Ukubusa KwaseScandinavia Nenhlalakahle Yezenhlalo: Ithonya Elijulile Endimeni YaseNordic

Amazwe aseScandinavia − Sudwenen, Norway, Denmark, Finland, kanye ne-Iceland (ngokuvamile) sekuyisikhathi eside kuhlatshwa umxhwele ososayensi bezombangazwe, izazi zezomnotho, nabenzi bezimiso zezenhlalo emhlabeni wonke. Ukuxubana kwazo okuhlukile kokubusa kwentando yeningi, izinhlangano ezibonisayo, kanye nezimiso zezenhlalakahle ezibanzi zezenhlalo zihlanganisa ngokuqhubekayo imiphakathi yazo phakathi kwezijabula kakhulu, ezilingana kakhulu, nezichuma kakhulu eMhlabeni. Okubizwa ngokuthi “isibonelo seNordictic" akusona icebo elilodwa kodwa akusisimiso sezimiso ezihlangene ezilinganayo nesimiso sokuhweba ngokukhululekile esinemiphakathi kwezindawo eziqinile. Lesi sihloko sihlola ngokujule kakhulu izakhiwo ezisekela lezi zindawo zenhlalakahle, siqhathanisa ukufinyelela okuyingqayizivele kwesizwe ngasinye, futhi sihlola izinselele ezibheke lezi zimiso ezibhekene emhlabeni wonke umhlaba wonke.

Ekujuleni kwayo, indlela yokusebenza yaseScandinavia isekelwe esivumelwaneni sezenhlalo: izakhamuzi zikhokha izintela eziphakeme kakhulu ukuze zikwazi ukufinyelela izinkonzo zomphakathi eziphezulu zezentengiselwano, imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwabantwana, ukunakekela kwabadala, nokulondeka kweholo. Lesivumelwano sisekelwa ngamazinga aphakeme okuthemba uhulumeni, inkohlakalo ephansi, nokuhlanganyela kwezenhlalakahle. Umphumela uwumphakathi lapho ithuba ngalinye nenhlala - kahle ehlangene kungabonwa njengezimpisi eziphikisanayo kodwa njengokusekelana.

Izakhiwo Zokubusa EScandinavia

Wonke amazwe aseScandinavia asebenza njengedemokrasi yephalamende, ephethe imibuso ye-monarchy yomthetho-sisekelo (i-Sweden, i-Denmark, i-demon) noma i-republic (i-Finland). Amandla awenziwa ahlonipheke, ohulumeni bendawo bajabulela inkululeko enkulu, futhi ukwenza izinqumo kuphawulwa ngokwakha izivumelwano phakathi kwamaqembu amaningi ezombangazwe. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho lwenqubo, ikakhulukazi lawo athinta isimiso sezenhlalakahle, adingiswa kakhulu futhi asetshenziswa ngokucophelela.

Izimiso Zezombangazwe Nokubusa Kwenkululeko Yokuzimela

Isici esivelele sezombangazwe zaseScandinavia ukusakazeka kwezimiso eziningi kanye nohulumeni abahlangene. Akukho qembu elilodwa ngokuvamile elinamaqembu acindezelayo ukuba lizwane futhi lakhe izivumelwano. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukuyekethisa nokuhlela isikhathi eside, njengoba izinguquko zezenhlalakahle ngokuvamile zidinga ukusekelwa okuphambanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Riksdag yaseSweden ihlanganisa amaqembu angu-8 ephalamende, futhi ohulumeni abanziwa njalo ngemifelandawo ephakathi noma ephakathi. Izivumelwano zezenhlalakahle zikhuthaza ngokufanayo izivumelwano ezibanzi ezinguqulweni zemali yempesheni nezezezobuchwepheshe.

