Table of Contents
Igatsha lemithetho lisebenza njengesisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, lisebenzisa amandla ayisisekelo okwakha, ukuguqula, nokumisa imithetho ebumba umphakathi. Ukuqonda inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yezikweleti ezifakwa ngayo, eziphikisanayo, ezilungisweyo, futhi ekugcineni zivotelwe emthethweni kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi imisebenzi kahulumeni injani nokuthi izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela kanjani enqubweni yentando yeningi. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola zonke izici zenqubo yomthetho, kusukela ekuqaleni komthetho kuya ekusayineni kokugcina okuguqula isiphakamiso sibe umthetho ohlanganisayo.
Livelaphi Ibhilidi Nezincwadi?
Imali iyisiphakamiso somthetho omusha noma ukushintshela kumthetho okhona. Izincwadi zimelela indlela eyinhloko izishaya-mthetho eziguqula ngayo imiqondo yezimiso zibe izisekelo eziqinile zomthetho ezibusa umphakathi. Inqubo yomthetho iqala ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe umthetho, ngokuvamile usuka emithonjeni ehlukahlukene nakubaphathi bemigoqo yezombangazwe kuso sonke isimiso sezombangazwe.
Imithombo Yemibono Yemithetho
Imithombo yemibono yomthetho ayilinganiselwe futhi ihlongozwa ukuba ihlelwe ngezincwadi zemali emaphephani amaningi ahlukene. Noma yiliphi ilungu le-Congress – elivela eNdlu noma eMzini noma abameleli – abanomqondo womthetho angakhipha isimemezelo. Lemibono ivela kumalungu eSishaya-Mkhandlu ngokwawo noma kuzakhamuzi zansuku zonke nakumaqembu azimele. Amalungu eSishaya-Mkhandlu angasungula iziphakamiso zomthetho ezisekelwe ezithembisweni zomkhankaso ezenziwa phakathi nokhetho lwawo, izikhalo ezikhuliswe emahholo noma ezibongweni zeposi, noma izindaba abazisho ngemva kokuthatha ihhovisi.
Ezikhathini zanamuhla, "ukuxhumana ngokujezisa" kuye kwaba umthombo omkhulu wezicelo zomthetho. Ukuxhumana ngokuvamile kuyindlela yomyalezo noma incwadi evela kwilungu loMongameli weKhabhinethi, inhloko yenhlangano ezimele, noma uMongameli ngokwakhe, idlulisa umbiko wesivumelwano esihlongozwayo kuMmeli we House of Sreaders noMongameli weSigebe. Lengxenye yegatsha eliphethe ibonakalisa isimo esihlangene samagatsha kahulumeni, ngisho noma i-Hulumeni ngokwayo igcina igunya lomthetho-mthetho ukuba i-galelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni, amaqembu enzalo, izinhlangano zobuchwepheshe, nezakhamuzi ngabanye konke kuneqhaza emibonweni engase ibe umthetho kahulumeni ekugcineni.
Ukuphoqelela Imithetho
Amalungu nezisebenzi zawo bavame ukuxhumana nabameli abangaphathi-mthetho ehhovisi le-Legislative Deupounce ye-odant ngalinye ukuze basize ekufakeni iziphakamiso zemithetho olimini lwemithetho. Le nqubo yobuchwepheshe ibalulekile ngoba imithetho kumelwe ibhalwe ngokunembe ukuze igweme imiphumela engaqondakali nengalindelekile. Amahhovisi ezeluleko asemthethweni asebenzisa abameli abanolwazi abasebenzisa ukuguqula imiqondo yemithetho esemthethweni esemthethweni edingekayo ukuze kubekwe umthetho osebenzayo.
Isigaba sokudweba ifomu sivame ukuhilela ukucwaninga okukhulu, ukuxoxa nochwepheshe bezindaba, nokuhlola ngokucophelela ukuthi umthetho ohlongozwayo uzokuhlobana kanjani nemithetho ekhona. Abadadisi kumelwe balindele izinselele ezingase zifinyelelwe, imibuzo engokomthetho-sisekelo, kanye nemiphumela esebenzayo kubantu ababoshelayo. Lo msebenzi wokulungiselela, nakuba ungabonakali kakhulu emphakathini, wakha isisekelo somthetho ophumelelayo.
Iziponji Neziponso
Ilungu eliyinhloko leKhongolosi elisekela lesi sivumelwano libizwa ngokuthi "isibambiso". Amanye amalungu asekela lesi sikweletu abizwa ngokuthi "i-co-sponsors". Amalungu angase adlulise umlomo futhi abuze amanye egumbini (ngokuvamile ngezinhlamvu ezithandekayo uColleague), ukusayina njengeziphathi-mali zokuqala zemali ukuze abonise isisekelo esiqinile sokusekela lomqondo. Ukwakha i-co-sponsorship kuwumsebenzi obalulekile obonisa amanye amalungu, ukuhola iqembu, kanye nomphakathi ukuthi umthetho usekelwa futhi unamandla.
Inani nezinhlobonhlobo ze-consor zingalithonya kakhulu ithemba lemali. I-Bpartisan co-sponsorship, lapho amalungu azo zombili izigaba ezinkulu esekela khona isikweleti, ngokuvamile andisa amathuba okuhamba, ikakhulukazi empikiswano noma umthetho oyinkimbinkimbi. Abashicileli bakhuthaza ozakwabo, bavumelana, futhi basebenzele ukwakha izivumelwano ezingasekela isikweletu ngenqubo ende yemithetho.
Ukusungulwa Nokubuya Kwezincwadi
Uma isikweleti sesiboshiwe futhi sesiboshiwe abaxhasi, kumelwe sifakwe ngokusemthethweni eNdlu yabameleli noma eNdlu yeSigele. Inqubo yokuqalisa iphawula ukuqala okungokomthetho kohambo lwesivumelwano phakathi kwesimiso somthetho futhi ibangela uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zokulawula ezizonquma ikusasa laso.
Indlela Okwenziwa Ngayo Amabhuloho
Kule House, kusungulwa isikweleti lapho siwiswa ekhonsathini yokhuni (ibhokisi lokhuni elisesitezini sendlu). ESigele, isambati sidluliselwe komabhalane esitezi esiphansi. Lezizenzo ezibonakala zilula zithwala isisindo esibalulekile, njengoba zifaka ngokomthetho imvume erekhodini yemithetho futhi ziqala inqubo yokucabangela engokomthetho.
Esingenisweni, isamba semali sizothola isiqu esisekelwe egumbini lokungena ngokwesibonelo, H.R. kusuka endlu-ikweletini noma izinqumo ezihlanganeyo noma i-S.J.Res. ezilinganisweni zeSigele esisungulwe. Sizothola futhi inani, ngokuvamile eliyinombolo elandelayo ekhona ngokulandelana phakathi naleyo minyaka emibili yeSishaya-Mkhandlu. Lesimiso sokubala sivumela ukulandelela nokukhomba ngokunembile phakathi nenqubo yomthetho. Ingqungquthela ngayinye, ethatha iminyaka emibili, iqala ngenombolo yokuqala, futhi izinombolo zabelwa ngokwezikweletu.
Inqubo Yekomiti Yokubuyisela Imali
Uma ilungu lendlu noma iSigele se-comparter sethula isikweleti, kubhekiselwa kukomiti (noma amakomiti) kulelogumbi eliphethe izakhi zayo. Endlini, amafakthe abhekiswa kuSpeaker, ngokweseluleko selungu lephalamende elingapharteri, kuwo wonke amakomiti anegunya lokulawula amalungiselelo asesikweletini, njengoba kunqunywa imithetho emisiwe yegumbi nezinqumo ezidlule. Lesi sinqumo esibhekisa intela siyagxeka ngoba i-Spearal, inquma ukuthi yimaphi amathuba okuqala okumisa umthetho.
Ikakhulukazi eNdlini, isikweleti singabhekiselwa emakomitini amaningana. Uma amakomiti amaningi ethola igunya lokulawula, ngalinye lisebenza kuphela ezingxenyeni zemali ewela endaweni yalo yobuchwepheshe. ESigeqeni, izimali ngokuvamile zibhekiselwa ekomitini ngenqubo efanayo, nakuba ezimweni eziningi, ikhokha ibhodi eliphethe kuphela impikiswano elawulayo. Lomehluko ubonisa amasiko ahlukile amaqembu amabili avamile.
Ezimweni ezimbalwa, kungase kungabhekiselwa ku-komiti isikweleti, kodwa esikhundleni salokho makubekwe ngokuqondile eKhalenda Lendlu Lezisebenzi Ngezinyathelo zezemisebenzi ezisesiteji. Lenqubo ekhethekile igcinelwe izindaba eziphuthumayo noma izimo lapho ukucatshangelwa kwekomiti kungancishiswa noma kungaphumeleli.
Ukucabangela Ikomiti: Isimiso Senhliziyo Semithetho
AmaKomiti asebenza njengamahhashi asebenzayo e-Congress, lapho kuvela khona ukuhlola okunemininingwane, ukucwengisiswa, nokuxoxisana ngomthetho. Kuwo womabili amagumbi, amakhompane amaningi ochwepheshe bezimiso ahlala kumakomiti amile, amaqoqo amalungu ahola ekwakheni nasekuhloleni umthetho ohlongozwayo phakathi kwemithetho emisiwe. Isigaba sekomiti silapho izikweleti eziningi ziqhubekela phambili khona noma zife ngaphandle kokucabangela okwengeziwe.
