Ukuchaza Ubuqaba Njengefilosofi Yomthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho-sisekelo uyisikhungo sokuchaza incazelo evumelana nokuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo imiswe ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwayo. Kubantu bokuqala, umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo usho lokho owawukuqonde ukuthi usho lokho labo ababhala futhi bawugunyaza. Lendlela ivame ukuqhathaniswa nemibono yemiqondo "yomthetho-sisekelo ophilayo," evumela incazelo yamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ukuba ivele ngesikhathi esidlule. Emzamweni sawo, ubuShulumente buzama ukunqanda ukwahlulela, bephikisa ngokuthi amajaji akumelwe afakele izintando zawo siqu emithethweni engokomthetho. Kunalokho, kufanele bathathe isinyathelo njengezinhlangothi ezithi thi thi thi thi thi thi throumbers, usebenzisa incazelo yokuqala yombhalo ukuba ivumela izimpikiswano zamanje.

Izici Ezimbili Eziyinhloko: Incazelo Yomphakathi Yasekuqaleni Ephambene Nesakuqala

Ngaphansi kwesambulela sobuProtom, kukhona izikole ezimbili eziyinhloko. Inguquko yakudala, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi i- inhloso yokuqala, igxila kulokho abakhi bomthetho ngokwabo abahloselwe ngasese lapho benza ilungiselelo. Abagxeki baphawula ukuthi le ndlela inzima ngoba abakhi bohlelo babeyiqembu elihlukene futhi ngokuvamile abaphikisayo. incazelo yamanje nenamandla ingumphakathi yencazelo yokuqala ye-listism [, isekelwe nguMahluleli we-Antonto engcono ebekwe eMthethweni we-Sccie. Lokhu kubuza ukuthi isikhulumi esinengqondo noma umfundi wesiZulungu ngesikhathi sokuzinza wayeqonda. Igcizelela ukuthi incazelo efinyeleleyo yamagama ayikho. Le mfihlose-scrensign infection in the moduction.

Icala LobuQala: Ukuvumelana, Ukushaya Indiva, Nokubusa KoMthetho

Abasekeli be-discism banikeza izimpikiswano eziningana ezinamandla. Okokuqala, baphikisa ngokuthi i-ronaryism inikeza inzuzo . Umthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe; uma incazelo yawo ishintsha ngemizwa yabahluleli noma umbono womphakathi, iyeka ukusebenza njengesisekelo esimisiwe sokubusa. Izakhamuzi nemithetho yemithetho yesizwe idinga ukwazi ukuthi umthetho uyini namuhla nokuthi uzoba yini kusasa. Ukuthatha inqubo yemithetho kuqinisa umqondo wokuthi inguquko yemithetho-gracle kumelwe ivele kubantu ngenqubo yeSiphakamiso V, hhayi ekuchazeni kabusha. Umthetho wesibili, ukuthuthukisa [FLT.NT], ukuveza izilinganiso eziyisisekelo, ukukhomba okuyisisekelo, ukusekela okungokomthetho wezingawokuqala, [FT.FT.F.3] kugunyazwe yizisekelo oluthiwe ngokomthetho olugunyaziwe kakhulu.[F.[F.]

  • Incazelo eqinisekile ivumela abantu namabhizinisi ukuba bahlele izindaba zabo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuthi inkantolo yesikhathi esizayo izoyishintsha imithetho yomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Ukulandisa ngedemocratic: Ukuguqula eMthethweni-sisekelo kungukwabantu ngokufanelekile ngokulungisa, hhayi kubulungisa obumbalwa.
  • Jodicial Bat:[ Ukuzimisela kufunela ukuba amagatsha entando yeningi abekelwe idemokhrasi ngaphandle uma incazelo yokuqala yomthetho-sisekelo isidlula ngokucacile isinqumo sommisi-mthetho.

Inselele: Isidingo Sokuvumelana Nezimo Noshintsho Emphakathini Oshintshayo

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, ukuvumelana kobuhlanga nobudoda kubhekene nokugxekwa okunzima. Ukuphikisa okuvame kakhulu ukuthi umphakathi uye wavela ngokuphawulekayo kusukela esikhathini sokusungulwa. Imibono enjengesonakaliso sogesi, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, nobuchwepheshe banamuhla bokuzalana akuzange kube khona − futhi futhi izindinganiso eziningi zezenhlalo esingazithathi kalula, njengokulingana kobuhlanga nobulili obungaphansi komthetho. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi indlela eqinile yokusungula ingenza imiphumela engaqondakali noma engalungile kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenzisa incazelo yokuqala yeSichibiyelo sesine sentambo ye-wate, kungenzeka ukuthi ayizange iholele ekuvikelekeni okuncane, ngoba abasunguli bengenakuqonda ukulalela uhulumeni ngezindonga. Ngokufanayo, ukuphikisa kokuqala kungaboniswa isikhathi eside ukuvikela nokuvinjelwa emshadweni futhi kuveza ukuvinjelwa komshado phakathi nonyaka wokuqala kuye kwaphikisa imithetho enjalo ngokwezingaqondana nencazelo yenkulumo yokuqala yalena.