Lokhu kuhluka kwezombangazwe kuqinisekisa futhi ukuthi kumelelwa amaqembu amancane, izindawo zasemaphandleni, nezithakazelo zezomnotho ezihlukahlukene. Umphumela uwukuthi isimo esisizungezile esizinzile, esizilungele, esingenakuguquka ngokungazelele, esiphazamisayo, esidinga ukugcinwa komphakathi uthembele enhlalakahleni.

Ukubona Okuqondile, Ukubusa KoMthetho, Nokungakhohlisi

Amazwe aseScandinavia asekela ngokungaguquki ukuvela kwembulunga yonke ukuze athole ukubonakala, umthetho, nokungabikho kwenkohlakalo. Ngokwe-Transparency International’s Poration Perceptions Index, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, neNorway njalo amanani aphakathi kwamazwe ayishumi angonakalanga kakhulu. Lokhu akunangozi: izisekelo eziqinile ezingokomthetho, izimemezelo ezizimele, inkululeko yemithetho yokwaziswa, kanye nempucuko yokulandisa konke kunikela.

Izakhamuzi zithemba ukuthi imali yentela isetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo nangokungakhethi. Ukuthemba okukhulu, nakho, kwenza kuphumelele ngokwezombangazwe ukulondoloza amazinga entela ephakeme(8) "isihluthulelo sokunikeza izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle eziphanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, eSweden, isimiso sokuthola komphakathi izincwadi ezingokomthetho (i-interlighetsprinpenion) siye safakwa emthethweni kusukela ngo-1766, izakhamuzi nezintatheli ukuba zihlole izindleko zikahulumeni.

Ukuncishiswa Kwesimilo Nohulumeni Wendawo

Enye insika yokubusa kweScandinavia nguhulumeni onamandla wendawo. OMasipala nezifunda banomthwalo wokunikeza izinkonzo eziningi zezenhlalakahle(isikole, izikole, impilo, ukunakekela kwabadala, nezinkonzo zezenhlalo. Zifaka intela yazo siqu zeholo futhi zithola izimali ezivimbelayo kuhulumeni wezwe. Lokhu kubekwa kwemithetho kuvumela ukuba izimiso zivumelane nezidingo zendawo kuyilapho zigcina izindinganiso zesizwe ngomthetho nangezimali.

Ngokwesibonelo, eFinland omasipala abangaphezu kuka-300 baphatha ukunakekelwa kwempilo nemfundo okuyinhloko, futhi isifundazwe siqinisekisa ukulingana ngesimiso sokulingana esibanzi. Inguquko yamuva kamasipala eDenmark yahlanganisa omasipala abangu-721 baba ngama-98 amakhulu ukuze bathuthukise impumelelo kuyilapho belondoloza ukulawulwa kwendawo. Lokhu kulinganisela phakathi kokuqondisa kwesikhungo nokuzivumelanisa nendawo kuyisici esivelele se-Nordic ephethe.

Izimo Ezingokwenhlalo: Umbuso Wenhlalakahle WaseNordic

Isibonelo sezenhlalakahle yamaNordic sivame ukuchazwa ngokuthi “umhlaba wonke” futhi“ ukulungiswa”"""" okusho ukuthi ukufinyelela izinkonzo ezibalulekile kuyilungelo le-volution, hhayi ukuxhomeke emalini edayiswayo. Isisekelo saso siyisimiso sobunye bezenhlalo: wonke umuntu unikela ngokwamandla nezinzuzo ngokwesidingo. Lokhu kuxhaswe ngokuyinhloko ngentela ekhokhelwayo, ukukhokha intela (VAT), kanye neminikelo yabaqashi.

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo Kwabantu Bonke

Wonke amazwe aseScandinavia anikeza ukunakekelwa kwempilo okukhokhelwa obala okukhululekile kakhulu ngesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa. Izimiso zikhokha intela, zikhokhelwa izinkonzo ezithile eziphethwe yiziguli (isibonelo, amazinyo, imithi kadokotela) kodwa zinezikhonkwane zaminyaka yonke zokuvikela izindleko zenhlekelele. Ngokwesibonelo, iNorway, ikhefu elingaphandle kwezindleko zokwelapha ezilinganiselwa ku-5 500 (R1) ngonyaka. Isilinganiso sokuphila esisendaweni siphakathi kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-822, futhi inani lokufa kwezinsana liphansi kakhulu emhlabeni wonke.

