Ukuphumelela Kwezinhlansi Zokusunduza Ezimisweni Ezimele

Imikhankaso yezombangazwe ifuna njalo izindlela ezintsha zokufinyelela abavoti abangahlolwanga. Phakathi kwezindlela zokufuna ukuvota okuphoqelelwa kakhulu yithuluzi lokuhlola − elihlanganisa ukuvota nenkulumo eyiphutha. Ngokungafani nokuhlola okungokomthetho okuklanyelwe ukuqoqa ukwaziswa, ukusunduza inhloso yokulungisa imibono, ngokuvamile ngemibuzo ekhohlisayo nokuzikhohlisa. Abavoti abazimeleyo, iqembu elikwazi ukunquma ukukhetha ngokuqinile. Kodwa kuphumelela kangakanani ukusunduza imibono ezimele? Lesi sihloko sihlola amakhenikha, ubufakazi, nokuphoqelela izicelo, ukudwesha izibalo zesayensi yezesayensi nezibonelo zomkhankaso wangempela.

Ukuchaza Izinhlansi Ezicindezelayo: Akuwona Nje Ucwaningo

Kuqala, ukubheka i-athonsi ecindezelayo kubonakala kungucwaningo oluvamile lomphakathi. Ucingo lubuza uchungechunge lwemibuzo mayelana nabazobhapathizwa, izimpikiswano, nezinhloso zokuvota. Nokho, umehluko onzima ukhona ngenhloso nangomqoka. Ukuphoqa kunikeza izinkulumo ezithwetshuliwe ngamabomu noma ukuphikisana okusobala ukuze kubangele ukusabela okungokomzwelo. Ngokwesibonelo, umbuzo ofana nothi, “Ungakhetha ukuthi u-X uma wazi ukuthi basekela ukukhuphula intela emikhayeni ephakathi?” awuklanyelwe ukuveza umbono ophambene nomthetho owenziwe ngenjongo yokuveza ukuhlangana okuphambene.

Ukuhlola kwezenqubo eziqinile kulandela iziteshi eziqinile: ukuhlola okungahleliwe, amagama angathathi hlangothi, nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa okubonisayo. Ukuphoqa kushiya lezindinganiso. Zivame ukubeka inombolo encane emananini − ngokuthanda noma ngokujikijela (isebenzisa ukuthumelelana imiyalezo okuphindaphindwayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulandisa okufiselekayo. Igama elithi “ukuhlola” ngokwako kusuka emgomweni wamaqhinga: ukuvota ku-“ phuthu” komncintiswa kunoma omunye umuntu ofundayo noma komunye ngaphansi kokucwaninga.

Umsuka Womlando Wokungcolisa Ngokucindezela

Ukuhlola okucindezelayo akusona isenzakalo esisha. Umsuka waso usukela emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kodwa wathola isisekelo esizwakalayo ngo-1994. Umkhankaso wango 1994 weSigele sase-U.S. wabona esinye sezibonelo ezimbi kakhulu, lapho ukuphoqelela ukuphenya kwasikisela ukuthi ngalesosikhathi uTed Kennedy usuka ehlazo elihilela ingozi yemoto nokufa kowesifazane osemusha ongenasisekelo. Umkhankaso wokusebenzisa lezo zingcingo kamuva waxolisa kodwa umonakalo wedume uyabonakala. Izindlela ezifanayo zokuziqhatha i-Prenterba zabonakala emibanweni kamongameli, i-grafelter, futhi ngisho nokhetho lwendawo. Ukukhula kwezimiso zocingo ne-meommessal-meoms kwenza ukuba kunciphe kakhulu futhi kusetshenziswe kakhulu, kodwa ukuncintisa kakhulu kwenkani ezindaweni eziphikisanayo.

