Ukuqonda Amagatsha Kahulumeni Kubalulekile Ezakhamuzini

Isizathu Sokuba Zonke Izakhamuzi Ziqonde Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

Isimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi esisebenzayo sixhomeke ekwakheni isakhamuzi esinemfundo. Uhulumeni wase-United States wakhiwe ekwakhekeni kwamagatsha amathathu ahlukene: isikhulu, i-projectal, ne-jasti. Igatsha ngalinye linemibuso eqondile nemithwalo yemfanelo, futhi ukuhlanganisa kwalo kwakha isisekelo sokubusa kwaseMelika. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kuqonda okuyisisekelo, izakhamuzi zisengozini yokukhishwa ezimisweni ezilawulayo, kuyisidingo esiwusizo. Lolwazi luvumela ukuthatha isinyathelo esinengqondo kokhetho, ukuqondisa izinqumo, nekhono lokubamba izikhulu ezikhethiwe nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisekelwe embusweni. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kubekwa izingozi zokungathintwa ezimisweni ezilawula ukuphila kwazo, ekunakekeleni impilo nemfundo yezemfundo ekulondeni kwesizwe namalungelo esizwe.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo: Kungani Kunamagatsha Amathathu?

Abakhi boMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. babekhathazeke kakhulu ngokugxiliswa kwamandla. Njengoba babebone ubushiqela benkosi, bafuna ukwakha uhulumeni ozoqapha noma imuphi umuntu oyedwa noma iqembu elinamandla kakhulu. Ikhambi kwakuwukuhlukanisa igunya likahulumeni libe amagatsha amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye elinemisebenzi yalo ehlukile. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuyitshe eliyisisekelo lentando yeningi yaseMelika futhi kuhlanganiswe ezihlokweni zokuqala ezintathu zoMthetho-sisekelo. Isimiso sasingaklanyelwanga ukuphumelela kahle, kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ahlukene, kuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla akhona futhi igatsha ngalinye lisebenza njengesehlakalo kwabanye.

Ithonya Le - Montesquieu

Isimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya sasithonywe kakhulu isazi sefilosofi esingumFulentshi uBaron de Montesquieu, esimsebenzi wakhe uMoya woMthetho waphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko ivikeleke kakhulu uma ukubekwa kwemithetho, ukuphatha, nemibuso yokwahlulela kugcinwa ngezindikimba ezihlukene. Abahleli bahlola imiqondo kaMontesquieu futhi bayisebenzise ngokuseduze ekubhaleni iU.S. Umthetho-Constitution. Lesisekelo sefilosofi sisasebenza namuhla, njengoba ukulinganisela kwamandla kuqhubeka kuvivinjelwa futhi kuphikiswana ezinkantolo, eKhondlu, naseHhovisi ye-Oval.

Igatsha Eliphethe: I - Engine of Empire

Igatsha eliphethe libekwa icala lokusebenzisa, ukumisa, nokuphatha imithetho edluliswa yi-Congress. Liyigatsha elikhulu kakhulu likahulumeni, elihlanganisa izigidi zezisebenzi ezinqamule amakhulu eminyango nezinhlangano. Inhloko yalo inguMongameli wase-United States, okhonza njengenhloko yombuso nenhloko kahulumeni. UMongameli ukhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine futhi unomthwalo wokukhishwa komthetho kahulumeni, ukuziphatha kwemithetho yakwamanye amazwe, nomyalo wamabutho ahlomile. Umongameli we-Crimester noMphathi weminyango yezikhulu zezezomthetho, owakhiwa yizikhulu zesifundazwe njengezwe, i-Commustry, i-Pricive, i- Justice, isekela uMongameli ekufezeni lemisebenzi.

Amandla Ayinhloko Egatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa igunya elibalulekile, kodwa aliphelele. UMongameli angakhipha iziyalo eziphetheyo zokuqondisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni, axoxe nezizwe zangaphandle (zithobela ukuvunyelwa kweSishaya-mthetho), amise amajaji kahulumeni nomthetho weNkantolo ePhakamileyo (nawokuvunyelwa kweSigele). UMongameli futhi unamandla omthetho odluliswa yi-veto, okuyikho okuwukuhlolwa okunzima egatsheni le-mthetho. Nokho, i-Congresssion ingakhipha i-veto ngevoti enkulu engaphezulu kwamavoti amabili-3 kuwo womagumbi.