Ukulawula kwezempilo kuyahlukahluka: IDenmark neNorway ziye zahlanganisa izimiso zempilo zamazwe; iSweden neFinland zisebenzisa inhlanganisela yemikhandlu yesifunda neyomasipala. Naphezu kokungafani kokwakheka, imiphumela ihlala ingcono, njengoba kulinganiswa ngemibiko ye - OECD Health eGlance.

Imfundo Ekhululekile Nemfundo Yokuphila Konke

Imfundo etholakala esikoleni esiphansi ukuya eyunivesithi ikhululekile kuwo wonke amazwe aseScandinavia. EFinland, eSweden, naseDenmark, imfundo ephakeme ayihlanganisi ngisho nenkokhelo yabafundi basekhaya nase-EU/EEA, kanti iNorway ngaphambili yayinikeza bonke abafundi bezizwe ngezizwe intela yamahhala (ngokulindelekile osungulwe intela yabafundi abangebona aba-EU). Ukugcizelelwa kusekulinganani kwethuba: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isizinda somkhaya, zonke izingane ziyakwazi ukufinyelela izinga elifanayo lemfundo.

Isimiso semfundo saseFinland sidume kakhulu ngokuntuleka kwaso kokuhlola okuvamile, othisha abaqeqeshwe kahle, nokugxila entuthukweni ye - holist.

Umshuwalense Wezenhlalo Nezemisebenzi Ezikhuthele

Izwe lezenhlalakahle linikeza isivikelo seholo phakathi nokuphila: izinzuzo zezingane, ikhefu labazali (amasonto afinyelela ku 68 akhokhelwa eSweden), umshuwalense wokungasebenzi, izinzuzo zokugula, impesheni yokukhubazeka, nemali yempesheni endala. Ukuphana kukhulu, futhi kungenisa imali yokusebenza esebenzayo engcono kakhulu. (Izinzuzo zokusebenza zivame ukuthatha indawo yeholo lama-60-80% ehholo engaphambili isikhathi esithile, kanye nezimo ezidinga ukuseshwa komsebenzi okhuthele nokuhlanganyela ezimisweni zokuqeqesha.

Izimiso zezentengiselwano zezisebenzi ezisebenzayo ziyisici esibucayi. Ohulumeni banikela kakhulu ekuqeqesheni, ekunikezeni umsebenzi, nasekukhokheleni izimali ukuze kusizwe abangasebenzi abasebenzayo. Isibonelo seDenmark “sokusebenza kwezisebenzi” sihlanganisa ukuqasha okuvumelana nezimo kanye nokudubula ngemali ekhokhelwayo nezindlela zokuthengisa eziphambili. Lendlela igcine inani lokungasebenzi liphansi kakhulu (ngokuvamile elingu-4-6%) kuyilapho ilondoloza ukungenela kwezisebenzi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabesifazane nasebekhulile.

Ukulingana Komphakathi Nokunikela

Izimiso zezenhlalakahle zaseScandinavia ziklanyelwe ukunciphisa ukulingana. Ngokukhokha intela nokuthutha okuqhubekayo okuphayo, iGini conagitation (isilinganiso sokungalingani kweholo) emazweni anjenge-Sweden ne-Norway icishe ibe 0.25-0.27, uma kuqhathaniswa no 0.39 eUnited States kanye no-0.35 eUnited Kingdom. Ngaphezu kweholo, umbuso wezenhlalakahle uthuthukisa ukulingana kwabesifazane ngokunakekela izingane okungalinganiyo, ikhefu labazali abaphanayo, kanye nemithetho ekhuthaza obaba ukuba bahlanganyele imisebenzi yokunakekela.

