungabeki imibiko ngokuphelele. Izimiso eziningi zomthetho ziye zasabela ngokuvumela ubufakazi obuvaliwe buthathwe ithelevishini evaliweyo noma ngokuvala isikhashana inkantolo ngenxa yezingxenye ezithile zendaba. [FLT: 0] Inkantolo yama-Eunian Court of Human Rights [ iqaphele ukuthi ukucabangela izinto zomuntu siqu kungathethelela imingcele elinganiselwe ekufinyeleleni komphakathi, uma nje imingcele isesilinganisweni futhi ifanelekile. Ukuhlela lezi zihlala ziwumsebenzi obucayi kubahluleli.

Ithonya Elingokomzwelo Nelingokwengqondo Kwabahlanganyelayo

Abameleli, ofakazi, ngisho nochwepheshe bomthetho bangahlushwa ukucindezeleka kokugcinwa. Ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi kukhulisa iziphazamiso ezingokomzwelo: ufakazi angase azizwe ethotshisiwe ngokubheka ngokuphambana izintatheli; ummangalelwa angase azizwe ecindezelwa ukuba asebenzise ikhamera kunokugxila emaqinisweni. ] Isifo sesifo somzimba [ noma okunye ukusabela okungokwengqondo kungancitshiswa ukuswela izikhala zangalendawo. Izinkantolo ziye zazama ukuvinjelwa kwezincwadi kanye nama - projectims alabo abahlanganyela ikakhulukazi abachaphazekile, kodwa lemisebenzi ayiphelele neze.

Ukulondeka Kombuso Nengozi Yobufakazi Obuyimfihlo

Ezimweni ezihilela ubuphekula, ulwazi, noma ukwaziswa okuhlelwayo, ohulumeni bavame ukuphikisa ngokuthi ukuvulelwa obala komphakathi kungafaka engozini ukulondeka. Umphumela uye waba ukunyuka kwezinkantolo zomshoshaphansi noma izinqubo zezinto ezibonakalayo ezivaliweyo, lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi kumajaji kodwa hhayi emphakathini noma ngisho nakubamagqwili ommangalelwa. I-United Kingdom’s ifaka imposiso ye-Immugration Application Commos[[ futhi i United States’s Consolation’s Surveillance Court [[FLT] ayimelanga ubufakazi obungamele ukuvikelwa insekwayo. [FLD:] I-Geneticcial Court [Fograph:]] isolcences igxekwe ngokusebenza ngokufihla okukhulu.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Okwathonya Isimiso

Ukuhlola izilingo eziqondile kuyasiza ekuboniseni indlela umbono wokuhlola umphakathi osebenza ngayo — futhi lapho uye wafinyelelwa khona.

Icala LikaSocrates (399 BCE)

Elinye lamacala omphakathi aqoshiwe ngqa emlandweni waseNtshonalanga yilelo lesazi sefilosofi uSocrates, ebekwe icala e-Athene ngenxa yokungalungi nokonakalisa intsha. Izenzakalo zaqhutshwa Agora phambi kwejaji lezakhamuzi ezingu-501. USocrates wanikeza ukuzivikela komphakathi, okubhalwe nguPlato, okwaba umbhalo wesisekelo kuyifilosofi yaseNtshonalanga. Ukuqulwa kwabonisa isimo sokuthula esimbaxakile: ukusakazwa kanye okuvumela uSocrates ukuba abeke imizwelo yakhe futhi abhekane nemizwelo eguquguqukayo yejaji ethandwayo. Umphumela wombulalo owenziwa nguPlato, owabhalwa u-Plato, owaba yi-soctop, owaba yi-sociomthenwa nje.

