Ukuqulwa kwezindaba zombango kwakha umgogodla wesimiso somthetho sokuxazulula izimpikiswano ezingahileli ukumangalelwa kobugebengu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumuntu obhekene nesiqubulo sokulimala komuntu siqu, umnini webhizinisi osebenza ngokudilizwa kwesivumelwano, noma umkhaya ohamba ngesehlukaniso nezindaba zokunakekela izingane, oqonda indlela inkantolo yombango esebenza ngayo. Lesi siqondiso sinikeza incazelo ebanzi, ethatha inyathelo, yenqubo yenkantolo yomphakathi, abadlali abahilelekile, nokuqonda okusebenzayo ezindlekweni, ubufakazi, kanye nezikhombiso zokuqulwa. Ekupheleni, uyoba nomgwaqo ocacile wento ongayilindela uma icala lakho lingena esimisweni sobulungisa.

Iyini Inkantolo Yangaphakathi?

Inkantolo yezenkantolo inkantolo yezakhamuzi esingatha izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele − abantu abazimele, izinkampani, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, noma ezinye izinhlangano − lapho elinye iqembu lifuna khona isinxephezelo noma ikhambi elithile lokulimala okubangelwa omunye. Ngokungafani nenkantolo yamasela, lapho uhulumeni emangalela khona othile ngokuphula umthetho futhi afune isijeziso, inkantolo igxila ekuxazululeni iziphambeko zomuntu siqu futhi inikeze usizo. Izindlela ezivamile zihlanganisa ukulimala kwemali, imiyalo (imithetho yasenkantolo yokunqanda noma ukuphoqelela isenzo esithile), noma izahlulelo zokukhipha icala eziveza amalungelo angokomthetho eqembu.

Izinkantolo zombango zisingatha izindaba ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezithi:

  • Izimpikiswano [ — uma omunye ehluleka ukwenza ngaphansi kwesivumelwano esibophayo esingokomthetho.
  • [[[UMTL:0] izimpikiswano ezingokwesisho[[[QUMT]] — ukungavumelani ngobunikazi, imingcele, noma ukusetshenziswa kwempahla engokoqobo noma yomuntu siqu.
  • [ isho [ — ukulimala komuntu siqu, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukunganaki, noma okunye ukukhohlakala komphakathi okulimazayo.
  • [ umthetho womkhaya [ — isehlukaniso, ilungelo lokuhlala kwezingane, ukusekela umntwana, nokutholwa.
  • [ izimpikiswano ezilungisayo — ukuqeda okungalungile, ukucwasana, iholo kanye nokwephulwa ngamahora.
  • [[UMTH:0] Iprojekthi kanye nezindawo [[[QURT:1] — izakulandela imincintiswano, ukuphatha kwethemba.
  • imisa izenzo[ — amacala alethwa iqembu labantu abasho okufanayo.

Ukuqonda izinga lenkantolo yomphakathi kukusiza ukuba ubone ukuthi imuphi umgwaqo ongokomthetho osebenza esimweni sakho. Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ezinhlotsheni zecala lomphakathi kahulumeni, bheka iUnited States Courts ye-partitume [[[FLT: 1].

Inqubo Yenkantolo Yasembusweni: Hamba Ngenye

Nakuba wonke amacala ehlukile, ukumangalelwa kwecala kwamacala amaningi ezakhamuzi kulandelana ngezigaba ezinqunyiwe.

Ukukhononda

Le nqubo iqala lapho umkhangisi eletha isudi, uhele wencwadi engokomthetho ebizwa ngokuthi ichaza inkantolo. Ukukhononda kunikeza iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho, amaqiniso asekela lezo ziphakamiso, futhi kufunwa usizo. Kumelwe ihlangabezane nemithetho ethile eqondile, njengokusho imbangela yesenzo kanye namaphuzu afanele ukuveza isaziso. UFiling udinga futhi ukukhokha imali, ehluka-hlukene ngenkantolo nangohlobo lwendaba; izintela zikhona ngenxa yemidanti yemali ephansi.