Umphumela awukho nje kuphela ukuchuma ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo kodwa futhi izinga eliphakeme lokwethenjwa kwezenhlalo kanye namazinga aphansi obugebengu. IWorld Happiness ibika iFinland, iDenmark, i-Iceland, neSweden ngokungaguquki phakathi kwamazwe amahlanu ajabula kakhulu, ibhekisela ezinhlanganweni ezisekela umphakathi eziqinile nokuntuleka kokonakala okucatshangelwayo.

Ukuqonda Okuqhathanisayo: Umehluko Phakathi Kwamazwe AseNordic

Lapho lihlanganyela izimiso eziyisisekelo, izwe ngalinye laseScandinavia liye lasungula izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezilolongwa umlando, ingcebo, nethonya lezombangazwe.

INorway: Izwe Lenhlalakahle Elinowoyela

Ingcebo enkulu kawoyela waseNorway, eyatholwa ngawo-1960, iye yalawulwa nge-Publication Fund Global (manje ebibiza ngaphezu kwama-dollar ayizigidi ezingu-7,7). Lengcebo esemthethweni ivumela i-Norway ukuba iqhube izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle ngesikhathi itshala imali yezizukulwane ezizayo. Izwe linomcebo omkhulu kakhulu kunyaka we-GDP futhi liqhayise inzuzo yomhlaba yonke ephakeme kakhulu ye-Human Development Index (0.9666 kuya kuma-202). Isimiso sempesheni ye-Rentelligence senzi eveynethiwe ngemali eyisisekelo yemali, impesheni ehambisana nemali ehambisana nemali esebenzayo yokusebenza. Nokho, ukuzuza imali egciniwe kumafutha kudala ukulahlekelwa kwenani lembulunga yonke, futhi izwe lingenisa imali engokomnotho kakhulu.

IFinland: Ukuvuselelwa Nemfundo Kuqala

Kuntula imithombo yemvelo, iFinland yafaka imali eningi emfundweni nasebucikweni ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Umphumela umnotho owengeziwe oholwa izinkampani ezinjenge Nokia (futhi manje i-evieology echumayo). Ifekthayo yaseFinland igcizelela izimiso zemisebenzi yezentengiselwano ezisebenzayo, futhi isizwe siye sazama inzuzo eyisisekelo (UBI) eholweni elisemqoka kakhulu kumshayeli wesikali kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-2018. Umzamo wathola ukuthi abamukela inzuzo engcono kakhulu futhi ingcono kunemiphumela yeqembu elilawulayo. IFinland yabuye yaguqula ukunakekelwa kwayo kwempilo nesimiso senkonzo (STE) ukuze ikwazi ukuhlanganisa ukunakekela nokunciphisa izindleko, nakuba ukukhiqizwa kwemishini kuye kwayinkimbinkimbi.

ESweden: I - Archemont Universal Welfare State

Isibonelo saseSweden sivame ukubhekwa njengesahluko esibanzi. Sinikeza ikhefu labazali elibanzi izinsuku ezingu-480 ngengane ngayinye, ukunakekelwa kwabantwana okunzima (cishe ngamaphesenti amathathu eholo), nemfundo yamahhala yaseyunivesithi. Izwe linesilinganiso esiphakeme sentela-GDP (cishe ezingu- 42%), kodwa ukwamukelwa komphakathi kuhlala kuqinile. ISweden futhi inesiko elide lokunakekela izingane zezisebenzi, izinhlangano zabaqashi, nohulumeni wokuhlela iholo nemibandela yezezezezezemisebenzi. Izinselele zihlanganisa izakhamuzi ezinkulu zabafuduki, izimali zokulondoloza izimali zezindlu, nokuxoxa ngobugebengu obukhudlwanayo emadolobheni.

