Izisekelo Zomthetho Eziphoqelelwayo ESociety Edemocratic Societies

Ukugcinwa komthetho kungaphezu kwesimiso sokujezisa nokugada; kuwukubonakaliswa okuwusizo kwesivumelwano somphakathi sokuzibusa ngokwaso ngemithetho ehlanganyelwe. Ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi kulendawo buchaza izinga lobulungisa, ukwethembana komphakathi, nokuthula komphakathi. Uma imithetho iphoqelelwa ngokungaguquguquki nangokungakhethi, izakhamuzi zizizwa zivikelekile futhi zinamandla. Uma ukuphoqelelwa kwesivumelwano somphakathi siwohloka noma siba yize, isivumelwano somphakathi siyawohloka. Ukuqonda izinqubo, izinselele, kanye nezici zalengiso zale ngxoxo kudingekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi iziphi izinqubo zanamuhla.

Inqubo yokuqinisekisa ihlanganisa izingqimba eziningi: izindikimba zomthetho zidala imithetho, izinhlangano eziphethe abaphathi ziwasebenzise futhi ziwafake amaphoyisa, futhi izichaza-mthetho nezifuno. Izakhamuzi zona, ziyizikhonzi nezithathi-nxaxheba. Kumelwe zivumelane nemithetho, kodwa futhi zinelungelo lokuyibekela inselele, lokuhlanganyela ekudalweni kwazo, nokugcina abaphoqelelwa benombuzo.

Indima Kahulumeni Ekubekeni Imithetho

Ohulumeni banomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokumisa nokugcina izimiso zomthetho zikhona. Lendima ayikona nje ukuqondisa; iyisisekelo somthetho kahulumeni. Uma ukuphoqelelwa kokungandlululi nokuphumelela, izakhamuzi zingavuma ukubusa. Imisebenzi kahulumeni ingadilizwa ibe yimisebenzi emithathu eyisisekelo, ngayinye kanye nobunkimbinkimbi bayo.

Imithetho: Imithetho Yobuciko Ebonisa Izidingo ZeNhlangano

Izindikimba ezizimele zokwenza umthetho .(-palications), izingqungquthela, imikhandlu yamadolobha, iwuhlu lokuqala lokugcinwa komthetho. Kumele zihlele imithetho esingatha izinto zamanje ngaphandle kokudela izindinganiso ezinde. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho elawula imishini yezobuchwepheshe, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, noma isivikelo sendawo ezungezile idinga ukushintshwa njalo njengobuchwepheshe nokwehla kwesayensi. Inqubo yomthetho ngokwayo iwuhlobo lokuhlangana kwezakhamuzi: izikhulu ezikhethiwe zimelela ukuvota, ukuzwa komphakathi kuvumela ukufakwa kwezindaba, futhi amaqembu okulawulwa yimithetho aqhubekisela phambili izinguquko. Nokho, ukubekwa kwemithetho kungathatha kancane noma kuthathwe ngezithakazelo ezikhethekile, okululaza ukuthembeka komthetho kamuva. [[FLT:] [UK] IPhalamendement iveza indlela umbiko womthetho owe-mthetho futhi ufaka i-'umthetho.

Ukuphoqelelwa Amaphoyisa Nezidumbu Ezilawulayo

Uma nje imithetho ikhona, kumelwe isetshenziswe. Iminyango yamaphoyisa, iziphathimandla zezimoto, izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile, nezinye izindikimba ezingenakubalwa zisebenza ngokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwansuku zonke. Lokhu kuhilela ukuqapha, ukuphenya, ukuma kwezimoto, ukuhlola, nokuboshwa. Amandla alawulayo ezikhulu ze-asterline akhulu. Isinqumo sokukhipha isixwayiso esikhundleni sokufaka isikhala, noma ukukhushulisa amandla, kungaguqula ukuphila kwesakhamuzi. Ukuqeqeshwa okufanele, ukuqondisa, kanye nokuphathana komphakathi kuyagxeka. Amagumbi amaningi manje adinga amakhamera omzimba omzimba nokwaziswa ukuze ahlole izindlela zokucwasana. [[FLT:] [FLT:] BUREA, noma ukukhuphulula iziteshici zeMikhathi yeMiboniso yeMiboniso yezekelo