Isimiso Sekomiti Negunya
Indlu yabameleli ihlukanisa umsebenzi wayo phakathi kwamakomiti ahlala njalo angaphezu kwamashumi amabili. ISigele silondoloza isakhiwo sekomiti esifanayo, nakuba sinezindlela zokuhlela nokulawula. Ikomiti ngayinye igxila ezicini ezithile zezimiso ezinjengokulima, ukuhloma, uhlelo lokuhloma, imfundo, amandla, ubuhlobo bakwamanye amazwe, ijudicary, noma ukuhamba. Lokhu kubekwa kwemithetho kuvumela amalungu ukuba athuthukise ulwazi olujulile ezihlokweni ezithile futhi aqinisekise ukuhlolisiswa okucophelelayo kwezindaba zezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Isihlalo sekomiti sinegunya eliyinhloko lokuhlela ikomiti ngayinye futhi siphawula ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezizonikezwa ukunakekela okungokomthetho phakathi nenkathi yomthetho we-Congress yeminyaka emibili. Lo mandla okugcina isango enza izihlalo zamakomiti phakathi kwamalungu anethonya kakhulu oMkhandlu. Amakomiti awacabangi ngokusemthethweni ngazinye zalezi zindleko ezishiwoyo. Eqinisweni, izikweleti eziningi eziye zaziswa eSishaya-Mkhandlwini azinakekeli ikomiti futhi ngakho aziqhubeki phambili ngalé kwaleliqophelo lokuqala.
Ukubukeza Kwesibopho
Ngemva kokuba sekuqaliswe isikhwama futhi kubhekiswe ekomitini yezesimiso, ikomiti ivame ukuthumela lesi silinganiso emakhonteni ayo akhethekile okufunda, ukuzwa, ukubukeza, nokuvuma. Izindawo ezingaphansi zinikeza olunye ungwengwengwezi lokuhlela okukhethekile, luvumela ngisho nokubhekisisa okukhulu kakhulu izindawo zezimiso ezimngcingo. Ngokwesibonelo, i House Committee on Energy and Commerce ineziphakamiso eziningana ezingaphansi ezisebenzelana nezindaba ezithile ezinjengempilo, indawo ezungezile, ukuxhumana, nokuthengwa.
Ngokuvamile, amakomiti abhekisa izikweleti ezikweletini eziseceleni kwekomiti yezifundo kanye nokuqulwa kwazo. Ikomiti encane ingase yenze izinguquko ezimalini futhi kumelwe ivote ukuze ibhekise isikweleti emuva ekomitini egcwele. Le komiti engaphansi yekomiti yenezela isikhathi ohambweni lwemithetho kodwa iqinisekisa ukuphethwa okuphelele kwezicelo zamalungu anolwazi oluhlobene kakhulu.
Izindaba Zekomiti
Ikomiti ingaphatha icala eliyonikeza amalungu ekomiti nomphakathi ithuba lokuzwa kumaqembu akhethiwe (umz., inxusa likahulumeni noma isithakazelo esihleliwe) ngokuphathelene namandla nobuthakathaka bemali. Ngokuvamile, isinyathelo sokuqala kule nqubo ukuqulwa lapho ikomiti noma amalungu abophelwe umthetho ezwa ofakazi abamelela imibono ehlukahlukene ngesilinganiso. Izindlebe zifeza izinjongo eziningi: ziveza umlando wasobala wobufakazi nobufakazi, zivumele amalungu ukuba abuze imibuzo futhi aqoqe ukwaziswa, futhi anikeze ababambi bemishuwa ithuba lokukhuluma ngezikhundla zabo.
Izindaba zivumela imibono yegatsha eliphethe, ochwepheshe, ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi nabasekeli, kanye nabaphikisi bomthetho ozoqopha umlando. OFakazi lapho kuqulwa icala bangase bahlanganise onobhala bekhatheli, abaqondisi bezinhlangano, ochwepheshe bezemfundo, abameleli bezemboni, abaholi beqembu labaqondisi, nabantu abathintekayo. Ubufakazi nokuphenywa kwamacala kungathonya kakhulu indlela amalungu amakomiti abheka ngayo isimemezelo, futhi iziphi izinguquko afuna ukuzenza.
Ukuqulwa kwamacala kwamakomiti kuvulekele umphakathi nemithombo yezindaba, kunikeze ukubonakala enqubweni yomthetho. Ukudluliswa kwamacala kuba yingxenye yomlando wemithetho ongase kamuva ucingo nezinhlangano zithintane nayo lapho kuchaza umthetho. Nokho, akuzona zonke izikweleti ezithola ukuthethwa; izihlalo zamakomiti zisebenzisa ukuhlakanipha ekunqumeni ukuthi iziphi izinyathelo ezivumela leli zinga lokuhlola umphakathi.
Isimiso Sokuphawula
Ngemva kokuba ukuqulwa kwecala sekuphelile, isambathiso sicatshangelwa esiqedweni esaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "isibonakaliso-up". Kuleliqophelo, kunganikezwa izinguquko ezikhokhwayo, futhi ikomiti noma amalungu ekomiti eboshiwe avotelwe ukwamukela noma alahle lezinguquko. Uma ukuqulwa nokubukezwa kwecala kuqeshiwe, ikomiti izohlangana ukuze "iphawule" isikweleti. Benza izinguquko nezinguquko ngaphambi kokuba itusa isikweleti se "floor".
Isimiso sokunyusa simelela ithuba lekomiti lokucwenga nokuthuthukisa umthetho osekelwe ekwazisweni okuqoqwe phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala namalungu. Izigwebo ezihlongozwayo phakathi nokuqongelela zingasukela ekulungiseni izinto ezincane zobuchwepheshe kuya ezinguqukweni ezinkulu. Amalungu amakomiti aphikisana ngalezi zinguquko kanye nokuvota, kancane kancane aguqula umthetho ube uhlobo olungasekela iningi.
Ikomiti izoba nesimiso "uphawu-luphezulu" lapho izolungisa khona nokunezela. Uma kwenziwa izinguquko ezinkulu, ikomiti ingayala ukusungulwa kwe-"transfect" ezohlanganisa ukubuyiselwa okuhlongozwayo. Lomthetho omusha uzoba nenombolo entsha futhi uzothunyelwa phansi kuyilapho isitatimende esidala silahlwa. Lenqubo ehlanzekile ihlola phansi ngokunikeza umbhalo owodwa, ohambisana nohlu oluyinkimbinkimbi lomthetho wokuqala.
Imibiko Nemibiko Yekomiti
Ekuphetheni kwesinqumo, kuthathwa ikomiti noma amalungu ekomiti angaphansi ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi yisiphi isinyathelo okufanele sithathe lesi silinganiso. Kungabikwa, ngokulunga noma ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa, okusho ukuthi ngeke kuthathe esinye isinyathelo kuyo. Ukube u-"abulala" isilinganiso. Uma ikomiti ivota ukuba ingabhali umthetho egunjini lonke le-Congress, imvume iyafa. Uma ikomiti ivotela ukuvuna isikhwama somthetho, kubikwa phansi.
Imibiko yamakomiti iyimithombo yomlando wemithetho ekholisayo. Ngemva kokuba kubikwa, izisebenzi zekomiti zilungiselela umbiko obhaliwe ezichaza ukuthi kungani zikhetha lemali nokuthi kungani zifisa ukubona ukubuyiselwa kwazo, uma zikhona, zithathwa. Amalungu amakomiti amelene nesivumelwano ngezinye izikhathi abhala umbono ophikisanayo kulombiko. Lemibiko inikeza umongo obalulekile ngenhloso yokuhlela futhi ihlolwa njalo izinkantolo, izinhlangano, nezazi ezingokomthetho lapho kuchazwa imithetho emisiwe.
Imibiko yamakomiti ihlanganisa izingxenye eziningana: incazelo yenjongo yemali nobubanzi, ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho yezomthetho, ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela yemithetho yemithetho ekhona nezinhlelo, izilinganiso zezindleko ezilungiselelwe yiKhonsathi yoHlathi lwezemali ye-Congregational, nezimemezelo ezivela ezinhlanganweni zegatsha eziphethe. Le mibhalo ebanzi isiza ekuziseni ukudingidwa kwengxoxo futhi inikeze umbhalo wendlela ikomiti ecabanga ngayo.
Ukucabangela Ubuhle Nempikiswano
Uma ikomiti isibika kahle isikhwama semali, ingena phansi eMzini noma esiGabhethekeni ukuze ihlolwe ngokuyihlanganisa ngokugcwele. Ukucabangela okungaphezulu kusho isigaba esibucayi lapho wonke amalungu ethola ithuba lokuxoxa, lokuphothula, nokuvota ngomthetho. Nokho, izinqubo ezilawula ukucatshangelwa kwegumbi eliphansi zihlukile kakhulu phakathi kwalamakamelo amabili.
Imithetho Ehlelwayo Yokuthatha Isinyathelo
Isilinganiso silungele ukucatshangelwa yindlu yonke ngemva kokuba i-komiti ibikiwe. USiphathi-mthetho wendlu noMholi weSigele unquma ukuthi isikweleti sifika yini futhi nini ngaphambi kwendikimba egcwele yendlu neSigele, silandelana, ukuze kuxoxiwe futhi kulungiswe bese kubekwa indawo yokugcina. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwamandla kwenza abaholi beqembu babe nomthetho ohleliwe futhi kubavumela ukuba bahlele izikweletu ezithile ngesikhathi kuthatha isikhathi eside noma kuvimbele abanye.
Kule House, umthetho obaluleke kakhulu ubekwa kwelinye lamakhalenda amaningana ahlela izikweleti ngohlobo futhi abaluleke kakhulu. I House Pagel Committee ivame ukwenza indima ebalulekile ngokumisa imithetho ekhethekile elawula indlela izikweleti ezithile ezizophikiswana ngayo. Ngezinye izikhathi, ukucatshangelwa kungalawulwa "imithetho" umthetho ngokwawo uyisinqumo esilula, okumelwe sidluliswe yindlu futhi ibeke imithetho ekhethekile yengxoxo yesivumelwano esithile (i.e, isikhathi esizovunyelwa ukuba kuxoxwe ngaso, ukuthi izivumelwano zingenziwa yini, nezinye izindaba).