Okwenza Izingoma Ezizimele Zibe Yizisulu Eziyinhloko

Abavoti abazimele − labo abangavumelani njalo neqembu elikhulu lezombangazwe − bayijantshi elingcwele lochwepheshe bomkhankaso. Bakha cishe ingxenye yesithathu yabavoti emazweni amaningi, kodwa ukwethembeka kwabo kuwuketshezi. Ngoba abazimele abasekelwe kakhulu eqenjini, bathambekele kakhulu ekuthonyeni, kodwa futhi bathambekele kakhulu ekwazisweni okungakhi. Abaklami abacuphi basebenzisa lokhu ngokugxila “ezindaba ezihloniphisayo” noma emaphutheni obuntu angaveza umbono ozimele.

Kukhona izinqubo ezimbili eziyinhloko ezidlalwayo. Okokuqala, ithonya lokudabuka : ukuphindaphinda ukugxeka okuphambene : noma kamuva kukhucululwa, kunyuswa iqiniso lako. Ukuhlola kuvame ukujikeleza ngezikhathi eziningi phakathi kocingo olulodwa, ukuqinisa ukuhlasela. Okwesibili, [[FLT:] ubandlululo [[FLT] lunemizwa]: ubuchopho babantu bunaka kakhulu ukwaziswa okungakhiyo kunenzuzo. Ngoba abantu abangase bantule imizwa eqinile nganoma yimuphi umkhakhakha, ukuphakamisa umbuzo ophambene kahle. Imikhankano futhi ingenza ukungabaza okuhlala njalo. Imikhankaso isebenzise ukuhlola okuhlasela okusheshayo, bese ithumela imiyalezo ethumela imiyalezoni.

Imishini Yethonya: Ukubuza Amazwi Okubuza Nokukhanga Okungokomzwelo

Akuyona yonke imishwana ecindezelayo ephumelela ngendlela efanayo. Impumelelo yayo ixhomeke kakhulu ekutheni imibuzo ihlelwa kanjani. Ukuhlola okuvamile kungahlanganisa “umbuzo owemboza” osho ukuthi umqondisi wempendulo:“ Ucabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ukuba ohlohlwayo athembeke ngemali yakhe?” Kulandelwe amazwi angamanga aphathelene nokuziphethe kabi kwemali yomphikisi. Umbuzo wokuqala uveza izinga lokuziphatha okuhle; owesibili usikisela ukuthi umphikisi uyahluleka. Lendlela, eyaziwa ngokuthi upharparing nopheyamisa [, ingaguqula indlela abazimelayo abafunayo abafuna ukubhekana ngayo ngisho nalapho beqaphela inhloso ewuphawulwe kubacwaningi njengoKroskistens nakwaBnon.

Ukunxusa okungokomzwelo kungenye indlela yokusebenza. Imibuzo evusa ukwesaba, intukuthelo, noma ukucasuka iphumelela kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubhocosha okuzivotelayo okuzibusayo endaweni yasemaphandleni kungase kubuze, “Ingabe ungasekela u-Candidate Y uma wazi ukuthi bavota ukuqeda inzuzo yokulima, ukuphoqelela imikhaya yendawo ukuba ikhiphe izwe layo?” Umfanekiso ongokomzwelo ususa ukuhlaziywa okunengqondo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabavoti ababophezekeli abalinganiselwe kwezombangazwe. Ukucwaninga kungaveza ukuthi ukunxusa okunjalo kungandisa ukubaluleka okucatshangelwayo kwempikiswano ngo-10 /15% phakathi kwabantu abanolwazi olulinganiselwe, ngokokuhlola ngo-2018 kweze-2018 kwe-Promenting [[FLT] yezombangazwe [FLT]

Ukuhlola Ukuphumelela: Lokho Ubufakazi Obukubonisayo

Umbuzo obalulekile usala: izicelo eziphoqelelayo zishintsha ukuziphatha kwabavoti abazimeleyo? Ososayensi bezombangazwe bahlukene. Ukuhlola okufushane okungalinganiswa. Ukuhlolwa kwe-2016 kwabonisa ithonya elingenakulungiseka phakathi nokuhlolwa kwe-gabernatorial ngokuyinhloko kwathola ukuthi abavoti abazibusayo abathola ucingo olulodwa oluphoqelelwe kwakungu-4.6% onokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba baveze umbono ophambene ngomvoti ohlolweyo ngemva kwesonto elilodwa. Nokho, umphumela wabola kakhulu ngemva kwamasonto amabili, futhi abaningi abavoti babuyela ezinkonzweni zabo zokuqala. Lokhu kuqokomisa ukulinganiselwa okunzima: ukusunduza ukuguqula inguquko esheshayo kunokuguqula ukuphila.