Ukuqulwa Kwezimo ZaseNuremberg (1945-1946)

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, imibuso Yezizwe Ezihlangene yamisa iNgqungquthela Yomkhosi yezizwe zonke eNuremberg ukuze izame abaholi bamaNazi ngenxa yobugebengu bempi nobugebengu obungabungane kubantu. Icala lalakhiwe ngamabomu, ngokuhunyushwa kanye kanye kanye kanye nangendawo yokunyathelisa ehlala i-paleji. Lokhu kubonakala kwasebenza imigomo emibili: kwafaka izimpawu zonya emlandweni, futhi kwabonisa ukuthi abanqobi babenamathela ezinqubweni ezingokomthetho kunokufuna impindiselo. Amatyala eNuremberg amisa isiqalo somthetho wobugebengu womhlaba wonke futhi agcizelela umqondo wokuthi ngisho nobugebengu obuyingozi kakhulu kumelwe bufakwe enqubweni evulekile emhlabeni. Namuhla, [[FLT:] iNkantolo yecala lezelelene [[FLT]] iyaqhubeka ukuthi inqubo yokulalela inqubo yokulalela kahulumeni womphakathi wonke kuyi-E - Internet] iyaqhubeka inqubo yokusakaza izigemkhathi.

Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Abathakathi ESalem (1692)

Isibonelo esiqaphile sokuqulwa komphakathi sahamba kabi, ukuqulwa kwecala labathakathi eMassachusetts kubonisa izingozi zokuthuka kwabantu abaningi. Izenzakalo zazenziwa ngokobuchwepheshe, kodwa zazenziwa ngokwethuka lapho izimangalelo zazizanele khona ukuboshwa kuphela. Ubufakazi obuthi i - Pacificl (ubufakazi obuphathekayo) ngamaphupho nemibono buzenziwa, futhi abamangalelwa ababenqaba ukuvuma babulawa. Ukuqulwa kweSalemmu kubonisa ukuthi ukudalelwa ngaphandle kokuvikelwa kwemidalo ezindaweni zokukhosela abamangalelwa ngamaphutha. Ngokulandelayo kwaveza ukungabi nabulungisa okukhulu. Inkantolo yanamuhla yaseMassachusetts General Count nemithetho yobufakazi yanamuhla yaphendula ngokuqondile kule nhlekelele.

Ukuvivinywa Komphakathi Enkathini Yamanani

Ubuchwepheshe buye bashintsha indlela umphakathi okwazi ngayo ukubhekana nokuqulwa kwecala. Indlela engokwesiko − ukuhlala enkantolo — kuye kwaqiniswa, futhi kwezinye izimo, esikhundleni salo, kuthathelwe indawo ukuqashelwa kwemishini.

Ukupotshoza Okuphilayo Nokuqopha Ividiyo

Izinkantolo eziningi manje ziyakuvumela ukuqoshwa kwevidiyo nokugcinwa kwezenzakalo, okungenani ezinhlotsheni ezithile zecala. iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States iyaqhubeka imelana nokutholakala kwekhamera, kodwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyamukele. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT:] [Minnesota Justicialial Branch i-mivelmsssnances esholorry procations. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi lokhu kukhuthaza ukufinyelela kakhulu, ikakhulukazi abantu abangakwazi ukuya enkantolo. Nokho, abagxeki bakhathazekile ukuthi ukuba khona kwamakhamera kungaguqula ukuziphatha kwamalungu abadlali; abameli bangakwenzela izilaleli kunokuba umahluleli. Ukucwaninga [FLT:] FFFFFF] kuthola ukuthi i-Cent Center i-pagency i-karatalture isebenza ngaphandle kobufakazi, kodwa bayakwazi ukumelana namacala.

I-social Special Memory

Abaholi manje bayayalwa ukuba bangaphosheli amacala ezokuxhumana, kodwa isilingo sikhona njalo. Ijaji elithi ngemibuzo ingabangela ukucatshangelwa okungalungile. Okwamanje, amaphayishi namathonya alahla ubufakazi behlelo esikhathini sangempela, ngokuvamile abubuguqula kabi ubufakazi. [[FLT: 0] Ikhasethi lika-Anthony Anthony [ ukuqulwa kwemibuzo] [2011] laba isici esingokwesiko kwezomphakathi, ngezigidi ezakha imibono enamandla ngaphambi kwesinqumo. Lendawo ingenza kube nzima ngabavukeli ukuba bahlale bengakhethi. Izinkantolo ziphendule ngezimiso eziqinile zezezenhlalo futhi ngisho nemibuzo yangaphambi kwezezobuchwepheshe ukulunguza abantu abafuna ukuhlukanisa kakhulu.