Inkonzo Yenqubo

Ngemva kokuba isikhalo sesifakiwe, ummangalelwa kumelwe azise ummangalelwa (umkhandlu umangalelwa) ngendlela engokomthetho. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi i-mester of project[. Ummangalelwa uthola amamende nekhophi yesikhalo, okubanika isaziso esingokomthetho sokumangalelwa kanye nosuku olumisiwe lokuphendula. Inkonzo efanele ibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi inkantolo inegunya phezu kommangalelwa; ukuhluleka ukukhonza ngokufanele kungalibambezela icala noma kuholele ekulahlweni.

3. ukusabela

Uma eseqediwe, ummangalelwa unesikhathi esilinganiselwe (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-21 kuya kwezingu-30) sokufaka u- strespect. Ukusabela kungaba khona ngezindlela eziningi:

  • [ Phendula — uyavuma noma uphika izinsolo futhi ungahlanganisa uvuma.
  • Ukukhipha — iphikisa ngokuthi ngisho noma izinsolo ziyiqiniso, umkhangisi akanalo ilungelo elingokomthetho lokukhulula (umz., ukuntuleka kwegunya, ukuhluleka ukusho ukuthi ikuphi).
  • commercaim — ummangalelwa ugomela ukuzisholo kwakhe ngokumelene nomphathi.

Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuphendula, ummangalelwa angacela inkantolo isahlulelo esinganqamuki esiwujuqu, ngokuzenzekelayo esinikeza usizo oluceliwe.

4. Ukutholakala

Ukuvubukula kuvame ukuba yisigaba eside kakhulu esihlanganisa imitapo. Bobabili banikezana ukwaziswa okubalulekile nobufakazi ukuze bakhe amabhokisi abo. Amathuluzi okuthola ahlanganisa:

  • [[IMIFUNDO:0] Izinqumo[[[QL:1] — imibuzo ebhaliwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • [ Izimo[ — ubufakazi bomlomo obuthathwe ngaphansi kwesifungo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, obunabameli abavela nhlangothi zombili.
  • Izikhombi zomkhiqizo [ — zifuna amabhukwana, ama-imeyili, izivumelwano, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, njll.
  • Icela ukungeniswa [ — izinkulumo eziphikisayo okumelwe zivunywe noma ziphike, zivala izindaba zokulingwa.

Ukuvubukula kungaveza amandla nobuthakathaka obukhuthaza ukuxazulula noma ukucacisa izingozi zokuya enkantolo.

5. Ukuhamba Kwangaphambi Kwamakhambi

Ngaphambi kokuba icala liqale, zombili izinhlangothi zingafaka imikhakha yamacala [ ukuxazulula ombango ongokomthetho noma ngisho nokuqeda icala. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuthatha isigwebo sokufushanisa [[[FT:1]] — kuphikisa ngokuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela ngamaqiniso ezinto ezibonakalayo nokuthi umuntu othuthayo unelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Uma evunyiwe, icala linqunywa ngaphandle kokulingwa.
  • [Motion in limine — icela inkantolo ukuba ikhiphe ubufakazi obuthile ukuba bunganikezwa enkantolo.
  • Motion ukuphoqa[ — ifuna isenzo senkantolo ukuphoqa olunye uhlangothi ukuze kukhiqizwe izimpendulo zokuthola.

Ukuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala kungasishintsha kakhulu isimo, ngezinye izikhathi kuqede isidingo sokuqulwa kwecala ngokuphelele.