Ezinye izici eziphumelela ngokusesilinganisweni. Ukuqaphela kwezombangazwe [[FLT: 0] kwezezombangazwe kukhulu kakhulu. Abancintiswayo abalandela izindaba ngokuvamile basengozini yokuqaphela amasu okucindezela futhi bamelane nakho. Ukuhlolwa ko 2020 kwePew Research Center kwabonisa ukuthi abavoti abakwazi ukufunda kakhulu ukubhalisa imithombo yezindaba bangaba cishe bathonywe yimibuzo yemibuzo yokuhlola ngokomzwelo eqhathaniswa nalabo abanemidaba ephansi. Ngokufanayo, bayakwazi ukuphoqa [ ukuphonsa ukuphonsa kubaluleke kakhulu. Izingcingo zomfozo ezibekwe eduze nokhetho."Lapho uvotahjolo lunikeza ukunaka okukhulu kakhulu kunezingazo ezibekwe ngaphambili. Kodwa ezinsukwini zokugcina, ukuncintiswa kwethuba lokuhlehlela emuva uma kubekwe i-patmo.

Ukuhlola Indaba: Lapho Ukushushisa Kwakwenza Khona Umehluko (noma Akuzange)

Ukuhlola imikhankaso yangempela kwembula imiphumela ehlukahlukene. Ngo-2012 eRepublica yase-U.S. ngokuyinhloko, ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe eNingizimu Carolina kwasetshenziswa ngokumelene noNewt Gingrich, okusikisela ukuthi wayenesibopho esingafanele nombolekisi wezindlu. Abavoti abazimele abathola izingcingo ezibikwa ukuthi ziyangabaza kakhulu ngoGingrich, futhi ukusekela kwakhe phakathi kwaleloqembu kwehle ngezikhathi zokuhlola ezalandela. Nokho, umkhankaso kaGingrich wasabela ngokuphika ngokuqinile nangokuzigodla izaba ezizimele balahla ukugodla kwemali; umonakalo wancishwa ngokwengxenye.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukhetho lukahulumeni wase-Australia ngo-2014 lwabona umkhankaso wokuzihlolela ngonya ophoqelela abantu abazimele esihlalweni esiseceleni. Lokhu kubiza okuthi umthengisi ozimele usekela ukunakekelwa kwempilo okungokwezigebengu (nesikhundla sokuzimela esingathandwa kakhulu. Kodwa ozohlolela ukuvota wakwazi ukuveza amarekhodi okuvota abonisa okuphambene. Kunokuba acindezele abavoti, ukuphoqelela ukuvota kwabhula kwabhuntsha, uzwela olukhulayo ngomcela ngokuzimela ngaphandle komcebisi ukuze athole umusa. Lokhu kubonisa ingozi enkulu: ukusunduza izicelo u-boomerang uma uvota okanye noma uveza inkohliso.

Ukungqubuzana Kwemithetho Nemithetho

Ukuhlola okunendawo empucukweni esemthethweni wokhetho. E-United States, i-Federal Ecompution Commission ivame ukukhulula izinqumo ezithathwa ezidingweni zokwambulwa uma nje zikhona zifushaniswe ngokuthi “phenya” kunokuba“kufune.” Nokho, imibuso eminingana iye yamisa imithetho efuna ukuphoqelela abashayeli ukuba bazibone futhi bathulule abakhokhele ucingo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Profetiance Reformation Act yase California i-react i-odoma ukuthi noma isiphi isingcingo esiphilayo esisetshenziswa ekuthonyeleni ukuvota umuntu noma inhlangano. Ukugwenywa kwemali kungaphumela ekukhokheni intela.