ISigele sisebenza ngezinqubo ezivumelana kakhulu nezinikeza amanxusa azimele ithonya elikhulu ekuhleleni isikhathi. Abaholi beSigele ngokuvamile bayaxoxa namalungu ukuba ahlele isikhathi esiphansi ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "imvume yesivumelwano sesivumelwano," edinga isivumelwano kubo bonke abasizi. Lesi simiso sinikeza ngisho ne-senator eyodwa ephawulekayo ekwazini ukubambezela noma ukuvimbela umthetho.
Umehluko Phakathi Kwezindlu Nezigele
Amagumbi amabili alingana ngokuyisisekelo ezindima zawo zomthetho nemisebenzi. Yindlu kuphela engasungula umthetho wemali, futhi yiSigele kuphela esiqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano ezivumelanayo, kodwa ukumiswa komthetho kudinga ukuba womabili amakamu avumelane ngokuhlukene nesivumelwano esifanayo ngaphambi kokuba anikezele kuMongameli. Naphezu kwalokhu kulingana okuyisisekelo, amagumbi asungule amasiko ahlukene kakhulu.
Imithetho nemikhuba yendlu ivumela iningi lenombolo ukuba lisebenzise umthetho ngokushesha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho yeSigele nezinqubo, kuvumela ukuhlobana ngenqubo esheshayo, njengoba kunikeza abaPhathi-ndlu imvume ephawulekayo ebaluleke kakhulu. Indlu, enamalungu ayo angu-435, idinga izinqubo ezihlelwe kahle kakhulu ukuze isebenze. ISigele, enamalungu ayikhulu kuphela, siye sasebenza ngokwesiko ngezinqubo zethukela ezengeziwe ezivikela amalungelo amancane futhi zikhuthaza impikiswano enwebekile.
Lokhu kungafani kwemisuka kubonisa indima ehlukile yomthetho-sisekelo ecatshangwayo ngegumbi ngalinye. Indlu, enamagama aneminyaka emibili kanye nokumelelwa okusekelwe emphakathini, yayiklanyelwe ukusabela ngokwengeziwe emzwelweni othandwayo. ISigele, esinamagama aneminyaka eyisithupha nemifanekiso elinganayo yombuso ngamunye, sasihloselwe ukunikeza ukuzinza nokuvikela ekuthatheni isinyathelo ngokuxhamazela okuqhutshwa izinkanuko zesikhashana.
Impikiswano Ngezimo Ezinde
Ingxoxo ye-Floor inikeza amalungu ithuba lokuchaza izimo zawo, ukunxenxa osebenza nabo, nokuqopha umlando wemibono yabo ngomthetho. Endluni, isikhathi sokuphikisana silinganiselwe futhi sihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwabasekeli nabaphikisi besivumelwano. Abaholi abaningi nabambalwa noma abaklami babo balawula isikhathi esisinikwa amalungu afuna ukukhuluma.
Ingxoxo yeSigele isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene kakhulu. Izigebengu zivame ukuba nelungelo lokukhuluma uma nje zifisa nganoma iyiphi indaba, isiko elingaholela ezimpikiswaneni ezikhudlwana noma ezinhlamvwini. I-moniduster yenza lapho abasizi besebenzisa impikiswano enwendliwe ukuze babambe noma bavimbele ukuvota eMthethweni. Ukuqeda i-Renfilbuster kudinga ukuvuselelwa, inqubo edinga ukusekelwa kwamalungu angu-60 e-senearnors. Lemfuneko enkulu edinga ukusekelwa kweqembu elincane yenza ukuba libe namandla abalulekile okuvimbela umthetho eSihlalweni.
Izimpikiswano zikhona manje kuyiCongregational Record (nakuba kukhona izinguqulo zakuqala ezinezinkulumo ezihlukene). ICongregational Record akuyona ngempela indlela yokubhala ngezwi lalokho okushiwo phansi. Amazwi elungu anikezwa yona ukuze ibukeze futhi iguquleke. Lenqubo yokuhlela ivumela amalungu ukuba alungise amaphutha futhi acacise izinkulumo zawo, nakuba isho iCongrandional Record angenzeki abonise kahle lokho okushiwo ngempela phakathi nengxoxo.
Iziphendu Zophahla
Uma isikweleti sesifikile phansi, kuba nempikiswano eyengeziwe namalungu e-votel egcwele avumela noma yiziphi izinguquko. Inqubo yokulungisa yenza amalungu angekho ekomitini yokulawula alungise umthetho nezingxoxo okungenzeka azizange zicatshangelwe phakathi nokuhlola kwekomiti. Iziphendulelo zingaba izinguquko ezincane zobuchwepheshe noma izinguquko ezinkulu ezishintsha injongo noma umphumela wesimemezelo.
Kule House, iKomiti yeMiyalo inquma ukuthi iziphi izinguquko ezingase zikhishwe futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo. Eminye imithetho i "open," ivumela noma yikuphi ukulungisa okungacatshangelwayo. Eminye i-"cloned," inqabela zonke izinguquko, noma "izakhiwo," ukuvumela kuphela izinguquko ezicaciwe. Lokhu kulawula ukumiswa kweqembu elikhulu kunikeza amandla abalulekile okumisa umthetho nethonya leqembu elincane.
Ngokwesiko iSigele sisebenza ngaphansi kwezinqubo zokulungisa ngokukhululekile, sivumela abasizi ukuba banikeze izinguquko cishe kunoma isiphi isihloko nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Nokho, lokhu kuvumelana kungaholela ezinkingeni lapho abanikazi benikeza izinguquko ezingaqondile ezinezikhawu ezimbalwa noma ezingenalutho oluhlangene nezigwegwe ezingaphansi. Izinguquko ezinjalo, ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi "ababheki," zingasetshenziswa ngokufanelekile ukuphoqa amavoti ezindabeni eziphikisanayo noma ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo athandwayo okuthi umthetho omelwe udluliswe.
Izinhlelo Eziqashwe Egatsheni Elingokomthetho
Ukuqamba kumelela isiphetho senqubo yomthetho egumbini ngalinye, isikhathi lapho amalungu ebhalisa ngokusemthethweni ukusekela noma ukuphikisa kwawo umthetho. Izindlela nezinqubo zokuvota kuyahluka kuye ngokwegumbi, uhlobo lwesilinganiso esicatshangelwayo, izinga lempikiswano ehlobene nempikiswano. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo zokuvota kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi izinqumo zemithetho zenziwa futhi zibhalwe kanjani.
Izinhlobo Zomculo Ezingqungqutheleni
Izinqubo zokuvota ze-Congress ziye zavela ukuze kuvumelaniswe nokusebenza kahle nokulandisa. Izindlela zokuvota ezihlukene zifeza izinjongo ezihlukene, kusukela ekuvoteni ngokushesha ezindabeni ezivamile ukuqopha amavoti aqopha umlando wesikhundla selungu ngalinye.
Imisindo Yezwi
Imishini ephumayo eNdlunyeni ingavota ngezwi; kulesosimo, akukho rekhodi lokusabela komuntu ngamunye. Amavoti ezwi ayindlela yokuvota elula neshesha kakhulu. Isikhulu esiwengamele sicela labo abavumayo ukuba bathi "yebo" futhi labo abamelene nokuthi "ebo," bese sinquma ukuthi yiluphi uhlangothi olukhona olusekelwe ekuphenduleni. Amavoti ezwi asetshenziselwa kakhulu izinyathelo ezingangakholeki lapho umphumela ungangangatshazwa futhi amalungu angadingi ukuvota okubhaliwe.
Inzuzo yamavoti ezwi ijubane nempumelelo, ivumela uMkhandlu ukuba ulahle ibhizinisi lenqubo ngokushesha. Nokho, ukuntuleka kwevoti ebhaliwe kusho ukuthi abameleli bawo banganquma ukuthi bavote kanjani ezindinganisweni ezithile. Noma iliphi ilungu lingacela ukuvota okuqoshiwe uma likholelwa ukuthi ivoti yezwi aliyibonisi ngokunembile intando yegumbi noma uma lifuna ukwenza umbhalo wezikhundla zamalungu.
Rolla ucingo
Lola amavoti akha irekhodi elihlala njalo ngendlela ilungu ngalinye elivota ngayo embuzweni othile. Ekubizeni okuvamile kohlu lwezinketho, umabhalane ubiza igama lelungu ngalinye ngokulandelana kwe-alfabet, futhi amalungu aphendule ngevoti yawo. Lendlela iqinisekisa ukubonakala okuphelele nokulandisa, njengoba abameleli babo bengabukeza ngokunembile ukuthi bavote kanjani nganoma yisiphi isilinganiso esibhaliwe.
Imishini ingathathwa ngesimiso sokuvota ngemishini, esibhalisa ukusabela kwelungu ngalinye. Lokhu kubhekiselwa kukho njengamavoti aqoshiwe, futhi kutholakala erekhodini lamavoti ocingo. Indlu yabameleli isebenzisa isimiso sokuvota lapho amalungu afaka khona ikhadi lomuntu siqu eziteshini zokuvota ezisegumbini elingaphandle futhi ucindezela inkinobho ukukhombisa amavoti awo. Amabhodi amakhulu abonisa ukuthi ilungu ngalinye livote kanjani ngesikhathi sangempela, livumela amalungu nezingqapheli ukuba lilandelele intuthuko yevoti.
ISigele asisebenzisi ukuvota ngemishini futhi kunalokho sincike ekuvoteni okungokwesiko lapho umabhalane ebiza khona igama le-senator ngayinye. Lenqubo ethé xaxa iveza ubukhulu obuncane beSigele nenkambiso yaso yezinqubo zokuzikhulula. Abavoti banemizuzu engu-15 yokusabela ekubizeni kocingo, nakuba amavoti ngokuvamile evuleka isikhathi eside ukuze ahlalise abahlali bendlu ye-sentates ababambene.
Ukusebenza Ngogesi
Izimiso zokuvota ze-electronic ziye zayiguqula inqubo yokuvota eHouse of Deaders, ngokuphawulekayo inciphisa isikhathi esidingekayo sokuvota amavoti aqoshiwe. Ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe ukuvota ngo-electal ngo- 1973, amavoti okuvota angathatha imizuzu engu-30 kuya ku-45 njengoba umabhalane ebiza igama lelungu ngalinye. Ukuvota ngemishini kuthatha imizuzu engu-15 kuya kwengu-20, kuvumela iNdlu ukuba iqhube amavoti engeziwe ngesikhathi esincane.