Imfundiso Yezindaba: Ukuchaza Nokulandisa

Izinkantolo azijezisi nje kuphela; zichaza imithetho, zinquma icala noma ubumsulwa, futhi zinikeza imvume yezakhamuzi ukuba ziphikise izenzo zikahulumeni. Ukuzimela kokwahlulela kusemqoka. Uma amajaji ekhululekile ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, angabheka kokubili umbuso nabantu abazolandisa. Izinqumo zezwe, njenge Mira ne-. Arizona eUnited States, ibuye yaguqula izinqubo zamaphoyisa zokuvikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi. I-jadiary futhi yangamela inqubo yokudlulisa, iqinisekisa ukuthi amaphutha akhona ekuphoqeqeleni. Ngaphandle kwe-jaji, umthetho ongakhethi, umthetho uba yi-umthetho omthetho ongenakuzenziswa. [FLT:] [FLT] [FF:]

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yabantu Bezakhamuzi Namalungelo Abo: Olunye Uhlangothi Lwesabelo

Ukuba isakhamuzi akuyona into ethatha indawo. Isimiso somthetho esisebenza kahle sixhomeke kubantu abazi izibopho zabo nokusebenzisa isivikelo sabo. Lengxenye ihlola ukulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kokulalela nenkululeko.

Ukuzibophezela Ngokulinganayo Nemikhawulo Yokuvuma

Wonke umuntu ulindeleke ukuba alandele umthetho. Imithetho yezimoto, izimfuneko zentela, imithetho yezempilo, lezi azikho neze okungezona izibopho ezizibophayo. Ukukhokhwa kuphoqelelwa ngesijeziso, kodwa ukuzithoba ngokuzithandela kuphumelela kakhulu. Uma izakhamuzi zibheka imithetho njengengokomthetho, zilalela ngokuzithandela. Ngokuphambene, uma imithetho ibhekwa njengengenabulungisa noma ephoqelelwe, ukumelana nemithetho esemthethweni, iyakhula. Umlando ugcwele izinhlangano zokungalaleli imithetho ebekela imithetho engekho bulungisa inselele (umz., i-Melika i-ampulamentmenta anti - active mental). Ukuqonda imingcele yokuziphatha nemithetho yokuthobela kuyingxenye eyinhloko yemfundo yomphakathi. Amazwe amaningi ahlanganisa lokhu esikoleni sawo; ngokwesibonelo, [[FLD:] isikhungo sezemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo [Foct:]

Ukubhikisha: Indima YoFakazi

Izakhamuzi azinakugcinwa yonke indawo. Izakhamuzi zisebenza njengamehlo nezindlebe zomphakathi lapho zibika ubugebengu, izenzo ezisolekayo, noma izingozi zokuphepha. Lokhu kungasukela ekubizeni u-911 ngokugqekeza nokubika ukwephulwa kwempilo yomphakathi. Nokho, ukwesaba ukuphindisela, ukungathembani kwamaphoyisa, noma ukuntula ulwazi kungavimbela ukubika. Izinhlelo ezinjengoCrime Smapers zinikeza amacebiso angaziwa. Emazweni amaningi, izakhamuzi zikhonza futhi njengabagcini bamajaji nofakazi enkantolo, zihlanganyela ngokuqondile enqubweni yokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho. Ukukhuthaza ukubika ngenkathi yokuvikelwa kwemiciko kusekuvimbeleni impompo kuyinselo eyinhloko.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwemicikilisho: Ukushintsha Imithetho Ngezwi Nangomlozi

Isakhamuzi esiyisisekelo kakhulu embusweni wentando yeningi ikhono lokushintsha imithetho. Ukusekela abameleli abavumelana nemibono yakho ngomthetho nokuhleleka, ukuya emihlanganweni yasehholo ledolobha, ukubhalela abamisi-mthetho, nokuhlanganyela ekubhikisheni ngokuthula zonke izindlela ezingokomthetho zokuthonya ukugcinwa kwemithetho ephambili. ACLU’s Ayazi Amalungelo akho [ ikhasi elidwebela izinhlobo ezivikezelwe zenkulumo nemihlangano. Uma izakhamuzi zilahla umthetho, ukuphoqesha kuba yinqubo ephezulu, ngokuvamile ithatha kancane ekunakekeleni ukudinga umphakathi. Ukuhlanganyela okuqhubekayo kugcina isimiso silinganisela.