• [ Umthetho ogunyazayo: UMongameli nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho igcinwa ngokuphumelelayo.
• Umthetho wobuProfente: uMongameli umelela isizwe ebuhlotsheni bezindaba futhi angangena ezivumelwaneni zokuphatha namanye amazwe.
• Ukhuselo lwesizwe:[ NjengoMkhuzi-iNkulu, uMongameli unegunya kwezempi, nakuba iSishaya-mthetho kuphela esingamemezela impi.
• Izivumelwano:[ uMongameli umisa amajaji, amanxusa, namalungu eKhathene, okudingeka isiqinisekiso sezikhundla eziningi.

Umbuso WaseBudreaul

Ngaphansi koMongameli noMphathi-mikhosi kunezikhungo ezinkulu zikahulumeni, ezihlanganisa izinhlangano ze-Evironmental Protection Agency, i-Federal Bureau of Investigation, ne-Department of Health and Human Services. Lezi zikhungo zenza imithetho elawula umthetho, ichaze imithetho, futhi zinikeze izinkonzo ezidingekile emphakathini. Ukuqonda lolu hlangothi lukahulumeni kubaluleke kakhulu ezakhamuzini ezisebenzelana nezinhlelo zikahulumeni, kusukela eSocial Security kuya emalini ebolengwa abafundini. I-Precialgorime ivame ukugxekwa ngokuba intetha noma ingasabeli, kodwa futhi iyinqubo enikezwa ngayo imisebenzi eminingi kahulumeni ebaluleke kakhulu.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Lapho Kuzalelwa Imithetho

Igatsha lemithetho, elaziwa ngokuthi i-Congress, liyindikimba yomthetho kahulumeni kahulumeni. Yakhiwa amagumbi amabili: Indlu yabameleli neSigele. Lesi sakhiwo se-bimameral sasiwukuvumelana phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu nemincane phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo. Indlu, enamalungu avota ahlukaniswa abantu, imelela izithakazelo zabantu ngokuqondile. ISigele, namalungu ayikhulu (umbuso ngamunye), simelela izithakazelo zemibuso ngokwayo.

Indlu Yabameleli

Amalungu endlu asebenzisa amagama eminyaka emibili, ewenza asabele ngokukhethekile embonweni womphakathi. Zonke izikweleti zemali kumelwe zivele eNdlu, zibonise indima yayo njengegumbi eliseduze kakhulu nabantu. Indlu futhi inamandla okuqala ukujezisa izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli. U-Sheaker weNdlu, okhethwe yiqembu elikhulu, ungomunye wezikhulu ezinamandla kakhulu eWashington futhi ubeka uhlelo lwemithetho.

ISigele

Abaquli basebenzisa amagama eminyaka eyisithupha, anikeza ukuzinza okukhulu nokukhishwa ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe okufushane. ISigele siphethe amandla ayingqayizivele, kuhlanganise negunya lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano ze-rafy. Siqhuba futhi ukuqulwa kwecala, namavoti amabili-mitha afunekayo ukuze abophe futhi akhiphe isikhulu esikhundleni. Ukubusa kweSigele se-monicbuster, okuvumela isikhulu esisodwa ukuba sibambezele ukuvota ngaphandle kokuba izikhotho ezingu-60 zemvume zokuqeda impikiswano, kuyithuluzi elinamandla elihlela inqubo yomthetho futhi ngokuvamile liholela enqabeni lokulawula.

• Ukwenza umthetho: Zombili izitembu kumelwe zidlulise izinguqulo ezifanayo zemali ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe kuMongameli ukuze isayinwe noma iveto.
• Ukudlulisa:[ Izikhokelo ziqhuba ukuqulwa nokuphenyiswa kwecala ukuze kwengamele igatsha eliphethe futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngendlela ehloselwe.
• [ Amandla e-Bridge: uhlela ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni ngenqubo ye-appriation, inika ithonya elibalulekile ezintweni eziza kuqala.
• I-Advice kanye ne-constant: ISigele sibukeza futhi sivume noma silahle ukumiswa kukamongameli nezivumelwano.