Isimiso somshini futhi sinikeza ukubonakala okusheshayo, njengoba amabhodi okuvota ebonisa ukuvota kwelungu ngalinye njengoba kuphonswa. Lokhu kwaziswa kwangempela kuvumela abaholi beqembu ukuba bahlole amanani evoti futhi ngethuba lokuncenga amalungu angahlolwanga ngaphambi kokuvala kwevoti. Isimiso asibhali nje kuphela uyebo futhi asikho amavoti kodwa futhi sivumela amalungu ukuba avote "kukhomba," kodwa sibonisa ukuthi ahlanganyela ekuvoti kodwa akhetha ukungathathi isikhundla endisweni.
Izikhala Nezimfuneko Zokukhuluma
Uma isambathiso sidlula ngeningi (218 kuya ku-435), imvume ihamba iye eSigele. Umthetho omningi udinga kuphela ukuba iningi lidlule ($16) ngaphezu kwengxenye yamalungu okuvota. Endluni, lokhu kuvame ukusho amavota angu-218 uma wonke amalungu ekhona futhi evota. ESigeqeni, iningi lingu-51 uma bonke abasizi bekhona.
Nokho, izenzo ezithile zidinga ukuthatha indawo enkulu. Ukuthatha indawo kamongameli idinga amavoti amabili-3 kuwo womabili amagumbi. Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zidinga amavoti amabili-mithathu kuwo womabili amakamu ngaphambi kokuba athunyelwe ezifundazweni ukuze ahlolwe. KuleSigele, ukuvulela amahlule ekupheleni kwe-monicbuster kudinga amavoti angu-60, ukwenza ngokuphumelelayo imfuneko enkulu kakhulu yemithetho ephikisanayo.
Umqondo we-quorrum [1] inani elilinganiselwe lamalungu okumelwe abe khona ukuze igumbi liqhube ibhizinisi − futhi lithinta ukuvota. Umthetho-sisekelo udinga amalungu amaningi ukuba enze i-demonam. Nokho, iNdlu neSishaya-mthetho ngokuvamile ithatha i-squorem ikhona ngaphandle kokuba ilungu liphakamise iqophelo lokuhleleka lokuhlola i-équorum. Lokhu kuvumela amagumbi ukuba asebenze kahle ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa njalo ukuthi aba khona.
Izindlela Ezikhethekile Zokusakaza
Kwezinye izimo, ivoti e "ikomiti yokubhalisa" imvume yokubhalisa iyacelwa. Ngokuvamile lo mzamo wabaphikisi ukushintsha ingxenye ethile noma itafula isilinganiso. Uma umzamo wokuvota futhi uhluleka, ukuvota engxenyeni yokugcina kuyayalelwa. Ukunyakaza kokufaka ikhompathimenti kumelela ithuba lokugcina leqembu elincane lokuqeda noma ukuhlehlisa umthetho ngaphambi kokudlula kokugcina. Endlu, iqembu elincane liqinisekiswa ilungelo lokunikeza ukunyakaza ukuphindela, okungase kuhlanganise iziyalezo zokwenza izinguquko ezithile eziqondile ezibalweni zomthetho.
Izicelo zokuphinde zithathe izinqubo ezimbili: ukunyakaza okulula kokubuyisela ikomiti, okungathumela isikhokhelo emuva ekomitini futhi kubulale ngokuphumelelayo, kanye nokuhamba ukuze kuphinde kuhlanganiswe iziyalezo, ezihlongoza ukubuyiselwa okuqondile, futhi uma zithathwa, zibuyisela lesi sikweleti phansi ngokushesha ukuze zivote okokugcina. Lokhu kubangela izinkinga ezihlelekile kumalungu, njengokukhetha ukumelana nokuhamba kokuya ekomitini nokulungisa okuthandwayo kungaba nzima ngokwezombangazwe, ngisho noma amalungu esekela imvume ephansi.
Amavoti e-produc afeza indima ebalulekile futhi enqubweni ye-avigino. Amalungu avota ukuthi kufanele acabangele isikweletu, noma athathe imithetho ekhethekile elawula impikiswano, ukuthi angafaka yini i-metating memotions, noma afake eminye imibuzo eminingi engokweminye i-produced. La mavota angaba abaluleke njengabo abavotayo engxenyeni yokugcina, njengoba benquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezithathwayo futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo.
Isinyathelo Esisemkhandlwini Wwesibili
Ngemva kokuba isilinganiso sidlulele endlini, iya eSigele ukuze ihlolwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukucatshangelwa kwekomiti yeSigele noma ikomiti engaphansi, okufana nendlela yesivumelwano semithetho esendlini. Imfuneko yokuba womabili amaqembu avumele umthetho ngendlela efanayo idala isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela ngaphakathi egatsheni lemithetho ngokwalo, iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ithathwa ngokunakekela okuphelele ngokwemibono ehlukene.
Inqubo Yesibili Yegumbi
Uma indlu noma iSigele sidlulisa isikweleti, sibhekiselwa kwenye indawo, lapho ngokuvamile ilandela khona indlela efanayo phakathi kwamakomiti futhi ekugcineni ifike phansi. Leligumbi lingase livumele isikweleti njengoba sisanda kutholwa, lisenqabe, lisishaye indiva noma lisishintshe. Igumbi lesibili linenkululeko ephelele yokusingatha isikweleti njengoba libona kufanele. Lingase lamukele isikweleti ngaphandle koshintsho, lisihlanganise kakhulu, lisihlanganise nenguquko yalo siqu yemithetho efanayo, noma lingathathi nyathelo, livumele isibambiso ukuba sife.
Ngokuvamile, ikamelo lesibili belisebenza ngendlela yalo yomthetho ofanayo ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, leligumbi lingase lisebenzise isikhwama esithathwe egumbini lokuqala njengemoto yezinto zalo, ligadla yonke into ngemva kokubekwa kombhalo ohlukile ngokuphelele. Lomkhuba, nakuba uyinkimbinkimbi ngokwezimo, uvumela amagumbi ukuba asebenze ngokunempumelelo emigomweni efanayo.
Isivumelwano kumelwe sidlulise izindikimba zombili ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba zinikezwe uMongameli ukuze sisayinwe kumthetho. Uma iSigele siguqula ulimi lwesilinganiso, kumelwe sibuyele eNdlini ukuze sivume imvume noma ushintsho olwengeziwe. Lemfuneko yokubhala okufanayo iqinisekisa ukuthi zombili izingobo zombili izindlwana ziye zagunyaza ngokuqondile wonke amalungiselelo omthetho wokugcina.
Ukuxazulula Ukungezwani Phakathi Kwezikhungo
Izingqungquthela zingakha ikomiti yengqungquthela yokuxazulula noma ukuhlanganisa umehluko phakathi kwendlela yesivumelwano sendlu neSigele. Izishaya - mthetho zingakha ikomiti yengqungquthela yokuxazulula noma ukubuyisana phakathi kwezinqumo zendlu neSigele zesivumelwano. Amakomiti engqungquthela ahlanganisa amalungu avela kuzo zombili izindawo ukuze axoxe ngenguquko ehlehliweyo yomthetho.
Uma ikomiti yengqungquthela ihluleka ukufinyelela isivumelwano, isibambiso siyafa. Uma isivumelwano sifinyelelwe, amalungu ekomiti alungiselela umbiko wengqungquthela kanye nokutusa ngesinqumo sokugcina. Bobabili iNdlu neSigele kumelwe zivote ukuze zivume umbiko wengqungquthela. Imibiko yengqungquthela ayinakuguqulwa; amalungu kumelwe avote ukuze avume noma alahle ukuhlehliswa. Lemithetho ikhuthaza abanikeziwe ukuba bahlele ukuhlehlela ukuhlehla okungagunyaza iningi kuwo womabili amakamu.
Amakomiti engqungquthela ngezinye izikhathi aye agxekwa njengedemokrasi ngenxa yokuthi iqembu elincane lamalungu lingangenza izinguquko eziphawulekayo ekwakheni umthetho ngaphandle kombono womphakathi. Ekuphenduleni kulokhu kukhathalela, uMkhandlu uye wamukela imithetho efuna ukuba imihlangano yamakomiti engqungquthela ivuleke emphakathini futhi ilinganisele izinga lezinguquko ezikhona. Eminyakeni yamuva, abaholi beqembu baye badlula amakomiti engqungquthela angokomthetho futhi esikhundleni sawo baxoxisa ngokuxoxa ngokwethukela, umkhuba oye wabangela ukuphikisana kwawo siqu ngokukhanya nenqubo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amagumbi angaxazulula ukungaboni ngaso linye kwawo ngenqubo yokulungisa phakathi kwezindlu, lapho elinye igumbi lifuna khona ukubuyiselwa komthetho wegumbi elinye futhi liwuthumelele ukucatshangelwa. Le-emuva-kamuva ingaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho amagumbi efinyelela isivumelwano noma ashiye umzamo. Lendlela ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa izikweleti ezimbalwa eziyinkimbinkimbi noma lapho isikhathi sivimbela ukwenza ukuba ingqungquthela engokomthetho ingasizi.
Isenzo Sobumongameli Nokusebenza Kwaso
Ngemva kokuba kokubili iNdlu neSigele sebegunyazile ukuba kuvunyelwe imvume efanayo, imvume ithunyelwa kuMongameli. Lokhu kudluliswa kuphawula ukusuka egatsheni lemithetho ukuya egatsheni eliphethe futhi kumelela isigaba sokugcina ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ube umthetho. UMongameli unezindlela eziningana lapho enikezwa umthetho, ngamunye unemiphumela ehlukene yokudalelwa kwemali.