Amalungelo Avikela Izakhamuzi Phakathi Nokuphoqelelwa

Amalungelo anenjongo kuphela uma ephoqelelwa. Isivikelo esilandelayo siqashelwa embusweni wentando yeningi womthetho - sisekelo:

  • Inqubo elindelekile: Ilungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, ukuqulwa ngokungakhethi phambi kwenkantolo engakhethi, nokumelelwa komthetho. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuboshwa nokujeziswa okungenamthetho. Izigwegwe zesihlanu neshumi nane zenqubo efanelekile ye-U.S.
  • [ Inkululeko yokukhuluma noMhlangano:[ Izakhamuzi kumelwe zikwazi ukugxeka ukugcinwa komthetho, zifune inguquko, futhi zibuthane ukuze zivukele ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela. Ukubhikisha okunokuthula kuyinhlolo - vo ebalulekile emandleni kahulumeni.
  • Amalungelo omphakathi: Isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka (ISichibiyelo Sesine e-U.S.) siqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi azingeniswe ekudobeni isifundazwe. Lelilungelo livivinywa njalo ngesayensi entsha yokuhlola.
  • Isivikelo se-Equal: Imithetho kumelwe iphoqelelwe ngokulinganayo kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, ubulili, inkolo, noma isimo sezenhlalo. Ukungalingani ekuqikelelweni kwemithetho yesivumelwano (njengendlela yokufakwa kweqembu elincane).

Izinselele Ekuphoqelelweni Komthetho Nethonya Lazo Ekwethembeni Komphakathi

Ngisho noma kunezinqubo zokushaya ucingo, ukuphoqelelwa kwamaphoyisa kubhekene nezithiyo eziphikelelayo.

Ukonakala Nokusebenzisa Kabi Amandla

Uma abaphoqelelwa bomthetho besebenzisa igunya labo ukuze bazuze bona ngokwabo − bhibribery, ukuphanga, ukuvikela izinhlangano zobugebengu . Ukonakala kungaba yisimo esihlelekile, njengoba kubonakala kwamanye amazwe lapho amaphoyisa efuna khona intela ebolekisayo ukuze angazinaki izinkonzo eziphucukileyo. Izinhlangano zokulwa nokonakala, amabhodi azimele, kanye nezivikelo zokufutha impepho eziqinile zidingeka kodwa ngokuvamile zinganele. United Office yeZizwe eMidlalizo neCrime isebenza namazwe aqinisa ubuqotho ekulungenisweni lomthetho.

Ukucwaswa Nokuhlanzwa

Ukuhlola okuvela e-United States, e-United Kingdom, nakwezinye izindawo kubonisa ukuthi izinhlanga ezincane ezingokohlanga nezingazekho, ziyamiswa ngokungenakulinganiswa, zihlolwa, ziboshwa, ziboshwe, ziboshwe. Lokhu akuwona ngaso sonke isikhathi umphumela wobandlululo olucacile lobuhlanga; ubandlululo, ubumpofu, namasu omphakathi womphakathi angadala izindlela zokuphathwa ngokungafani. Ubandlululo olunjalo luqeda ukwethembana futhi lwenze ukuba imiphakathi embalwa ingahambisani namaphoyisa. Izinguquko ezifana nokuqeqeshwa kobandlululo, ukuncishiswa kwemithetho esemthethweni, kanye namabhodi okubukeza inhloso yokuhlola amaphoyisa zihloselwe ukudingisa lokhu, kodwa intuthuko incane.