IDenmark: I - Flexicurism Nesimo Esincane Se - Liberalism

I- “flexication" ingumboniso oqinile: abaqashi bangaqasha futhi bavuse idolo ngemingcele embalwa (ukunganciphi), kuyilapho ukungasebenzi okukhulu nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezisebenzayo kunikeza ukulondeka. Lenhlanganisela iye yagcina umnotho weDenmark unamandla nesilinganiso sawo sokusebenza siphakeme (cishe u-75%). Izwe lezenhlala - kahle laseDenmark aliphazeli kakhulu kwezinye izindawo uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Sweden, kodwa izinkonzo zomphakathi ziphumelela kakhulu. Izwe futhi linongxenye yomphakathi engcono kakhulu, ngemisebenzi eminingi etholakala kuyi-inthanethi ye-intanethi. I-Denmark ibhekeneevandsssss eziphambili kodwa igcine ukulondolozwa kwempesheni nakwezomnotho ziqinile.

Izinselele Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kwempumelelo yazo, izifunda zezenhlalakahle zaseScandinavia azigonyiwe ekucindezelekeni.

Ukuguga Kwenani Labantu Nokuzinziswa Kwabantu

Njengamazwe amaningi athuthukile, iScandinavia ibhekene nenani labantu abahlala phansi abagugile. Isilinganiso sakudala sokuncika (abantu 65+ kukhulu kusebenza) kulindeleke ukuba bakhuphuke kusukela ku-30 kuya ku-45 kuya ku-2050 kwamanye amazwe. Lezi zinkinga zemali yempesheni, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nokunakekela kwabadala. Izinguquko ziye zakhuphula iminyaka yokuthatha umhlalaphansi kancane kancane (umzk., isimiso se-Sweden sihlanganisa identethelelo nenkathi yokuphila), futhi amazwe amaningi ayanda asebenza phakathi kwezisebenzi esezikhulile. Izimali zemali ephakeme eNorway zinikeza umqamelo, kodwa amanye amazwe kumelwe athembele ezinkokhisweni ezinkongweni ezingcono noma ekulungiseni.

Ukuthuthela Ezindaweni Ezithile Nokuthuthela Ezindaweni Ezithile

IScandinavia iye yathola izikhungo ezinkulu zokufuduka, kuhlanganise nabafuni bezikhoselo ezisezifundeni ezilwayo nabafuduki abasebenza kanzima e-EU. Ukukhushulwa kwezisebenzi kuye kwabonakala kuyinselele, kanti i-Finland neNorway igxile ezimisweni zokuhlanganisa izisebenzi eziphansi kanye nemfundo. ISweden, eyamukela inani elikhulu lababaleki ngo 2015, inezimiso zesiphephelo eziqinile futhi isungula izimfuneko ezengeziwe zokuqeqeshelwa ulimi kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwezenhlalakahle yomphakathi. IDenmark iye yamukela eminye yemithetho eqinile yokufuduka eYurophu, kanti iFinland neNorway iye yagxila eziminyangweni zokuhlanganisa izisebenzi. Izivumelwano zokusiza abantu abahlala ndawonye nesocimbini ihlala ilokhu iyimpikiswano yezombangazwe ephikisana nezombangazwe.

Ukushintsha Kwezomnotho Nokuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke

Ukushintshela ezomnotho, ekutholeni imishini, nasekuncintisaneni kwembulunga yonke kubangela ukucindezela ezimbonini ezingokwesiko nasemisebenzini. Amazwe aseScandinavia aye asebenzisa imali eningi ekuthuthukiseni imishini nobuchwepheshe obuluhlaza. Impumelelo yeFinland ekusunguleni kwezobuchwepheshe ne-Sweden (umz. Spoifleance, Klarna) iveza ukuvumelana. Nokho, ukulondoloza inhlalakahle egcwele ukunikela kudinga umkhiqizo ophezulu nokukhokha intela. Umncintiswano wentela e - EU kanye nokucindezela kwezinhlangano zezizwe ngezizwe ukubekela isisekelo sentela intela inselele.