Ukuvunyelwa Umongameli
Uma uMongameli evuma umthetho, uyasayinwa abe ngumthetho. Uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo izinsuku eziyishumi lapho uMkhandlu usesiqenjini, umthetho uvele ube umthetho. Isigqebhezana sikaMongameli simelela indlela eqondile yokumisa. Uma uMongameli esayina incwadi, unikezwa inombolo yomthetho futhi ube yingxenye ye-Codence yase-United States.
Ilungiselelo elizenzekelayo ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi (iSonto lokugcona) lisebenza njengesehlo emandleni obumongameli, livimbela uMongameli ekuvimbeleni umthetho ngokwenqaba nje ukwenza isenzo. Lelilungiselelo liqaphela ukuthi ukuvunyelwa kwenhlangano kumelela ukugunyazwa kwentando yeningi okuyinhloko kwemithetho yentando yeningi, ngokuvunyelwa umongameli kusebenza njengendlela yokuhlola eyengeziwe kunokuba imfuneko ephelele.
Abameli bavame ukwenza imikhosi yokusayinwa kwemithetho ebalulekile, besebenzisa lesi senzakalo ukuba bachaze ukubaluleka komthetho, abasekeli bomthetho ababongayo, futhi bathi bancome ngalokho okufeziwe. Lemikhosi ifeza kokubili izinjongo ezingokomfanekiso nezezombangazwe, iqokomisa indima kaMongameli enqubweni yomthetho futhi yakha ukusekela komphakathi umthetho omusha.
Umongameli uVeto
Noma umongameli anganqaba ukuvuma isikweleti. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi iveto. Uma uMongameli ekhipha isikweleti, sibuyiselwa egumbini lapho kwavela khona, kanye nomyalezo ochaza ukuphikisa. Amandla ka-veto amelela elinye lamandla omthetho-sisekelo obaluleke kakhulu kaMongameli, anikeza isheke ngamandla ombuso futhi aqinisekise ukuthi igatsha eliphethe igatsha linezwi enqubeni yemithetho.
Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu, amandla okulawula umthetho weveto angathinta okuqukethwe yizindleko ezidluliswa yi-Congress. Ngenxa yokuthi akuvamile ukuba umthetho umiswe phezu kwe-veto, uMkhandlu kumelwe uthathe isikhundla sikaMongameli ezimisweni ezihlongozwayo. Usongo lweveto ngokuvamile luthinta ukuhlolwa kwengqungquthela, lukhuthaza abenzi bomthetho ukuba baxoxe ne-White House futhi balungise umthetho ukuba bakhulume nomongameli ngaphambi kwengxenye yokugcina.
Veto Engakunaki
Uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho, uMkhandlu ungazama ukudlulisa i-veto. Uma kokubili iSigele neNdlu kudlulisa lesi sigebengu ngenani eliphindwe kathathu, i-veto ilawulwa, futhi umthetho waba umthetho. I-veto iqinisekisa ukuthi ilungiselelo ligcina igunya lomthetho liphethe impela kodwa lisalokhu lihlonipha indima yomthetho-mthetho kaMongameli.
Ukukhomba i-Vto kuyinto engavamile ngoba ukufinyelela inani eliphindwe kabili kulawo makamu kudinga ukusekelwa okukhulu kwe-bipartisan. Ukukhomba okuphumelelayo ngokuvamile kwenzeka lapho uMkhandlu usekelwa kakhulu umthetho uMongameli amelana nawo ngenxa yezizathu zezombangazwe kunokuba aphikise inqubo, noma uma uMongameli enemizwa engafanele. Ubunzima bokuthatha isikhundla sikaMongameli unikeza uMphathi ithulusi ebaluleke kakhulu ezingxoxweni ze-Congress.
I - pocket Veto
Kodwa uma umongameli engasayini esikweletini futhi ehlala ingasayinwanga lapho uMkhandlu ungasekho esiqephini, isigwebo sizothathwa ngokwephutha. Lesisenzo sibizwa ngokuthi iveto ephaketheni, futhi asinakungagcwali nge-Congress. Iphakethe iyenzeka lapho izingqungquthela ziphikisana nenkathi yezinsuku eziyishumi yokucabangela umongameli ziphela, ivimbele ukubuya komthetho we-vetod.
Iveto ephaketheni iye yabangela izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo mayelana nalokho okubangela lesi simiso. UKhomishane luye lwaphikisa ngokuthi ukunqatshelwa kokugcina kuphela ekupheleni kweSishaya-mthetho kufanele kuvule amavereji angena ephaketheni, kuyilapho ngezinye izikhathi omongameli baye bathi izikhawu ezimfushane ziyafaneleka. Izinkantolo ziye zasekela iSishayamthetho ngokuvamile kulendaba, zifaka amaveto emathunjini okugcina.
Iveto ephaketheni inikeza uMongameli amandla engeziwe ngasekupheleni kwesimiso sobuphongolo, njengoba abamisi-mthetho kumelwe bacabangele ukuthi uMongameli angawasebenzisa yini lamandla lapho enquma ukuthi iziphi izikweleti ezizodlula ezinsukwini zokugcina ngaphambi kokufushaniswa kwesivumelwano. Lokhu kungathinta icebo lomthetho kanye nesikhathi, ikakhulukazi ezinyathelo eziphikisanayo.
Indima Yezinkolo Zezombangazwe Enqubweni Yomthetho
Isenzo sobuKhomishane ezikweletini sihlelwa futhi siqondiswe abaholi beqembu egunjini ngalinye, nakuba abaholi beqembu abaningi eMzini benemishini eminingi yokuhlela izinhlelo zephansi kunabaholi beqembu elikhulu eNdlwini yeSishayamthetho. Amaqembu ezombangazwe afeza indima eyinhloko ekuhleleni iKhongolo-mthetho nasemiphumeleni yokulawula, ngisho nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungakhulumi ngamaqembu ezombangazwe.
Isimiso Sokuhola Kweqembu
Iqembu ngalinye likhetha abaholi abaphethe ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho, ukuphatha icebo, nokugcina ubunye kweqembu. Endlini, iningi likhetha uSpeaker, okhonza kokubili njengesikhulu esiphethe igumbi nomholi weqembu elikhulu. Iningi namaqembu amancane akhetha abaholi nabashayeli abangaphansi kwendlu abasiza ekuqondiseni umthetho nokubala amavoti.
ESigele, abaholi abaningi nabambalwa abakhetha amaqembu ahlela icebo lomthetho futhi baxoxe nenye i-White House. UMongameli ongumKhosi usebenza njengesikhulu somthetho-sisekelo weSigele, kodwa lendima isho imikhosi enkulu, kuMongameli ProTempore (ngokulindelekile ilungu elikhulu kakhulu leqembu elikhulu) kanye nabanye abasizi abavame ukuqondisa izinqumo zansuku zonke.
Abaholi beqembu banethonya elikhulu enqubweni yokushaya umthetho ngokulawula izabelo zamakomiti, izimiso zesitezi, nemithombo yomkhankaso. Amalungu abambisana nomholi futhi asekele uhlelo oluhle lweqembu angathola izabelo zekomiti ezivumayo, asekele izabelo zawo siqu eziza kuqala zokushaya umthetho, futhi asize ngemikhankaso yokuqoqa nokuhlela. Lesimiso semivuzo nezisusa sisiza ekulondolozeni ukubambisana kweqembu nokuyala.
IMibuthano Yeqembu Nemihlangano
Iqembu ngalinye liqhuba imihlangano yasikhathi sonke yawo wonke amalungu alo, ebizwa ngokuthi ama-caucuuses (ase-Democrates) noma izingqungquthela (ze-Republicans). Le mihlangano inikeza izimemezelo zokuxoxa ngezindlela zomthetho, izikhundla zezimiso zengxoxo, nokwakha ukuvumelana phakathi kweqembu. Iqembu lezokuhloma kanye nemihlangano futhi ikhetha ukuhola, ukuthatha imithetho yeqembu, futhi wenze izabelo zamakomiti.
Ubunye beqembu buye banda kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva, lapho amalungu evota neqembu lawo ezindabeni eziningi. Lokhu kuhlukana kubonisa ukuhlelwa kwemibono yamaqembu − kanye namasuntswana abambelele kakhulu eRiphabliki nasemithethweni egxile kakhulu eRiphablikini nasenqulwini yentando yeningi yabaholi beqembu ukuze bagcizelele ukungafani okungokobunye. Amazinga aphakeme eqembu anikeza abaholi amandla aqinisekile okulawula imiphumela yemithetho kodwa futhi angenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuhlehla kwemibono ye-biparstan.
I - bipartisan Nesakhiwo Esinemijovo
Naphezu kokwanda kwezindawo ezihlukene, ukubambisana kwe-bipartisan kusabalulekile ekudluliseni umthetho obaluleke kakhulu. Izimfuneko ezinkulu zeSigele sokuqeda i-banbuster zisho ukuthi iningi lidinga ukusekelwa okungenani kweqembu elincane ukuze lithuthukise umthetho ophikiswayo. Ngisho naseNdlwini, lapho iqembu elikhulu linendawo engcono kakhulu yokulawula, ukusekela kwe-bipartis kunganikeza amalungu isivikelo sezombangazwe futhi kwandise amathuba okuvunyelwa kwegelethina nemvume kamongameli.
Isakhiwo esiphumelelayo sidinga ukuhlukanisa izizathu ezivumelanayo, ukuvumelana, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuhlangana okungavamile phakathi kwamalungu angavumelani ngezindaba eziningi kodwa ahlanganyela imigomo ethile. Omunye umthetho obaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika uye wabangelwa ukubambisana kwe - bipartisan, ubonisa ukuthi inqubo yokushaya umthetho inganqoba ukuhlukana kwabashokobezi lapho amalungu ebeka imithetho engcono kakhulu esikhundleni sezombangazwe.