Indlela Ibhili Eliba Ngayo Umthetho

Inqubo yomthetho iyinkimbinkimbi ngamabomu. Imithetho iqala noma yiliphi igumbi, ibhekiselwe ekomitini yesifundo nokucoshwa, ixoxiwe phansi, futhi ivotelwe. Uma idluliswa ngawo womabili amagumbi, iya kuMongameli, ongasayina umthetho, awufake, noma ayivumele ukuba ibe umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa. Umthetho ungawudlulisa i-veto neningi elinama-triad amabili kuwo womagumbi. Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uthathwa ngokucophelela futhi izimo eziningi ziyazwakala ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ube umthetho. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lenqubo zingasekela noma zimelane ngokomthetho ngokuxhumana nabameleli bazo, zifaka ubufakazi, noma zihlela imikhankambiso yotshani.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Umgadi Womthetho - sisekelo

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi isetshenziswa ngokungakhethi futhi isebenza ngokungaguquguquki. Lakhiwa isimiso sezinkantolo eziphethe izinkantolo, neNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States iphethe iqophelo eliphezulu. Ngaphansi iNkantolo Ephakeme kuneziNkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala (izinkantolo ze-circuit) neziNkantolo zeSigodi. Igatsha lokwahlulela lizimele emagatsheni aphethe amagatsha, abalulekile ngenxa yobulungisa obungakhethi. Amajaji aphezulu amiswe ukuze aphile, abekwe ngaphansi kokuziphatha okuhle, ukuze avikeleke ekucindezelweni kwezombangazwe futhi azivumele ukuba zenze izinqumo ezisekelwe emthethweni.

INkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme inezahlulelo ezingu-9, kuhlanganise noMahluleli Oyinhloko noMahluleli Abangu 8. Umsebenzi oyinhloko weNkantolo ukuzwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphansi nokunquma izikhalo ezihilela uMthetho-sisekelo, umthetho kahulumeni, nezimpikiswano phakathi kwezizwe. Ngamandla okwahlulela anamandla, asungulwe embonini [] [FLT] Barbury v. Madison [FLT], iNkantolo Ephakeme inegunya lokumemezela imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha. Lokhu kwenza iNkantolo ibe insela insela ebucayi kwamanye amagatsha kanye neyokugcina incazelo yencazelo yomthetho womthetho.

• [ Imithetho edlulisayo: izinkantolo zinquma ukuthi imiphi imithetho eshoyo nokuthi isebenza kanjani ezicaleni ezithile.
• [[[I-"0] Ukubukeza kwe-judicial:[ Izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho ephula uMthetho-sisekelo.
• Ukuvikela Amalungelo:[ Ijaji livikela amalungelo omuntu ngamunye nenkululeko, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, nenqubo efanele.
• [[QUT:0] Izimpikiswano ezixazululiwe: Izinkantolo zixazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu, kuhlanganise nezakhamuzi, phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni, naphakathi kwezifundazwe.

Isimiso Senkantolo KaFederal Siyasebenza

Amacala amaningi kahulumeni aqala eNkantolo Yesigodi, lapho abahluleli nabahluleli bezwa khona ubufakazi futhi bakhipha izinqumo. Izigigaba ezilahlekelwayo zingadlulisa icala eNkantolo yezikhalo, ezibukeza isinqumo senkantolo ephansi samaphutha angokomthetho. Izikhulu ezimbalwa zifinyelela eNkantolo Ephakeme, ezikhetha amacala azowalalela ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-certiorari. INkantolo ilalela amacala angaba ngu-70 kuya kwangama-80 ngenkathi eyodwa, igxile ezindabeni zokubaluleka kwezwe noma lapho inkantolo ephansi iye yakhipha khona izinqumo eziphikisanayo. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lesi sakhiwo zingahamba kangcono ngezimiso zomthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyophula icala elikhangayo, noma zilandela nje icala eliphezulu ezindabeni.

Ama - check nokulinganisela Okusemsebenzini: Isimiso Esinamandla

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kupheleliswa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuvumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba lilinganisele amandla amanye. Lesimiso siklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba libuse uhulumeni futhi likhuthaze ukubambisana, ukuxoxisana, nokuhlehla. Ngokwenqubo, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kudala ukushukuma okunamandla okubumba cishe zonke izici zokubusa kwe-Melika, kusukela ekumiseni abahluleli bombuso ukuya ekudluliseni umthetho omkhulu.