6. Ukuqulwa kwecala

Uma icala lingaxazululwa ngokuhamba noma ngokuxazulula, liqhubekela phambili ecaleni. Ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi, umahluleli unquma kokubili amaqiniso nomthetho. Ecaleni lejaji, iqembu lezakhamuzi linquma amaqiniso, futhi umahluleli usebenzisa umthetho. Icala lilandela uhlelo oluhlelwe kahle:

  1. [[Umthetho:0] Izinkulumo ezivulayo [[[Umthetho:1] — uhlangothi ngalunye luhlela lokho oluhlose ukukufakazela.
  2. i-Platontiff’s profile-pan — inikeza ubufakazi nezingcingo zofakazi; ummangalelwa anganqamule-examine.
  3. [[[FT:0] Indaba ye-defentant — inikeza ubufakazi bayo nofakazi; i-plattiff arkup-examine.
  4. Impikiswano evezayo — uhlangothi ngalunye lufingqa ubufakazi futhi luphikisa isinqumo.
  5. [ Iziqondiso ze-JURT — umahluleli uchaza umthetho ijaji okumelwe lisebenze.
  6. Ukukhipha nesinqumo [ — amajaji afinyelela esinqumweni, noma umahluleli umemezela okutholakele enkantolo yebhentshi.

7. Ukwahlulela

Ngemva kwesinqumo, inkantolo ingena ekwahluleleni isho umphumela nanoma yiluphi usizo olunikezwayo. Ukwahlulela kungahlanganisa ukulimala kwemali, ukukhululeka, noma ukukhululeka. Ukunqoba ukwahlulela akuqinisekisi ukukhokhwa ngokuzenzekelayo; umnqophi wokunqoba kungase kudingeke athathe izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokusiphoqelela (Bheka ukuthi “Kwenzeka Yini Ngemva Kokwahlulela” ngezansi).

8.

Iqembu elilahlekelwayo ngokuvamile linelungelo lokuthola isahlulelo enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo azibuyisi amacala; inkantolo ethatha isigwebo ihlola umlando wokuqulwa kwamaphutha angokomthetho (ngokwesibonelo, iziqondiso ezingalungile zejaji, ukuvuma okungafanele, noma ukuchazwa kabi komthetho. Inkantolo ye-appellate ingaqinisekisa, ibuye iphendule, noma ilungise icala. Icala lingabiza futhi lifake isikhathi, ngakho ngokuvamile liqashelwa uma kuvela amaphutha amakhulu angokomthetho.

Abadlali Abayinhloko Ekuphishekeleni Kwezakhamuzi

Ukuqonda izindima zomhlanganyeli ngamunye kukusiza ukuba usebenzise inqubo futhi uxhumane ngokuphumelelayo neqembu lakho elingokomthetho.

  • Platotiff — iqembu eliqala icala. I-paltiff inomthwalo wokuqinisekisa lokho elikushoyo ngokucabangisisa ngobufakazi (cishe hhayi ngokungenjalo).
  • [ [ — iqembu liyamangalelwa. Ummangalelwa angaphakamisa izivikelo, amafayela aphikisana, noma ama-claim amelene nama-defendending.
  • [ Ukwahlulela — uqondisa izinqubo, imithetho yezenqubo zomthetho, uphatha ukuqulwa kwecala, futhi uqinisekisa inqubo efanele. Ekuqulweni kwebhentshi, umahluleli wenza futhi njengokuthatha iqiniso.
  • Jury — emacaleni ejaji lomphakathi, izakhamuzi eziyisithupha kuya ku-12 zizwa ubufakazi futhi zinqume amaqiniso aphikisanayo. Isinqumo sazo asidingi ukuvumelana ngaphandle kokuba imithetho yendawo ifuna lokho; izifunda eziningi zivumela ukubusa okukhulu noma isinqumo esikhulu ezindabeni zomphakathi.
  • Attoney — abameleli abasemthethweni abasekela amakhasimende abo. I-ligitation yomphakathi ingakhetha ukuzimelela ngokwayo (pro se), kodwa ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwemithetho nokuthola kwenza ukumelela kochwepheshe kube okutuseka kakhulu.
  • Izisebenzi zasenkantolo — omabhalane baphatha amasheke, uhlelo, namarekhodi amacala; izintatheli zenkantolo ziveza amarekhodi angokomthetho.