Ithonya LikaMongameli Ekubekeni Imithetho
Nakuba injini yemibono yemithetho nezenzo iyiSishaya-mthetho ngokwaso, uMongameli unamandla enqubweni yemithetho, futhi. UMongameli utusa uhlelo lwemali lwaminyaka yonke yezinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi uvame ukusikisela umthetho. Mhlawumbe ngokuphawulekayo, amandla okushaya umthetho angathinta okuqukethwe yimali edluliswa yiKhomishane. Indima kaMongameli enqubeni yomthetho idlulela kude kakhulu ngaphezu kwamandla omthetho-mthethweni okusayina noma ukukhipha izikweleti.
Imithetho Yobumongameli I - Agenda
Omongameli banamuhla bahlongoza iziphakamiso zemithetho ezibanzi, basho izinto eziza kuqala ezinqunywe umthetho futhi banxuse uMkhandlu ukuba umise izinyathelo eziqondile. Ikheli le-U.Inkambiso ye-U. inikeza uMongameli ithuba minyaka yonke lokunikeza icebo eMkhandlwini nase-Melika. Omongameli futhi bafaka izihlongozo zemali eziningi, umthetho wezomthetho, futhi basebenza namanxusa ahlangene ukuze bamise futhi baqhubele phambili ukuphatha.
Amandla kaMongameli ahlelayo asuka emithonjeni eminingana: ukubonakala nodumo lwehhovisi, ikhono lokuyala ukunaka kwemithombo yezindaba, imithombo yegatsha eliphethe ukuze kuthuthukiswe isimiso somthetho, nendima kaMongameli njengomholi weqembu. Uma uMongameli enza impikiswano ibe yeyona ephambili, ithola ukunaka okwengeziwe futhi inethuba elingcono lokudlula, ikakhulukazi uma iqembu lomphathi lilawula igumbi elilodwa noma zombili.
Ukuphambana Nokuxokozela Kobumongameli
Abaholi banxusa amalungu eSishaya - mthetho ukuba asekele ukuphatha izinto eziza kuqala, esebenzisa inhlanganisela yokuthonya, ukuxoxisana, nokucindezela kwezombangazwe. Abamhlophe be House bahlala bexhumana njalo nabaholi bobubhishobhi namalungu ayinhloko, benikeza ukwaziswa, bexoxa, futhi bevumelana. Omongameli bangamema amalungu eWhite House ukuze angene emihlanganweni, bameme izingcingo kumalungu ahlukene, noma bahambe beya ezindaweni zamalungu ukuze basekele umthetho.
UMongameli anganikeza izisusa ezihlukahlukene zokusekela ukuhlangana, kuhlanganise nokusekela iziphakamiso zemithetho ebekwa kuqala kumalungu, usizo ngemisebenzi yesigodi, ukumisa abameleli, nokusekela umkhankaso. Nokho, lamathuluzi anemingcele, njengoba amalungu kumelwe alinganisele izicelo zikamongameli ngokumelene nezimiso zawo, imibono ehlangeneyo, kanye nezibalo zezombangazwe.
Ukusongela Nokusayina Kwe - Veto
Abameli bavame ukunikeza izinsongo phakathi nokuhlelwa komthetho womthetho, bexwayisa ngokuthi bazokwenqaba izikweletu eziqukethe amalungiselelo athile noma ezihlulekayo ukuhlanganisa izici ezifiselekayo. Lezinsongo zingathonya ukuhlobana kwemibuthano, zikhuthaza abenzi bomthetho ukuba bashintshe umthetho wokugwema i-veto. Nokho, ukusongela kungaveza ishwa uma uMkhandlu ubiza ukuphikiswa kukaMongameli noma uma usongo luqinisa ukuphikiswa.
Lapho kusayiniwa amafacekisi emthethweni, abaPhathiswa ngezinye izikhathi bakhipha izinkulumo zokusayina ezichaza indlela abachaza ngayo umthetho noma baveze ukukhathazeka ngamalungiselelo athile. Lamazwi aye abangela impikiswano, abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi amelela umzamo wokubhala kabusha imithetho noma benqaba ukuphoqelela amalungiselelo uMongameli angawathandi. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukusayina izinkulumo kunikeza isiqondiso esiwusizo ekugcwaliseni amagatsha aphethe futhi kulondoloze amagunya omongameli.
Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwenqubo Yokushaya Indiva
Nokho, inqubo yokuba ibhayisekili libe umthetho ayivamile ukufinyelelwa futhi ingahluka kakhulu kuye ngokwezivumelwano. Eqinisweni, ezikweletini eziningi, lenqubo ngeke ilandele ukulandelana kwamasigaba okumiswa kwemithetho ngokuvamile okuqondwa njengenqubo yomthetho. Ubunkimbinkimbi nenqubo yokushaya umthetho iye yabangela ukugxekwa okuningi nokudinga inguquko.
Ukuvaleka Kwemoto Nokungasabeli
Enye yezibhexo ezivame kakhulu zeSishaya-Mkhandlu ukuthi ihamba kancane kakhulu noma ihluleka ukwenza izinto ezindabeni ezibalulekile. Izigaba eziningi zenqubo yomthetho, imfuneko yokuvunyelwa yiwo womabili amagumbi, nethuba lobumongameli lokusungula amathuba amaningi okumiswa kwemithetho ukuba ivaleke noma ithathe isikhathi. Uma uhulumeni uhlukaniswa, kulawulwa iNdlu yeSishaya-Mnyango, iSishaya-Mnyango, nesigaba sobumongameli, kuba nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ukuphikisana okungalawuleki kuvimbela ukuhlehla.
Abavikeli besimiso baphikisa ngokuthi lenqubo yokuzimela ifeza izinjongo ezibalulekile: ivimbela ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuxhamazela ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi, ikhuthaza ukuyekethisa nokwakha ukuvumelana, futhi ivikela ekushisekeni kwemithetho yesikhashana. Ubunzima bokudlulisa imithetho buqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho iveza ukusekela okukhulu futhi ibhalwe kahle, inciphisa amathuba emiphumela engalindelekile noma imiphumela engalungile.
Ukubona Kahle Nokulandisa
Abagxeki baye baveza ukukhathazeka ngenqubo yomthetho yokubonisana, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nezingxoxo ezenzeka ngemva kweminyango evalekile, izinguquko zokugcina ezifakiwe ngaphandle kokubukezwa okufanelekile, nethonya lezithakazelo ezikhethekile mayelana nomthetho. Ubunkimbinkimbi benqubo bungenza kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ukuba zilandele umthetho, ziqonde ukuthi yiziphi izikweletu ezikuyo, noma zibeke abameleli bazo icala ngezenzo zazo.
UKhomishane uye wathatha izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa ukubonakala kwangaphandle, kuhlanganise nokufuna ukuba izikweletu zitholakale kuyi - Internet ngaphambi kwamavoti, ukuqulwa kwezindaba nezinhlelo zokusakaza, kanye nokugcinwa kwemininingwane yemininingwane yemithetho etholakala kuyi - Internet.
Indima Yemali Ekubekeni Imithetho
Ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe limelela okunye kokukhathazeka okuphikelela kakhulu ngenqubo yomthetho. Amalungu oMkhandlu kumelwe aphakamise imali eningi emikhankasweni yawo yokukhetha kabusha, abangele izingxabano zenzalo lapho abanikeleyo beneziphakamiso ezikhona emthethweni osele. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lento edingwayo ekhona inikeza abantu abacebile nezinhlangano ithonya elingenakulinganiswa ngemiphumelezelo, kuncishise ukulingana kwentando yeningi.
Imithetho yezezimali ewumkhankaso izama ukulinganisela ithonya elonakalisayo lemali ngemingcele yomnikelo, izimfuneko zokuthola ukwaziswa, nemingcele evimbela ukubambisana phakathi kwemikhankaso namaqembu angaphandle. Nokho, izinqumo zenkantolo ezivikela ukusebenzisa imali yezombangazwe njengenkululeko yokukhuluma ziye zanciphisa ukuphumelela kwalemithetho, futhi ukuvela kwamaPaC amakhulu namaqembu emali amnyama kuye kwaveza amathuba amasha okuthuthukisa izithakazelo ezicebile ukuze kuthonyelwe ukukhetha nenqubo.
Izinhlelo Zemithetho KaHulumeni
Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxile ngokuyinhloko enqubweni yomthetho kahulumeni, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zilandela izinqubo ezifanayo kodwa azifani. Umbuso ngamunye unomthetho wawo, imithetho, namasiko alo alo alo ahlela indlela umthetho ocatshangelwa ngayo futhi ubekwe ngayo. Ukuqonda izinqubo zemithetho kahulumeni kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba ohulumeni bakahulumeni basebenzisa igunya elibalulekile ezicini eziningi zezimiso ezithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwezakhamuzi zansuku zonke.
Okufanayo Nenqubo Yomzimba
Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zivame ukulandela indlela eyisisekelo efanayo neyoMkhandlu: izikweleti ziyiswa, zibhekiswe kumakomiti, ziphikiswane, zilungiswe, futhi zivotelwe ngawo womabili amagumbi ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe kumbusi ukuze zivunyelwe. Izifunda eziningi zinezishaya-mthetho ze-bimameral nendlu ne-senate, nakuba iNebraska inesishaya-mthetho esine-uncameral negumbi elilodwa kuphela. Amakomiti oMbuso adlala indima efanayo yokugcina amasango nezokukhipha izigebengu njengekomiti ye-conoraligion, nabaholi bezwe basebenzisa imibuso efana nemithetho ehlela i-messageodia.
Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zisebenzisa izindlela zokuvota ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namavoti ezwi, ukuvota, nezimiso zokuvota ngogesi. Imfuneko yamavoti aqoshiwe engxenyeni yokugcina iqinisekisa ukulandisa, ivumela abameleli ukuba balandele indlela abameleli babo abavote ngayo ezinyathelweni ezibalulekile. Izivumelwano zemithetho yoMbuso ngokuvamile zivulekele umphakathi, futhi amazwe amaningi anikeza ukuvunyelwa kwe-inthanethi, amavoti, kanye nokwaziswa okunye kwemithetho.