Ukulondolozwa Kwezimali Zomphakathi

Intela ephakeme ingasusa umsebenzi nokutshala imali uma ingaklanywanga ngokucophelela. Ohulumeni baseScandinavia baye baphendula ngokwehlisa intela ehholo eliphansi eminyakeni yamuva lapho bendisa izisekelo zentela. Ngokwesibonelo, iSweden yanciphisa izinga layo eliphezulu lentela ngo-2020, futhi i-Denmark inezinga eliphansi lenkampani (22%) naphezu kwentela ephakeme. Isihluthulelo silondoloza ukuthenjwa kakhulu kuhulumeni //uma izakhamuzi ziqaphela ukulahlwa kwentela noma ukungaphathwa kahle, ukukhokhwa kwentela kuyancipha. Intuthuko eqhubekayo ekulawuleni kwezimiso zemishini yobuchwepheshe kanye nokusebenza kahle kwayo ngenxa yalokho iyinto ebaluleke kakhulu.

Ukuqondiswa Kwamanani Nezimo Ezintsha Zesikhathi Esizayo

IScandinavia iphambili kuhulumeni we-e-presel. I-Estonia ivame ukukhonjwa, kodwa amazwe ase-Nordic aphinde ahole. i-Denmark inikeza ibhokisi leposi eliyisibopho elinokwaziswa nge-metalog (e-Boks) ukuze ixhumane ngokomthetho; i-BankID yaseSweden inikeza ukuhlukanisa okulondekile kwamanani; iFinland inendawo yesizwe ye-“MyKanta” yempilo. Lezizimiso zinciphisa izindleko zokulawula, zinciphisa ukucaca, futhi zenza kube lula ngezakhamuzi ukufinyelela izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle. Iziqondiso zesikhathi esizayo zihlanganisa ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo esemthethweni (umz. g.h.

Isiphetho: Izifundo Ezitholakala Okuhlangenwe Nazo ElaseNordic

Izindlela zokubusa zamazwe aseScandinavia zihlangene kakhulu nezibonelo zazo zezenhlala - kahle. Kusobala ukuthi izimiso zezombangazwe ezigcwele zinikeza ukufaneleka nokuzinza okudingekayo ukuze kulondolozwe izintela eziphakeme nezinzuzo zendawo yonke. Ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo ephansi kuqinisekisa ukusabela, kuyilapho izimiso zezemisebenzi ezisebenzayo zigcina ezomnotho zinamandla. I-Nordic ayiwona umshikashika wezentengiselwano, wezomnotho, nowezenhlalo, kodwa izinselele zayo zokuzimela nokuzivumelanisa ziphawuleka ngokuphawulekayo.

Kwamanye amazwe, isihluthulelo asikona ukuphindaphinda yonke imininingwane kodwa ukuqonda izimiso eziyisisekelo: ukwakha ukwethembana ngokubonana, ukutshala enhloko - dolobha yomuntu, ukuthuthukisa ubunye bomphakathi, nokugcina isimiso esivumelana nezimo esingase sivele ngezikhathi ezishintshayo. Izenzakalo zaseScandinavia zibonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuhlanganisa ukuncintisana kwezomnotho nokuhleleka kwezenhlalo, okunikeza umbono oshukumisayo ngekusasa lokubusa nenhlala - kahle.

Imithombo yangaphandle yokufunda ngokwengeziwe: ECD ukuhlaziywa kwesibonelo se-Nordic, ukuguquguquka kwezimiso zempucuko yezwe lonke ye-Perceptions Index[, [[FLT]STATES Norway ngemithetho yezentengiselwano yezentengiso ezisebenzayo[[, kanye neNkslatem yomhlaba wenjabulo Ingxelo yezentengiso [.