Izinhlobo Zamacala Ezakhamuzi Eziningi

Nakuba izigaba eziningi zijwayelekile, icala ngalinye linezindinganiso zalo ezingokomthetho nezinqubo. Nakhu ukuhlola ngokujulile ezinye izenzo zomphakathi ezivamile.

Izimpikiswano Ezihlangene

Amacala aphakama lapho omunye ehluleka ukwenza ngokuvumelana nesivumelwano. I-atlaff kumelwe ifakazele: (1) isivumelwano esisemthethweni, (2) ummangalelwa waphula isivumelwano, futhi (3) ukudilika okubangele umonakalo. Ama-media angahlanganisa umonakalo wokuvala, ukwenza okukhethekile (ukuphoqelela ukuba iqembu lenze isivumelwano sifezeke), noma ukubuyisela isivumelwano nokubuyisela amaqembu ezikhundleni zawo zakuqala).

Ukulimala Komuntu Siqu (Tort) Kusho Ukuthi

I-tort ihlanganisa ukukhohlakala komphakathi okubangela ukulimala. Okuvame kakhulu ukudaleka, okudinga ubufakazi bomsebenzi, ukugqekeza, ukulahlekelwa, nokulimaza. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izingozi zemoto, izenzakalo ze-spell-pall, inqubo engekho mthethweni yezokwelapha, kanye necala lomkhiqizo. Ama-tort ahlobana nomthetho owenjongo (efana nokuhlasela, ibhetri, ukuhlanjalaza, nokukhwabanisa) − ukunikeza ubufakazi bokuthi ummangalelwa wenza ngamabomu. Isijeziso singanikezwa ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu ukuze ajezise ukuziphatha okungafanele.

Umthetho Womkhaya Ubalulekile

Inkantolo yomkhaya isingatha isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukusekelana kwabantwana, nokutholwa. Lamacala ahilela izimpikiswano ezingokomzwelo futhi angaphansi kwemithetho eqondile kahulumeni. Izinkantolo eziningi zomkhaya zikhuthaza ukunqanda izingxabano nokufinyelela amalungiselelo amukelekayo.

Izingxabano Zomsebenzi

Ukulahlwa komsebenzi kuhlanganisa ukuqedwa ngokungafanele, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukucwaswa (kusekelwe kuhlanga, ubulili, ubudala, ukukhubazeka, njll.), kanye nokuphulwa kweholo nangamahora. Imithetho ye-Federal enjenge-ViI yeSihlomo samalungelo abantu, amaMelika ane-Act yokukhubazeka, ne-Fair Labor Standardal Act ekha amalungelo izisebenzi ezingawasebenzisa enkantolo yomphakathi. Izenzwe eziningi zifuna ukumangalelwa kwezegunya ne-EOC ngaphambi kokuba icala liqhubeke.

Ukuqonda Izindleko Zokuqamba Amanga Kwangaphakathi

Ukuqaphela izigaba ezinkulu zezindleko kukusiza ukuba uhlele imali futhi wenze izinqumo ezibonisa ulwazi ngokuphishekela noma ukuvikela indaba.

  • [ Inkokhelo yokukhokha [ — iyahlukahluka enkantolo; ilindele u-R100-500 (R180) ukufaka isikhalo enkantolo yesifundazwe, futhi i-$400+ enkantolo kahulumeni. Izinsalela ze-pidizent zikhona emaphathini.
  • Intela ye-attorney [ — abameli bavame ukukhokha ngehora ($150/$1,000+ ngehora kuxhomeke ekukuphi nasekhonweni) noma ukusebenza ngesisekelo esivumelanayo (ukuthatha isilinganiso sokululama, ngokuvamile 33/40% ezimweni zokulimala komuntu siqu). Abanye abameli bomkhaya basebenzisa izindleko ezicashile ezindabeni ezingahlolwanga kahle.
  • [ Intela yobufakazi [ — ochwepheshe emasimini njengemithi, ubunjiniyela, noma izimali bangabiza R120] R1,500 ngehora ukuze banikeze ubufakazi futhi balungiselele umbiko.
  • Izindleko ezifihlwayo[ — hlanganisa izindleko zenkantolo yokufaka imali (imali efihlwayo ngosuku), ukukopisha, i-software yokubukeza yebhukwana, nezindleko zokuhamba.
  • [ Izindleko [ — zingahlanganisa izindleko zamajaji, imibukiso yecala, izimpoqo zofakazi, nentatheli yekhophi yansuku zonke.
  • Izindleko [ — ukulungiselela amarekhodi, ukuhlela izifitshana, nokuphikisana ngomlomo kwenezela izinkulungwane engqikithini.