Ngokwendlela elindelekile, ukuphenya okuphoqelelwe kulahlwa yizinhlangano ezihlolayo ezinjenge-American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR), ethi “ukuhlola kuyindlela yokuhlola okuphambene okuzishaya umkhankaso.” Inkinga iwukuthi umngcele phakathi kokuhlola okungokomthetho nokuphoqelelwayo ungafiphaza. Eminye imikhankaso iphikisa ukuthi ukubuza ngobuthakathaka bombangi kuyingxenye yokubuza ngokwethembeka. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi inhloso yokukhohlisa isusa izicelo ekucwaningeni okungokomthetho. Lokhu kuhluphanga kuvame ukushiya uvota futhi kungathembisi i-vota konke okungokwezombangazwe, kululaza ukwaziswa okuncike ekuqondeni i-post.

Ukufunda Ukubona Kahle Nemithombo Yezindaba: I - aldote for Manipruction

Ibonelele amathuba okusebenzisa kabi imithombo yezindaba, imikhankaso yokufunda ivela njengendlela yokuvimbela. Inzuzo enjenge FactCcock.org ne-Annenberg Policy Center inyathelisa iziyalezo ezisiza abavoti ukuba baphawule amafulegi abomvu okuvota: ubude obuphakeme, imibuzo yokuhlasela komuntu siqu, ulimi oluphambili, nokwenqaba ukuhlanganyela abaxhasi. Uma abavoti abazimele behlome ngalolulwazi, ukuphumelela kokuphonsa ama-stynal. Ukuhlolwa okulawulwa yi-Yunivesithi yaseChicago kwathola ukuthi ngemva kokwamukela i-pule - projectal mental menta ezama amaqhinga, izihloko zokuhlola zazingakhomba ezingu-45% ezithiwe ukuba zitholwe ucingo olulandelayo.

Inkampano ngezinye izikhathi isebenzisa ukubonakala kalula njengendlela yokuvikela. Uma indawo yokuhlola ecindezelayo, abafuna ukuvoca, bangakhipha izingcingo ezibhaliwe, bacele izikhangiso zezokuxhumana ukuba zihlolwe. Enkathini yonyaka, ukuchayeka okunjalo kuhamba ngokushesha. i-social staders ikhulisa izikhalo zovota, iguqula umzamo wokuzifihla ube yinkinga yomphakathi. Ngenxa yalokho, abacuphi abaningi bemikhankanti manje babheka ukuphenya njengecebo eliphezulu lokuhlola − eliphumelela kwezinye izimo kodwa elivame ukudlula i-passssss acriver ekwaziyo ukuvota abaqotho.

Ezinye Izindlela Zokugqugquzela Ukungcoliswa Kwembulunga: Ukukhulumisana Okushukumisayo Okusebenzayo

Uma ukuphoqelela kuyingozi futhi kuphumelela ngokusesilinganisweni, yini engcono ekufinyeleleni abavoti abazimele? Imikhankaso iye yaphendukela ezindleleni ezifanele nakubufakazi obusekelwe. Peer-peper-pear ukubhala imibhalo[[ kanye nokuhlela [[FLT]] ukuhlela okungcono [[FLT]]] ukuvumela imikhankankano ukuba ingenele izikhundla ezizimele ezingxoxweni eziqotho. Lezindlela zikhuthaza uvoti ukuba u-vote imibuzo futhi zibonise ukukhathazeka, kuholela ekushukunyeni okujulileyo. A 202020 Mentana-a - aslysis zophenyo zensimu zathola ukuthi ubuso obukhuliswe ngo-22/6% ozimele, kuyilapho ukuvota okuzi.

Izimpawu ezikhonjwe ngemibhobho eqondiswe ngemibhobho efakwayo inye indlela. Kunokuba isebenzise ukuhlasela okuphambene, imikhankaso iveza izimpikiswano eziqondile ezihilelekile kubavoti abazimele esifundeni . njengasentuthukweni yezomnotho noma kwezokwelapha (ezempilo) futhi inikeza iziphakamiso eziqondile, ezinemininingwane ebanzi ngokuthumela, izikhangiso zezibalo, nokushaya kwezisebenzi zokuzithandela. Lokhu kwakha ithemba futhi kugwema izingozi ezingokwezimiso zokuphoqelela. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokhetho olungu-2022.S, abathathi bezigebengu abambalwa abathunyelwa eziqondiswe ngokwezingcingo zezelo zemali ukuze banikeze izikhundla zabo eziphezulu, izikhangiso ezimbili eziphezulu zezindaba ezizimele, ukuxhumana okunemiphumela eqinile futhi okuhlala isikhathi eside kakhulu kunoma yiziphi izingcingo zocingo.