Ukungafani Kwenqubo Yomzimba
Izinqubo zemithetho kahulumeni zihlukile enqubweni kahulumeni ngezindlela eziningana ezibalulekile. Izifunda eziningi zinezishaya-mthetho zesikhashana ezihlangana izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela unyaka ngamunye, zicindezela ikhalenda lomthetho futhi zifuna isinyathelo esisheshayo ezikweletini. Ezinye izifunda-mazwe zibeka imingcele ebudeni bezinhlelo zomthetho noma inani lezindleko ezingase zenziwe, zibangele ukucindezela kwesikhathi esengeziwe.
Imithetho-mithetho yoMbuso ivame ukunika ababusi abangenawo uMongameli, njenge-otherinet transmeters evumela ababusi ukuba balahle amalungiselelo athile emali kuyilapho bevumela amanye amafaksi. Izifundazwe eziningi futhi zinezinqubo ezithatha isinyathelo kuqala futhi zilandelela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlome futhi zivote ngokuqondile ngemithetho, zishiye isishaya-mthetho ngokuphelele. Lezizimiso eziqondile zentando yeningi zibonisa izindlela zefilosofi ezihlukile zokuveza nokubeka imithetho.
Izinqubo zemithetho kahulumeni zihluka kakhulu emicimbini yazo, ezinye izifundazwe zinezimiso ezihleleke kakhulu nezihlelwe kahle ezifana nezi-Congress, kuyilapho ezinye zisebenza ngezinqubo ezizihlelekile nezivumelanayo. Lokhu kushintsha kubonakalisa impucuko ehlukile yezwe ngalinye yezombangazwe, umlando, nesimiso somthetho-sisekelo. Izakhamuzi ezinesithakazelo kumthetho kazwelonke kufanele zihlole ingosi ye-website kahulumeni ukuze zithole ulwazi oluthile ngenqubo nendlela yokuhlanganyela kulenqubo.
Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Enqubweni Yomthetho
Ukubusa ngentando yeningi kuxhomeke ekuhlanganyeleni kwezakhamuzi, futhi inqubo yokushaya umthetho inikeza amathuba amaningi abantu ukuba bazwane futhi bathonye inqubo yabo. Ukuqonda indlela yokuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo nenqubo yomthetho kunika izakhamuzi amandla okusekela izithakazelo zazo futhi kugcine abameleli bazo benecala.
Abameleli Abaxhumanayo
Enye yezindlela eziqondile zokuthonya umthetho ukuthintana nabameleli bakho nabasizi bakho ukuze baveze imibono yakho ngezindleko noma izimpikiswano ezikhona. Amalungu oMkhandlu alondoloza amahhovisi eWashington nasezindaweni zasekhaya noma ezifundazweni, futhi asebenzisa izisebenzi ngokukhethekile ukusingatha ukuxhumana okuhlangene. Izakhamuzi zingathintana nabameleli bazo ngezingcingo, ngocingo, ngeposi, ngezincwadi, noma ngemihlangano engekho emahhovisi esigodi noma emahholo edolobha.
Ukuxhumana okunenzuzo kuqondile, kungokomuntu siqu, futhi kufike ngesikhathi. Kunokuba zithumele izincwadi, izakhamuzi kufanele zichaze ngamazwi azo ukuthi kungani zisekela noma ziphikisa umthetho othile nokuthi ungabathinta kanjani bona noma umphakathi wazo. Ukuxhumana nabameleli kusenenqubo yomthetho, ngaphambi kokuba izikhundla ziqine, kungaba ngcono kakhulu kunokulinda kuze kube ngaphambi nje kokuvota. Ukulandela ukubonga lapho abameleli bethatha izikhundla zokusekela kuyasiza ekwakheni ubuhlobo obuqhubekayo.
Ukufakazela Ukuqulwa Kwezindlebe
Amakomiti e-Congress aphethe amakomiti emithetho kahulumeni namakomiti esizwe aphethe izikhalo zomphakathi lapho izakhamuzi zingafaka khona ubufakazi ngomthetho osele ukhona. Nakuba kungewona wonke umuntu ocela ukufaka ubufakazi, ikakhulukazi ukuze athole ukuqulwa kwezindaba eziphakeme, ukwamukela ukuthakazelelwa komphakathi. Ukufakazelwa kunikeza ithuba lokunikeza ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe, ukuxoxa okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu, nokuhlanganyela ngokuqondile nabamisi-mthetho.
Ubufakazi obuphumelelayo bufingqiwe, buhlelwe kahle, futhi busekelwe ngobufakazi. OFakazi kufanele basho ngokucacile ukuma kwabo, bachaze izizathu zemibono yabo, futhi bakulungele ukuphendula imibuzo evela kumalungu amakomiti. Ubufakazi obulotshiwe obunikezwayo bomlando bunganikeza imininingwane eyengeziwe nezincwadi ezingaphezulu kwalokho okungahlanganiswa ngamagama ashiwo ngomlomo.
Ukusebenza Nezinhlangano Zezemfundo
Izakhamuzi eziningi zihlanganyela enqubweni yomthetho ngezinhlangano ezimelela izithakazelo noma izindinganiso ezifanayo. Lezi zinhlangano ziqondisa umthetho, ziqoqa abasekeli, zihlela imizamo yokuhlela, futhi zinikeza ukwaziswa nemithombo ukuze zisize izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo. Ukusebenza nezinhlangano ezimisiwe kungakhulisa amazwi ngamanye futhi kunikeze ubuchwepheshe nezimiso ezithuthukisa ukuphumelela kwezekhono.
Izinhlangano zezempango zisukela kumaqembu amakhulu esizwe anezisebenzi ezingochwepheshe namali anele kuya ezinhlanganweni ezincane eziphethe izimpande zotshani ezisebenza ngezisebenzi zokuzithandela. Izakhamuzi kufanele zicwaninge izikhundla zezinhlangano, amasu, kanye nokuphumelela ngaphambi kokunquma ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezingazisekela. Ukuhlanganyela emikhankasweni yokuzitika, ukuya ezinhlamvwini zempi noma ezinsukwini zokuzibandakanya, kanye nokunikela ezinhlanganweni ezivumelana nezindinganiso zakho kuyizindlela zonke zokusekela isenzo somphakathi ezindabeni zomthetho.
Ukuhlolwa Kwemithetho
Ukuhlala wazisiwe ngomthetho osele ukhona kubalulekile ukuze uphumelele. ISishaya-mthetho.gov inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngomthetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise umbhalo wesimemezelo, isimo, abaxhasi, izabelo zekomiti, nemibhalo yokuvota. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zikahulumeni zilondoloza amawebhusayithi afanayo anokwaziswa okuphathelene nomthetho kahulumeni. Izakhamuzi zingasayina ukuze ziqaphe izikweletu ezithile noma izihloko ukuze zithole izaziso uma kuvela isenzo esihlobene nemithetho.
Ukuqonda indlela yokufunda nokuchaza ukwaziswa kwemithetho kudinga ukujwayelana nenqubo kanye namagama. Izinombolo zeBhili, amakhalenda okumisa, imibiko yamakomiti, kanye namarekhodi okuvota konke kunikeza ukwaziswa okubalulekile ngentuthuko yomthetho namathemba. Ukuzinika isikhathi sokufunda indlela yokusebenzisa amawebhusayithi omthetho nokuqonda imibhalo yemithetho kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlola izindaba ezizikhathalelayo nezithatha inxaxheba ezikhathini ezizozihlelayo.
Ukunikela Nokuhlanganyela Ngokuzikhandla
Mhlawumbe indlela ebaluleke kakhulu izakhamuzi ezithonya ngayo inqubo yomthetho ngokuvota okhethweni. Amalungu eSishaya-mthetho nezikhulu zikahulumeni zinomthwalo wemfanelo kubavoti, futhi ukhetho lunikeza amathuba okusekela abazanywa abahlanganyela inqubo yakho futhi bagcine abanecala ngemibhalo yabo yemithetho. Ukuvota okunolwazi kudinga izikhundla zokucwaninga, ukuhlola amarekhodi abo okuvota uma befuna ukumiswa kwemithetho, futhi bacabangela indlela abangabheka ngayo imithwalo yemithetho.
Ukuhlanganyela kobuphekula kudlulela ngalé kokuvota ukuba kuhlanganise nokuvota ngokuzithandela emikhankasweni, ukunikela kwabazohlolwa, nokukhuthaza abanye ukuba bavote. Izakhamuzi ezichitha isikhathi nengcebo kwezombangazwe zokuvota zingasiza abameleli abazothuthukisa ukushaya umthetho. Ukuhlobana phakathi kokhetho nomthetho kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlanganyela ngentando yeningi kuzo zonke izigaba zenqubo yezombangazwe.
Ikusasa Lenqubo Yokushaya Imithetho
Inqubo yokushaya umthetho iyaqhubeka ishintsha ngenxa yezinguquko zezobuchwepheshe, izinhlangano zezombangazwe ezishintshashintshayo neziqhubekayo mayelana nendlela izishaya - mthetho ezingasebenza ngayo ngokuphumelelayo.
Ubuchwepheshe Nokubona Ingaphandle
Ubuchwepheshe buye bashintsha kakade izici eziningi zenqubo yomthetho, kusukela ezimisweni zokuvota ze-electron kuya ekunyathelisweni kwezincwadi zephepha eziselayinini nasezincwadini zokuvota. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe yesikhathi esizayo ingathuthukisa ukubonakala nokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Ukulandelana kwamakomiti nokuhlola kwaphansi kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukuhlolwa kwemithetho ngesikhathi sangempela. Izinhlelo zokuhlola nge-inthanethi nemishini yokuhlola kwenza kube lula ukulandelela umthetho kanye namarekhodi okucwaninga abameleli bokucwaninga.
Ubuchwepheshe obuxubile obufana nobenziwe bungasiza izakhamuzi nezinhlangano zezezimali zikwazi ukulawula umthetho ngokuphumelelayo, zibone izindleko ezihambelanayo futhi zihlaziye imiphumela yazo. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe budala izinselele ezintsha, kuhlanganise nokukhathazeka ngokungaqiniseki nge-inthanethi, ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okunganembile, kanye nokwehlukana kwezibalo okulinganisela ukutholakala kwezakhamuzi ezithile kuyi-webhusayithi yomthetho.