Ukuze ulawule izindleko, cabangela izingxoxo zokulungisa imishado, izivumelwano ezilinganiselwe, noma inqumo engenziwa ngandlela-thile. Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ekulawuleni izindleko, hlola imithombo enjenge Nolo iziqondiso zecala lomphakathi.

Enye Impikiswano

Izinkantolo zikhuthaza abantu abaningi ukuba baxazulule amacala nge - ADR, okungalondoloza isikhathi, imali nobudlelwane.

  • [ I-mediation — ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi (umlamuleli) isiza ukuzwana. Umlamuleli akanqumeli icala kodwa usiza abahilelekile ukuba bathole indawo efanayo. Ukubuyisana akusi-obopha ngaphandle kokuba isivumelwano sifinyelelwe futhi sisayinwe.
  • I-Arbitration — isiphathi somsizi ongathathi hlangothi sizwa ubufakazi futhi sikhipha isinqumo esibophekayo (esiqinile nesiqikelelwayo, esinamalungelo alinganiselwe okudlulisa). Izivumelwano eziningi zidinga ukudluliswa phambi kwesenzo senkantolo. Ukuthatha i-Arbit kuvame ukushesha futhi ngasese kakhulu kunenkantolo.
  • [[[I-FT:0] Ukuhlanganisa[ — amaphathi (ngokuvamile ngeseluleko) axoxa ngebhukwana ngokuqondile. Ukuphikiswa kungayenzeka kunoma isiphi isigaba, ngisho naphakathi kokuqulwa kwecala.

I-ADR ingaxazulula izingxabano ngezinyanga ezimbalwa esikhundleni seminyaka. American Bar Association’s Language of Dispute Resolution[[FLT: 1] inikeza ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngalezizindlela.

Indima Yobufakazi Emacala Omphakathi

Ubufakazi buyisisekelo sanoma iliphi icala lomphakathi. Ukuze liphumelele, iqembu kumelwe linikeze ubufakazi obufanele obusekela lokho elikushoyo noma isivikelo. Ubufakazi bungena ezigabani eziningana:

  • ubufakazi obuyi-odoli — izisho ezifushanisiwe ezivela kofakazi, amaqembu, noma ochwepheshe phakathi nokuqulwa noma ukuqulwa kwecala.
  • ubufakazi bobubhali — izivumelwano, ama-imeyili, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, ama-invoice, izithombe, kanye namavidiyo.
  • ubufakazi obubonakalayo — izinto ezibonakalayo njengomkhiqizo okhubazekile noma ucezu lwemishini.
  • Ubufakazi obubonisayo — amashadi, imidwebo, izifanekiso, noma imiboniso esetshenziselwa ukuchazela abasizi bejaji amaqiniso ayinkimbinkimbi.

Imithetho yobufakazi ilawula lokho okungavunywa. I-parysay (izinkulumo ezinikezwa ngaphandle kwecala zeqiniso lendaba) ngokuvamile ayivunyelwe ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe inqubo ehlukile. Ummeli onekhono uyazi ukuthi angabungenisa kanjani ubufakazi ngokuphumelelayo futhi aphikise ubufakazi obungafanele obuvela kolunye uhlangothi olumelene nabo.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi Emacaleni Asemphakathini

Kumagalelo omphakathi, ummangalelwa unomthwalo wokufakaza icala lakhe ukwazisa ubufakazi. Lokhu kusho ubufakazi kumele bubonise ukuthi inguquko yezehlakalo ye-partiff iyiqiniso kakhulu kunokuthi ayilona (ngaphezu kuka-50%). Lento indinganiso ephansi kunendinganiso engcono kumthetho wobugebengu.” Kweminye imimo ekhethekile ("ingamacala ahilela ukuphamba noma ukujezisa) / ezinye izinkantolo zingasebenzisa “ubufakazi obucacile nesanelisayo", obungaphezulu kakhulu kunendinganiso ephansi kunaleyo ewumthetho.