Lapho Ukushukumisa Kubuyisela Umlilo: Umphumela Wokukhula Kwe - meroyang

Kubalulekile ukucabangela hhayi nje lapho kuphoqelelwa umsebenzi wokuhlola, kodwa uma kubhuntsha ngendlela ephawulekayo. Imiphumela yenzeka lapho umyalezo wokuvota ophoqelelwayo ubhekwa njengongalungile noma ongamanga, ubangela ukuba abavoti bazwelane nomhlohli. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokuphawulekayo emjahweni weSigeqe sase-Delaware ngo-2010, lapho ukuhlasela u-Christine O’Dennell (umbangi) efuna inzuzo engokwesiko) kwabhacelwa futhi kwahambisana novoti oluzimele. Umphumela waba ukuzuza okukhulu ko winwano o'Donnell, naphezu kokungavunyelwa okukhulu kweqembu elimisiwe.

Ingqondo yabantu ichaza umphumela we-bobottle project inkolelo-lwazi yokuzinqumela : uma abantu benomuzwa wenkululeko yabo yokuzikhethela isongelwa, basabela ngokuzimela ingosi yabo. Abavoti abazibusayo, abazikhukhumezayo ngokungazitshengisi ngokuthi yini okumelwe bayicabange, ukucunula ngokweqile okuphoqelelwayo kungabangela lesisiphendulo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ukusola okuphoqelelwayo kulula ukuncishwa, ngesibonelo, ngokugwema ingosi yeqiniso. Umkhankaso ozibusayo owenqabayo, ulahlekelwa ukwethenjwa. Umonakalo weduko wesikhathi eside owedume kahle ungabangela ukuphumelela okufushane.

Isiphetho: Ithuluzi Lamandla Alinganiselwe

Ukuhlola kokucindezela kuhlala kuhlangene nomkhankaso wanamuhla, ikakhulukazi emijahweni eqinile lapho abavoti abazibusayo bebambe khona ukulinganisela. Nokho, ukuphumelela kwabo akuqiniseki. Uma kusetshenziswa ngokubhekisisa izisulu, ukuphotha okungokomzwelo, nokusondela osukwini lokhetho, ukusunduza kungenza amanguquko amancane kodwa angokoqobo emibonweni ephambene. Kodwa lokhu kushintsha ngokuvamile kuyadlula, nezingozi . . ""ukuzibamba, izinkinga ezingokomthetho, nokulimaza idumela ("inflar") kukhulu.

Isivikelo esingcono kakhulu sabavoti abazimele yimfundo nokucabanga okugxekayo. Ukuqaphela ukuhlolwa okucindezelayo mayelana nokuthi iyini i-(propagandada efihlekile njengokucwaninga − iwubukhazikhazi bamandla ayo. Ngokuqondene nemikhankaso, ukwaziswa kusikisela ukuthi ukutshala imali ekuboniseni ngaphaya, ukuxhumana okusekelwe ekhonweni kunikeza ukusekela okuqinile phakathi kwabazimele kunokuncintisa amasu okuhlola ngokungatsheki. Njengoba ukufunda kwezezindaba kukhula futhi imithetho yokukhetha ishintsha, ikhono lokuhlola lokuguqula abantu abazimele cishe liyoqhubeka lincipha. Ebukhonzweni obunempilo bombuso wentando yeningi, lokho kuwukuthambekela okuhle.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngethonya lezokukhangisa okungakhi kanye nokuhlola okuphoqelelayo, bheka i- American Association for Public Opinion Research yeziqondiso zezimiso zokuziphatha, i- Pew Research Center[[ yokwaziswa ngolwazi lwezombangazwe, kanye ne- ANNNCENIGUIC Policy Center [[ yemithombo yezindaba.