Ukuqondisa Amanye Amagatsha

UMongameli angawukhipha umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, awuvimbele ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu uqoqe amajaji ahlukene amabili-mithathu, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, athonya igatsha lokwahlulela amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMongameli angakhipha isigwebo emacaleni kahulumeni, okuyikho ukuhlola amandla egatsha lokwahlulela okujezisa.

Izazi Zomthetho Zihlola Amanye Amagatsha

UKhongolo luphethe amandla esikhwama semali, okusho ukuthi lulawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni futhi lunganqaba ukuxhasa ukusungulwa kwegatsha. ISishaya-mthetho singathatha indawo ye-parenti ngokuvota okungama-3 amabili kuwo womabili amagumbi.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Amanye Amagatsha

Ijaji lingamisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhongolose nezenzo ezithathwa igatsha eliphethe njengezemithetho engekho emthethweni. Lamandla okuhlola ukwahlulela ayinhlolo - hlolo elula kokubili amagatsha omthetho nabaphathi. Amajaji aphethe asebenza ukuphila kwawo konke, okuwavikela ekuphindiseleni kwezombangazwe futhi awavumela ukuba enze izinqumo ezizimele. Izinkantolo zingachaza futhi imithetho ngezindlela iziNkathi Zomthetho ezazingazilindele, zithuthukise ngokuphumelelayo injongo yomthetho.

Branch	Primary Power	Key Check on Others
Executive	Enforce laws	Veto legislation; appoint judges
Legislative	Make laws	Override vetoes; confirm appointments; impeach officials
Judicial	Interpret laws	Declare laws unconstitutional

Okwenza Ukuqonda Amagatsha Kahulumeni Kubaluleke Kubantu Abahlala Kuwo Namuhla

Kulenkathi yezombangazwe ezihlukene, izinselele zesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi, nokugeleza kokwaziswa okusheshayo, ukuqonda amagatsha kahulumeni kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Izakhamuzi eziqonda indlela imisebenzi kahulumeni ehlonyiselwe ngayo kangcono ukuhlaziya ukukhulumela okungokwezombangazwe, ukuchaza amanga, futhi zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi ebhokisini lokuvota. Lolwazi futhi lunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela nohulumeni wazo ngezindlela ezinengqondo ngaphandle kokuvota, njengokuxhumana nabameleli bazo, ukunikeza ubufakazi ezingxoxweni zomphakathi, noma ngisho nokuzifunela izikhundla ngokwazo.

Ukuhlanganyela Emsebenzini Nomsebenzi Wezolimi

Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda indima nemithwalo yemfanelo yegatsha ngalinye, zingahlola abazobhapathizwa ngokuphumelelayo. Abavoli bangahlola ukuthi izithembiso zomongameli zinikezwa imingcele engokoqobo yamandla okulawula, noma ukuthi iziphakamiso zomqeqeshi zingenzeka phakathi kwenqubo yomthetho. Lokhu kusiza abavoti ukuba baqaphele ukubaluleka kwemijaho yezehlo ye-athomu, njengemincintiswano yomthetho nokhetho, ngokuvamile okuthola ukunakekela okuncane kodwa okunemiphumela ephawulekayo enqubweni namalungelo.

Ukulandisa Nokuphatha

Izakhamuzi ezinolwazi lubalulekile ekubekeni uhulumeni ukuba ulandise. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuthi uMkhandlu unamandla okuhlola igatsha eliphethe, zingafuna ukuba abameleli bazo baphathe isimilo. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuthi izinkantolo zingawavikela amalungelo azo, zingasekela ukumiswa kokwahlulela okungakhethi. Ulwazi lwesimiso sikahulumeni lusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibone lapho igatsha liphula igunya lalo futhi zithathe isinyathelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngezinselele ezingokomthetho, ukuqondisa umphakathi, noma ukucindezela kokhetho.