Lapho Ukukholelwa Kukuqala Kubonakala Kungqubuzana Nobulungisa

Isibonelo esivamile yi- Brown v. ibhodi lemfundo (1954). Abakhi beSiphendu se-145th bavumela izikole ezihlukene (iSivumelwano esifanayo esahlongoza ukunqanyulelwa kwesivumelwano eWashington, D.C.). Uhlelo oluqinile lokufunda, ngokusekelwe ekuqondeni kwasekuqaleni "isivikelo semithetho," lungasekela ngokunye ukugcinwa. Nakuba kunjalo amaMelika amaningi agubhabhisa [[FLT:] Brown[FLT][3] njengokunqoba kobulungisa. shlightss ukuvumelana kwendlela ezimbili: okuthiwandulelayo ukulingana kwendlela ehlukeneyo ngokwendlela yokuqala yezimiso, njengendlela encipheka ezinye izimo ezithathwa ngayo ngokwendlela yokubusa ngokwezimo ezilinganiswayo (indlela ethathwe ngayo ezinye izilinganiso), kanti ukuvumelana kwezimiso zika-Thomaston:[Fogn] kungathi ukuvusenelwe ukuvuzwana kobukwa komphakathi okulungile kungathi kungathi kulungile, futhi kungathi inguquko kuphendule

Ukuveza Ukulinganisela: Umkhuba Ongokomlando, Isiqalo, Nemfundiso Yokuqala Engokomlando

Amajaji amaningi nezazi zithatha i-list eqondanayo kakhulu ngqa mayelana nencazelo yokuqala kodwa ziqaphela amandla okuthatha isiqalo esidala nezimo ezivumelanayo. Lendlela ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi " uqulu lwakuqala olune-valv yokuphepha"[ noma [[FLT:]] olunencazelo ebanzi ye-"incazelo ebanzi [ [[FLT]]] ebanzi]. Ikholelwa ukuthi incazelo yokuqala yomthetho ingukubaluleka kwencazelo futhi kufanele inikezwe ubunzima obukhulu. Nokho, uma incazelo yokuqala iholela ekubonakaleni ingenangqondo, noma uma iphikisana kakhulu nesimiso somthetho esiye yavela esikhathini esingaphezulu (njengesimo sokulawula), amajajingamenye anci anci anci awe nalenye indlela yokuchaza lendlela engcono kakhulu.

Indima YeStarde Ibhubhisa Ama - star Engxenyeni Yomsebenzi Wokuqala

Ubufandamentali buhlanganisa ukukhetha kakhulu ukubheka ngokushiya i-decis. Isimiso sokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilandele ezazo izinqumo ezingaphambili. IJaji Scalia ngokwayo yabhala ukuthi "ayiyena umsunguli oqinile" lapho kulandela isiqalo. Waphikisa ngokuthi ukudlulisa zonke izinqumo ezisuka ekuqondeni kwakuqala kungaba ukuhluleka. Kunalokho, wasebenzisa indinganiso eqinile yokubuka idecis, edlula ezicathulweni lapho incazelo yokuqala yayicacile khona futhi ingenamthetho-mthetho umthetho ungayisebenza noma uguquguquka. Lokhu kuvumela ukuqondiswa kancane kancane kancane ngaphandle kokulahlwa okumisiwe. Isinqumo samuva ([FFFF:]]]] [enye inguquko enzima.] [inguquko enzima]] i-gconstle.[4] i-Amenstions org.[3] kungenza ukushiyeka i-“ I-gconstvos org, futhi i-osemstion.[f]

Ukuqamba Kwakuqala Kusetshenziswa: Amacala Ayinhloko Enkantolo Ephakeme

Ukuze iqonde ukuthi ukuzimisela kusebenza kanjani emhlabathini, kuwusizo ukuhlola izigcawu eziningi eziphawulekayo. Ku-Dialiologian of Columbia v. Heller [2008], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa incazelo yokuqala yomphakathi ukuchaza ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sesibili silungile "ukugcina nokuphatha iziGciko" njengelungu elinelungelo, hhayi nje eliboshelwe ekusekeleni inkonzo ye-bushiqela. Umthetho Scintanaria'umbono womphakathi uhlola kakhulu imithombo ye-erabhayo/idictiona, izingxoxo, impikiswano shwhhhhhwhwhwhka ukuthi isawuqonda kanjani ukuthi isakhamuzi siqonde umbhalo ovamile. Ize i-Devicencervey yaqala ukuvikelwa yi-Foctive.[3][3] I-Foctivemston inqaba ukuthi inqaba ukuthi intembelo inqaba inqaba inqaba inqaba. Ngaleyo inqaba inqaba, iyavuma ukuthi iyavuma njalo.