Izimfuneko Zokuguqula Izwe
Izihlongozo ezihlukahlukene zokulungisa inqubo yomthetho ukuze kuxazululwe izinkinga ezicatshangelwayo ngendlela iziKhomishane ezisebenza ngayo. Abanye abashisekeli bezinguquko basekela izinguquko ezisemithethweni yeSigele, ikakhulukazi i-finbuster, bephikisa ngokuthi izimfuneko ezinkulu zidala i-rockey futhi zivimbele isinyathelo ezindabeni ezibalulekile. Abanye bavikela izinqubo ezikhona njengesivikelo esibalulekile samalungelo amancane nokwenza izinqumo ezilula.
Inguquko yezezimali engokwezimali ilokhu ilokhu ikhona, neziphakamiso ezisukela emikhankasweni yokusekela umphakathi ngezimali kuya emikhawulweni eqinile yeminikelo nezindleko. Abameleli baphikisa ngokuthi ukunciphisa ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe kungenza inqubo yomthetho isabelele kakhulu ezakhamuzini ezivamile kunakubantu abacebile abanikela ngeminikelo. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi izinguquko eziningi ezihlongozwayo ziyophula amalungelo okukhuluma ngenkululeko noma zibonakale zingaphumeleli.
Ezinye iziphakamiso zenguquko zigxile ekuthuthukiseni ikhono lobungane nobuchwepheshe, kuhlanganise nemithombo eyandayo yezisebenzi, ukuqinisa izinhlangano zokucwaninga njenge Congregational Research Research Service ne-Hulumeni Accounting Office, nokunikeza ukuqeqeshwa okungcono ngamalungu nezisebenzi. Lezi zinguquko zihlose ukusiza uKhongolo ukuba luqonde kangcono izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi lusebenzise ukuqondisa okuphumelela kakhulu kwegatsha eliphethe.
Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Ezishintshayo
Inqubo yomthetho kumelwe iqhubeke ivumelane nezimo ezishintshayo, kusukela eziphuthumayo zezwe kuya ekuphazamisekeni kwezobuchwepheshe kuya ekususeni izinqubo zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, umqedazwe we-COVOVID-19 uphoqelela uMkhandlu ukuba uzame ukuthatha isinyathelo esikude nokuvota, uphakamise imibuzo yokuthi lezi zici kufanele zibe izici ezihlala njalo zenqubo yomthetho.
Izinguquko zezibalo, kuhlanganise nokwanda kwezinhlobonhlobo ezisemkhandlwini nasemphakathini waseMelika, zingathonya izinto eziza kuqala nezinqubo. Ukushintsha kwezizukulwane ezimweni zezombangazwe kanye nezitayela zesivumelwano kungathinta indlela izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngayo enqubweni yomthetho kanye nalokho ezikulindele kubameleli bazo. Inqubo yomthetho womthetho kuzodingeka ihlale ivumelana ngokwaneleyo ukuze ikwazi ukusingatha lezinguquko kuyilapho ilondoloza izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zentando yeningi nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo.
Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kokuqonda Umthetho
Ukuqonda indlela izindleko eziba ngayo imithetho nendlela ukuvota okusebenza ngayo egatsheni lemithetho kubalulekile ukuze umuntu abe isakhamuzi esinolwazi futhi ahlanganyele ngokuphumelela kwentando yeningi. Inqubo yokushaya umthetho, kanye nakho konke ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho, imelela indlela eyinhloko imiphakathi yentando yeningi eguqula ngayo izifiso zomphakathi zibe umthetho obophayo. Nakuba lenqubo ingakhungathekisa ukushesha kwayo nokungasheshi kwayo, lezizici zibonisa izindinganiso ezibalulekile: ukuhlolisisa, ukuvumelana ngezimiso ezinkulu, kanye nokuvikela amalungelo amancane kanye nokuhlonipha imithetho eminingi.
Izigaba eziningi izindleko okumelwe zidlule kuzo − ukuthatha izindleko, ukucatshangelwa kwekomiti, ukuphikisana, ukuvota emagumbini womabili, nokuthatha isinyathelo sikamongameli (-(ukuveza amathuba amaningi okufakwa, ukucwengisiswa, nokucatshangelwa). Le nqubo yokuzinqumela isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho iveza ukusabela okucophelelayo kunokusabela ngokuphamazela, leyomiqondo ehlukahlukene ithathwa futhi ikhulunyelwe ngaphambi kokuba umthetho usebenze.
Izakhamuzi eziyiqonda kangcono inqubo yomthetho zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Ziyazi ukuthi zingathintana nini futhi kanjani nabameleli bazo, yiziphi izigaba zenqubo ezinikeza amathuba angcono kakhulu ethonya, nendlela yokulandela umthetho ngebanga lawo ukusuka ekuhlongozweni ukuya emthethweni. Lolwazi lunika izakhamuzi amandla okusekela izithakazelo zazo, lubeke abameleli ukuba balandise, futhi lunikele emsebenzini oqhubekayo wobudemokrasi bomuntu siqu.
Inqubo yomthetho ibonisa futhi ukungezwani okuyisisekelo ekubusweni kwentando yeningi: phakathi kwempumelelo nokucubungula, phakathi kokubusa okuningi namalungelo amancane, phakathi kokusabela embonweni womphakathi kanye nokuthatheka okuvela ezifisweni zesikhashana, phakathi kokubonana nesidingo sokuxoxa okuqotho. Ukukhetha okuhlukile kokulawula kuveza ukulinganisela okuhlukene phakathi kwalezindinganiso eziphikisanayo, futhi izimpikiswano mayelana nenguquko yemithetho ekugcineni zihilela imibuzo mayelana nokuthi hlobo luni lwentando yeningi esifuna ukuba nalo.
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha, ukushintsha kwezombangazwe, nezinselele ezintsha, inqubo yomthetho izoqhubeka ivumelana. Nokho, izimiso eziyisisekelo ezisekela le nqubo(ukudluliswa kwenqubo, ukuhlobana, ukuvumelana, nokulandisa) zisesebenza namuhla njengalapho uMthetho-sisekelo ubhaliwe. Ukuqonda lezi zimiso nendlela ezibonakala ngayo ezimisweni zomthetho kunikeza isisekelo sokucabangisisa ngendlela lenqubo esebenza ngayo nokuthi ingathuthukiswa kanjani.
Kubafundi, abafundisi, abasekeli, nezakhamuzi ezibophayo, ulwazi lwenqubo yemithetho luvula iminyango yokuhlanganyela okunenjongo ekulolongeni imithetho ebusa umphakathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unesithakazelo endabeni ethile yesimiso esithile, ukhathalela ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza kanjani, noma umane unelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi ukuthi idemokrasi isebenza kanjani, ukuqonda izikweletu nokuvota egatsheni lemithetho kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kuhulumeni nakwezombangazwe zaseMelika.
Inqubo yomthetho ingaba yinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ayinzima kakhulu. Ngesineke, ukunaka, nokuzimisela ukuzihlanganisa nemininingwane eyimfihlo, noma ubani angathuthukisa ukuqonda okusebenzayo ngendlela izikweleti eziba ngayo imithetho. Lokho kuqonda kungenza ukuba ukuvota okunempumelelo ngokwengeziwe, nokuthatha iqhaza elikhulu enqubweni yentando yeningi. Emphakathini ozihambelayo, alukho ulwazi olubalulekile ngaphandle kokuqonda indlela abameleli babantu abakha ngayo imithetho elawula ukuphila kwethu.
Imithombo Engeziwe Yokufunda Ngenqubo Yokushaya Indiva
Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngenqubo yokushaya umthetho, kunemithombo eminingi ewusizo yokujulisa ukuqonda kwakho nokuthuthukisa ikhono lakho lokuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.
Ikhomu ye-'Calt'.'''Iwebhusayithi ye-Cont'.gov' inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngomthetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nombhalo wesikhwama, isimo, izabelo zekomiti, amarekhodi okuvota, nomlando wemithetho. Le ndawo inikeza nemithombo yemfundo echaza inqubo ye-igeometry kanye nendlela yokulandela umthetho.
Indlu U.S. yezameli kanye U.S.I.G.G. inikeza amawebhusayithi emininingwane ngemithetho yamagumbi, izinqubo, amakomiti, namalungu. Lezi zindawo zihlanganisa izinto zokufundisa, ulwazi olungokomlando, nemithombo yokuxhumana nabameleli.
I - Congressional Research Service iveza imibiko eningiliziwe ngenqubo yemithetho nezindaba ezithile eziqondile, eziningi zazo ezitholakala emphakathini ngeSishaya - mthetho.gov.
Amawebhusayithi ombuso anikeza imithombo efanayo yomthetho wesifundazwe. Umbuso ngamunye ulondoloza ingosi yawo yemithetho enokwaziswa okuphathelene nezikweleti, izishayamthetho, amakomiti, nezinqubo. Izakhamuzi ezinesithakazelo emthethweni kahulumeni kufanele zifake i-website kahulumeni wesishaya-mthetho futhi zihlole imithombo ekhona.
Izinhlangano zezemfundo, amathangi, nezinhlangano zezezimali nazo ziveza imithombo ewusizo ngenqubo yomthetho. Lezi zimemezelo zivame ukunikeza izinqubo ezibucayi ngendlela lenqubo esebenza ngayo nezinhlelo zokuguqula, ziphelelisa ukwaziswa okungokomthetho okutholakala emithonjeni kahulumeni.
Ngokusebenzisa lemithombo nokusebenzisa isikhathi ekuqondeni inqubo yomthetho, izakhamuzi zingaba abahlanganyeli abaphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi futhi zibe nengxenye emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokwakha inyunyana ephelele ngokwengeziwe ngokucabangela, ngokuthembisana igatsha lomthetho ngokwaziswa.