Imithombo Yezinto Nendaba Yokuza Kuqala

Izinhlangano eziningi eziqondisa ukugcinwa komthetho zisebenza ngezimali ezilinganiselwe, imishini ephelelwe isikhathi, kanye nezisebenzi ezinganele. Lokhu kungaholela ekuhlaseleni kunokusebenza kakhulu kwamaphoyisa avimbelayo. Abaphathi bangasebenza ngokweqile, okungabangela ukutubeka namaphutha. Ukuqoqwa kwemithombo kuphakamisa imibuzo engokokuziphatha: Uma kungaya emaphoyiseni noma ezinkonzweni zezenhlalakahle, ekusekeleni impilo yengqondo, nasemfundweni? Amanye amadolobha aye azama ukubuyisela imali emaqenjini angenamthetho asabela ezinkingeni. Impikiswano emayelana "nokuqeda amaphoyisa" iveza ukushuba phakathi kwezeluleko lwezentengiselwano nomphakathi.

Ukulandisa Nezigebengu Zokuqondisa

Uma izikhulu zephula umthetho noma zisebenzisa amandla eqile, ngokuvamile ukuphenya kwangaphakathi akunakho ukubonakala. Izakhamuzi zingaba nomuzwa wokuthi isimiso sivikela esazo. Izindikimba zobugada, abashushisi abazimele, kanye nokubika ngempoqo kokudubula kwesikhulu okuhilelekile kuyizinguquko ezandisa ukulandisa. IZizwe Ezihlangene ihhovisi likaKhomishane Ophezulu wamalungelo abantu [ linikeza iziqondiso ezithi izindinganiso zokulandisa kwamaphoyisa.

Ubuchwepheshe: Inkemba Ebekwe Kabili Emthetho Wanamuhla

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe iye yayishintsha kakhulu indlela imithetho ephoqelelwa ngayo, ngokungcono nangokubi kakhulu. Ukuqonda lamathuluzi kubaluleke kakhulu ezakhamuzini nakothisha.

Ukudla Okuningi Nokugcwala Kwezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Amakhamera ethelevishini avala ithelevishini, abafundi belayisense ebodwa, ukuqashelwa kobuso, izintambo zocingo, kanye nokulandelelana kwemikhondo yocingo kuvumela iziphathimandla ukuba ziqaphe izindawo zomphakathi ngokuqhubekayo. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuqapha okunjalo kuvimbela ubugebengu futhi kusiza ekuxazululeni izimo. Abagxeki baxwayisa ngesimo sokuhlola lapho yonke iminyakazo ibhalwa, amazwi athusayo akhululekile futhi akhubaze imfihlo. Amadolobha amaningana aye avimbela ukuqashelwa kobuso ngenxa yobandlululo nokusebenzisa kabi izintambo. Izikhungo zenkulumo ezimayelana nokulinganisela: kungakanani ukuqapha okuvumelekile emphakathini okhululekile?

Izazi Nezimiso Zokubikezela

Iminyango yamaphoyisa manje isebenzisa amanani ukuze ihlaziye ukwaziswa kobugebengu futhi ibikezele ukuthi ubugebengu bungavelaphi. Lokhu kungasiza ekubekeni amaphoyisa ngokunempumelelo. Nokho, amaphoyisa abikezelayo angaqinisa ubandlululo olukhona uma imininingwane eyisisekelo ibonisa ukungalingani komlando. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufiphala kwalezi zimiso kwenza kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ukubekela inselele izinqumo ezisekelwe kuwo. Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi zibiza "icala le-algothymic" futhi ziveza ngokucacile indlela lamathuluzi asetshenziswa ngayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Ngemithombo Yezindaba Yomphakathi

Ngokuphambene, ubuchwepheshe bungaqinisa ubuhlobo bezakhamuzi nohulumeni. Iminyango eminingi yamaphoyisa isebenzisa i-twitter, i-Facebook, ne-Priterdooo ukuze ixoxelane ngemininingwane, icebiso, nezikhulu ezisebenzisa abantu. Phakathi nezikhathi eziphuthumayo, imithombo yezokuxhumana inikeza ulwazi olusha. Nokho, izingxoxo ze-website zingasakaza amanga noma ukunwetshwa kwezindawo ezihlukene. Isihluthulelo sisetshenziswa ngokucabangela: izinhlangano kumelwe ziqeqeshe izikhulu zezimiso zokuxhumana futhi zigweme ukusebenzisa kuphela izokuxhumana komphakathi.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Izinhlangano Ezingokoqobo Zezwe Phakathi Kukahulumeni Nezakhamuzi