Enye indaba eyisihluthulelo yi- New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [202], eyanwetshwa [] futhi yasungula uvivinyo olusha lwezeSikhawulo seSimiso seSikampucuko: uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi umthetho wakhe "ukusekela isiko lalesisizwe elingokomlando lokulawula izibhamu. Lokhu kuhlola kubeka ubunzima obukhulu ekuhlolweni okungokomlando, kudinga abahluleli abaqali bezeli. Uvivinyo iBruen luyisibonelo esiphikisayo sokuqala ngoba lufuna izinga eliphakeme lokwethembeka komlando, futhi abagxeki kwenze umthetho ungabi nalwazi olusekelwe ekuqondeni impikiswano yanamuhla. [FFFT] [5] [5]

Emkhakheni wamandla okuqondisa, ukusungula kuye kwaba nethonya ngokufanayo. Trump v. Mazars USA, LLP [2020], iNkantolo yabhekana nombuzo mayelana nama-secomponion poena abhalwayo ezimali zikaMongameli. Amajaji ahlukahlukene acelwa ukuba athole ukuqonda okusungulwa kwe-areauthonion mayelana nemithetho ye-ISCTRC, kodwa umbono womphakathi ekugcineni wasebenzisa uvivinyo olusebenzayo, ebonisa ukuthi incazelo yokuqala ayithathi i-spective. I-ronary inamandla kakhulu uma umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo nencazelo yawo icacile; uma abahluleli bengaqondakali, kumelwe bawele emuva kwezinye izindlela zokuchaza.

Ukuxhumana Kwangaphandle Kokufunda Okwengeziwe

Abafundi abanesithakazelo ngokwengeziwe ekuhloleni incazelo engokwemvelo bangabheka lemithombo elandelayo:

UMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo Uyindlela Ehlukile

Akukho kuxoxisana ngezimiso zobufandamentali obuphelele ngaphandle kokuyiqhathanisa nefilosofi encintisanayo yomthetho-sisekelo ophilayo. Abasekeli bemithetho-sisekelo ephilayo, njengoMahluleli Breyer, baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kumelwe uchazwe ngokukhanyiselwa ngokususa izindinganiso ezihlukanisayo nezidingo zanamuhla. Lendlela ivumela ushintsho lwezinto eziphilayo, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ingenayo izimiso ezingoko ezingokomlando. Njengesibonelo, ukunqatshelwa kweSimemezelo seSimemezelo seNguqulo seNguquko esingu-8 esiqinile nengajwayelekile "isijeziso" kuqondwa njengokushosho okuthile ezindinganisweni ezihloniphekile zesithunzi, hhayi kulokho okwakubhekwa njengokunonya ngo-1791. [i-Fofleans]. [iffell], kodwa izingozi ezingokomthetho wezombangazwe ungayifaka izingozi kakhulu ezandleni zabahluleli. Ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqinile sokusebenza kwemithetho yezombangazwe.

Isisekelo Esiphakathi: Umthetho - sisekelo Ovamile

Esinye isimo esiphakathi umthetho - sisekelo ovamile umthetho-sisekelo ohlangene nezazi njengoDavid Strauss. Lombono ubheka ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo njengokufana nokusungulwa komthetho ovamile, lapho izandulela zakhelana khona kancane kancane, futhi uMthetho-sisekelo ushintsha kancane ngokucabangela kokwahlulela, hhayi ngomzuzu owodwa wokuqala. Umthetho womthetho ovamile uyavuma ukuthi amajaji angavumela umthetho, kodwa phakathi kokuvinjelwa kwenqubo nesiko. Ilula kakhulu kunemithetho yakuqala kodwa ihlelwe kunemithetho ephilayo. Izahlulele, mhlawumbe ilandela lendlela yokusebenza. Le sisekelo esiphakathi sizama ukulinganisela ukuqina (ngokuvumelana noshintsho oluqhubekayo) ngokuvumela umthetho ukuba ukhule ngokucabanga okusekelwe ekuqondiseni komthetho wemvelo). Ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwalamafilosofi kuqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili ukuzuza komthetho womthetho nesisekelo wokuhlakanipha.

Isiphetho: Ukuvumelana Ngenxa Yezingxabano

Ukungathiyana phakathi kobuKhomanisi kanye nesidingo sokuvumelana nezimo akusona isici sobukhomba-mthetho obuqinile. Ukulawula kwakuqala kumisa umthetho kuze kube seqophelweni elimisiwe, kunikeza ukubikezela nokuphatha ngentando yeningi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo uqukethe ulimi olubanzi nezimiso ezivumela ukuthuthuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngisho nomfundi wakuqala uqaphela ukuthi incazelo yokuqala idinga ukubhekiselwa kwezimo zanamuhla noma ngokwesibonelo, iSiphendundumiso sokuqala sivikela "umchazi" ngokukhanyayo ngisho noma ingenzeki ku-i - Internet, ngisho noma abasunguli bengakaze bayicabange i-intanethi. Isihluthulelo singaba i-skeleleka ukuqondwa ngokuqonda kwasekuqaleni kwesimiso sokuqala, noma ukuthi imelela ukubhalwa kabusha kombhalo. Icebo elingcono liyokuveza isilinganiso esingokomlando, ukulinganisela nokulunga phakathi kwemiphumela encikelele ekuhleleni kwezwe lonke. Njengoba kulokhu kulokhu kuvela kuhlola ubuchwepheshe obusemthethweni obusemthethweni obuqinile.