Izinkonzo Zikahulumeni Eziphoqelelayo

Ukuqonda amagatsha kahulumeni nakho kunenzuzo esebenzayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Izakhamuzi ezidinga usizo ngesimiso sikahulumeni, njengenzuzo ye-Social Security noma imali encane ebolekwayo yebhizinisi, zingasebenzisa kalula kakhulu izinhlangano ngokwazi ukuthi yiliphi inxusa ezingathintana nalo. Labo abafuna ukusekela ushintsho lwenqubo bangathola ukuthi ukukhathalela kwabo kufanele kukhulunywe ngemithetho, ngesenzo sokuqondisa, noma ngenselele. Ulwazi olusebenzayo lungalondoloza isikhathi, lunciphise ukukhungathezeka, futhi luholele emiphumeleni engcono.

Imibono Evamile Engalungile Ngamagatsha

Naphezu kokubaluleka kokuqonda izakhiwo zikahulumeni, izakhamuzi eziningi zinemibono engaqondile ngendlela amagatsha asebenza ngayo. Okunye okungaqondakali ukuthi uMongameli unamandla angenamkhawulo okumisa isimiso noma ukuthi iziyalezo zezikhulu zinesisindo esifanayo nemithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Eqinisweni, iziyalezo zezikhulu zifanele ukuhlolwa ngokwahlulela futhi zingagumbuqelwa ngemithetho. Enye into edidayo ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme ingaqala amacala noma imelwe izwe konke ukukhanga. Eqinisweni, iNkanto ekha ikha ikha indlebe kuphela ezwa izindaba ezilethwa phambi kwayo futhi ihlangabezana nezimiso zayo zokubukezwa.

Indima Yohulumeni Bombuso

Kubalulekile futhi ukuba izakhamuzi ziqonde ukuthi isimiso sombuso esineziqu ezintathu sisebenza ezingeni lombuso futhi. Umbuso ngamunye unemithetho yawo siqu, umbusi, isishaya-mthetho, nesimiso senkantolo. Ohulumeni boMbuso banegunya elikhulu ezindaweni ezinjengemfundo, ezokuhamba, impilo yomphakathi, nomthetho wobugebengu. Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni, okwaziwa njengombuso, kubalulekile ezakhamuzini ezifuna ukuhileleka ezindabeni ezithinta ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke.

Isiphetho: Ulwazi Luyisisekelo Sentando Yeningi

Amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni, ohulumeni abaphethe, abalawuli, nokwahlulela, akha isisekelo sokwakha idemokrasi yaseMelika. Ukuhlukaniswa kwawo nesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kuklanyelwe ukuvikela inkululeko, ukuvimbela ubushiqela, futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uhulumeni ukhonza abantu. Izakhamuzi, ziqonda lesi simiso akuyona indaba yesithakazelo esicatshangelwayo, kuyisidingo esisebenzayo sokuhlanganyela ngolwazi, ukusekela imibuso yentando yeningi, nokuziphendulela komthetho. Ukuvota enkabeni yokukhetha, ukuxhumana nommeleli, noma ukukhipha impikiswano engokomthetho, izakhamuzi eziqonda ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza kanjani ngokuhlonyiselwa kangcono ukuze zihlonyiswe ikusasa lemiphakathi kwazo nezwe yazo. Ngokufaka ulwazi lwazomphakathi kanye nokuzibandakanya ngenkuthalo enqubweni yentando yentando yeningi, kungasiza ukuqinisekisa leso sithembiso sesithembiso sokhetho, ukufezeka kommeleli, noma ukuxhumana kwezizukulwane ngenkathi ye-demone.

Kulabo abafuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo, imithombo enjengaye .USA.gov inikeza izincazelo ezicacile zegatsha ngalinye, kuyilapho [[[FLT]][[FLT]][FLT]][FLT]. [[6] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zilandele umthetho futhi zifunde ngomsebenzi wabamele abameleli bazo. [[[FLT:][5][5][5][FLT][9] Iproject [[FLT]] [ict:][FLT] inikeza ukwaziswa okuficelekayo ngezindaba eziphezulu, [FFOT][12][12][12][12] Iqoqo lemistrulanti:[4] Izincwadi ezingcono, kanye nangezi ezinye izinsi, izincwadi zokufundisa, ezingcono, ezingcono kakhulu zokufunda izincwadi