Ukulinganiselwa Okuncane

Zonke iziphakamiso zezakhamuzi zinomkhawulo wesikhathi lapho icala kumelwe libekwe khona, laziwa ngokuthi ukuqaphela ukulinganiselwa. Uma ummangalelwa ephuthelwa isikhathi, ukuzisholo kuvinjelwe unomphela. Inkathi yesikhathi ihlukahluka ngokulawula nangohlobo lwecala:

  • Ukulimala komuntu siqu: ngokuvamile iminyaka engu - 1-4 kusukela esikhathini sokulimala.
  • Phakamisa izingxabano: iminyaka engu - 3-6 ukusuka enqamulweni.
  • Ukuhlubuka: ngokuvamile iminyaka engu - 1-82.
  • Ukukhwabanisa: Kungase kuqale kusuka esikhathini okwatholwa ngaso ukukhwabanisa.

Izihlukaniso (njengesithi “isinqumo” ekusebenziseni kabi ukwelapha) zingandisa isikhathi esimisiwe. Ngaso sonke isikhathi thinta ummeli ngokushesha ukuze ugweme ukulahlekelwa ilungelo lakho lokusheshisa. Ukuze uthole ukucaciswa kokulinganiselwa okucaciswe uhulumeni, bheka i-FindLaw’s translation translation [.

Kwenzekani Ngemva Kokwahlulela?

Ukunqoba ukwahlulela akuqinisekisi ukukhokhwa okusheshayo. Obolekiswayo uba umkweleti wokwahlulela, ummangalelwa unecala. Uma onecala engakhokhi ngokuzithandela, umkweleti angathatha izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho, kuhlanganise:

  • [[UMTHO: 0] Imali yokudla [ — umyalo wenkantolo ofuna umqashi obolekile ukuba akhiphe ingxenye yeholo futhi alithumele kumninikhokha.
  • i-akhawunti ye-akaunti ye-banki levy — inkantolo igunyaza ukuthathelwa izimali nge-akhawunti yebhange lonecala.
  • [ ipropectry mash[ — isahlulelo sibekwa entweni yangempela yonecala, sivimbele ukuthengiswa ngaphandle kokukhokha isikweletu.
  • Ukuphazanyiswa — ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, inkantolo ingagunyaza ummeli ukuba abambe futhi adayise impahla engalahliwe.

Izenzo zokuphoqelelwa zilawulwa umthetho wezwe futhi zingalinganiselwa ngokungahlawuliwe (isinye isici seholo, izindawo zokuhlala, ama-akhawunti omhlalaphansi). Isahlulelo sivame ukuhlanganisa isithakazelo ngesilinganiso somthetho kuze kukhokhelwe.

Isiphetho

Imicimbi yomphakathi ihlelwe ngendlela esekelwe ekwakheni izingxabano zangasese. Kusekukhanseni kokuqala ngokuthola, ukuqulwa, nokukhanga, isigaba ngasinye sidinga ukulungiselelwa ngokucophelela nokwenza izinqumo ezisemthethweni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ucabangela ukumangalela noma ukuvikela othile, ukuqonda inqubo, izindleko, nezinye izinto ezisekelayo zikunika amandla okukhetha ngolwazi. Nakuba lesi siqondiso sihlanganisa izisekelo, njalo sifuna iseluleko somthetho esingokomthetho esisemthethweni esisemthethweni kummeli ofanelekayo esimweni sakho esithile.