Ukuhlola izibonelo ezicacile kusiza ekucaciseni indlela amaphoyisa asebenza ngayo.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Omphakathi Noshintsho Olungokomthetho

Ngawo-1950 nangawo-1960, ama-Afrika e-United States asebenzisa izimemezelo zokuphonsa amaza, izihlalo, nokumasha ukuze abeke inselele imithetho yokuhlukanisa. Ukugcinwa kwaleyomithetho engalungile − ukusebenzisa amapayipi omlilo nezinja zokuhlasela ."Inhlangano yaphumelela hhayi nje kuphela ekushintsheni imithetho (Izikhundla zamalungelo 1964, iVoting Rights Act, kodwa futhi nasemikhubeni yokulwa kwemithetho yamaphoyisa ephonsayo. Namuhla, lelifa liyaqhubeka njengokugqugquzela izinguquko ekuphenduleni amaphoyisa. Leli cala libonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingashintsha imithetho kahulumeni lapho izinhlangano zomthetho zihluleka.

Ukuqhuba Izimiso Zomphakathi

Izinhlelo zamaphoyisa omphakathi zihlose ukwakha ukwethembana ngokusebenzelana okuvamile, okungaphoqelelwe. Emadolobheni anjenge-Camden, New Jersey, umnyango wamaphoyisa wadilika futhi wahlelwa kabusha ngokugxila ekuthembiseni umphakathi. Umphumela waba ukwehla okukhulu kwezikhalo nokusetshenziswa kwezenzakalo zamandla. Abaphathi babelwa ezindaweni ezithile, bahlanganyele izenzakalo zomphakathi, futhi basebenze nezakhamuzi ukuze baphawule izinkinga. Nakuba kungezona i-panacacea, amaphoyisa omphakathi abonisa ukuthi uma uhulumeni nezakhamuzi zibambisana, ukugcinwa kwemithetho kungalunga futhi kuphumelele.

Ukuphikisa Kwamuva Nezinhlangano Zezinguquko Zamaphoyisa

Ukubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd ngo-202020 kwabangela ukubhikisha kwembulunga yonke okufuna inguquko yamaphoyisa. Emadolobheni amaningi, izakhamuzi zafuna ukuncishiswa kwamaphoyisa, ukuvinjelwa kwezindawo, nokubekwa kwezindawo zobusosha. Ezinye izinguquko zamiswa: amaMinneapolis avinjelwe ukuvinjelwa, futhi izifunda zikahulumeni eziningi zadlulisa imithetho yokuguqula inguquko. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa bekungalingani, futhi izingxabano zisekhona. Lokhu kugcizelela ukuthi ukuhlangana phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi kuyaqhubeka futhi kuvame ukuxabana. Inselele iwukuguqula ukubhixa kwemizwa komphakathi kube yinguquko esekelayo.

Isiphetho: Ukwakha Isakhiwo Esiyinkimbinkimbi Sekusasa

Ukugcinwa kwemithetho akuwona umsebenzi owenziwe ngokumanyene; ubuhlobo obuphilayo okumelwe buzivumelanise namaqiniso amasha ezenhlalo, ezobuchwepheshe, nangokwezombangazwe. Ohulumeni kumelwe baqikelele imithetho kodwa futhi bahlale bekulungele ukugxekwa nokuguqulwa. Izakhamuzi kumelwe ziwuhloniphe umthetho kuyilapho ziwaqaphe ngokuqapha amalungelo azo. Okungcono kuwubuhlobo lapho zombili izinhlangothi ziqaphela ukuthi ziyalandisa. Othisha banendima ebalulekile ekulungiseleleni abafundi ukuba baqonde lendawo eyinkimbinkimbi, baqonde amalungelo abo, futhi bahlanganyele ngokunenzuzo ekuphileni komphakathi.