Ukubona Kahle Nokukhula Kwemininingwane Evulekile

Ngaphandle kokuzimela, izifunda eziningi manje zinyathelisa amabhukwana enkantolo, amadokisi, nezinqumo kuyi-inthanethi ukuze kutholakale ukukhululeka. Lokhu kushintshela emniningo evulekile kwenza isimiso sobulungisa sitholakale kakhulu kubacwaningi, izintatheli, nomphakathi. Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACR)[FLCR] isimiso sendlela eUnited States, nakuba sigxekwa ngenqubo yayo yemali, simelela inyathelo elikhulu eliya phambili ekucaceni. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT:] SUPREME] Court of the United Kingdom Recolective Recordsssss (IZIK:3]]] izikhombo zeza nevidiyo yezokulalela. Izenzo ezinjalo zisiza ekunqanyuselweni kwenqubo yokwahlulela futhi zivumelanisa ulwazi olungokomthetho.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: UMthetho Ovamile uphikisana noMthetho Wangaphakathi

Isimiso sokulingwa komphakathi singesomhlaba wonke, kodwa ukusebenza kwaso kuyahlukahluka kuwo wonke amasiko angokomthetho.

Amazwe Avamile Omthetho

Kuyi- i-United States, United Kingdom, Canada, ne-Australia, ukulingwa komphakathi kuqinisekiswe ngokwemithetho-siseko noma ngokuqinisekisa. Izenzakalo zangaphambi komthetho (njengokunxusa nokucindezela) zivuleka kakhulu, nakuba kungenjalo. Isimiso se-adversarial, nobufakazi obuvela emlonyeni, zincike kakhulu emakhonweni omphakathi okufakaza izimpikiswano eziphilayo. Abahluleli balinganiselwe amandla okuvala inkantolo; iqembu elifuna ukuvala kumelwe libonise isithakazelo esishukumisayo nekhambiza elincishiwe. Amaphephandaba anezinkombazo. [v:] [FLT] [FFF:] [3]

Amazwe Omthetho Wangaphakathi

Kumagunya omthetho wesizwe anjenge-France, iJalimane, neJapane, ukuqulwa kwecala kuvame ukuvuleka, kodwa indima yamajaji (noma inkantolo exubene) ilinganiselwe. EFrance, i-dassas izwa amacala angathi sína nge-jaji, futhi ukuqulwa kwecala kuyavuleka. Nokho, ukuphenya amajaji esimisweni somthetho womthetho womphakathi kungenza izihloko eziyimfihlo eziningi. Nakuba ukuqulwa ngokwako kuyimfihlo, i-'ubufakazi ngokwabo bungase bungafinyelelwa ngokuphelele emphakathini. Izazi ziye zaphikisa ukuthi lenqubo yokuhlola yomphakathi, ukuphenya komphakathi, kungadala ukuxazululeka kokwaziswa okungakhokhwazwa. [I-Foms Juni]

Isiphetho: Ukugcina iNsika Yobulungisa Obuvulekile

Ukulingwa komphakathi kungaphezu nje komthetho osemthethweni. Kuyisivikelo sokwakha esivimbela isimiso sobulungisa ekubeni sibe yithuluzi lokucindezela. Kusukela ezindaweni zaseRoma lasendulo kuya ekulahlweni okuhlalayo kwe-International Criminal Court, isenzo sokuvula izikhangiso zomphakathi zombono womphakathi sisebenza ngokuqhubekayo ekuhloleni amandla, ukwakha ukwethemba, nokufundisa izakhamuzi ngamalungelo nemisebenzi yazo. Nokho izinselele zokushukuma kwemizwa, ukuvikeleka, nokungavikeleki kobuchwepheshe kumelwe zidibane njalo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zivumelane ngaphandle kokubeka umthetho oyisisekelo: ukuthi ukwahlulela okusha nokulindele okusha kuye kwasebenza ngokuqhubekayo. Njengoba ukuhlolwa nokungazethembiswa kokubona futhi nokuhlanganyela ekuboneni isibopho sokubona kude kuhlale kuqinile.